iosr-JMCE   International Conference on Advances in Engineering & Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014)

Abstract: Landing gear of an aircraft is an equipment that serves two primary functions. First, it allow aircraft to safely and successfully land and second is to support aircraft at rest condition. Landing gear is designed according to requirement and nature of work of aircraft. In this project, we will first study all functional specifications and parts of landing gear which can affect purpose an aircraft . Some of these parts to be consider are :

[1] T. Niezgoda , J. Malachowski and W. Kowalski" Selection of dynamics characteristics for landing gear with the use of numerical model" INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CONFERENCE - DESIGN 2002 Dubrovnik, May 14 - 17, 2002. [2] Anil kumar.Matta1, G.Vijay Kumar1, R.Vijay Kumar2" Design Optimisation Of Landing Gear's Leg For An Un-Manned Aerial Vehicle" International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com Vol. 2, Issue4, July-August 2012, pp.2069-2075
[3] Shichun Zhao ; Sch. of Aeronaut., Northwestern Polytech. Univ., Xi''an, China ; Weimin Cui ; Tianxiang Yu ; Bifeng Song "Aircraft Landing Gear Simulation Using Multidomain Modeling Technology" Information Technology, Computer Engineering and Management Sciences (ICM), 2011 International Conference on (Volume:1 ) Date of Conference: 24-25 Sept. 2011 Page(s):279 - 281 Conference Location :Nanjing, Jiangsu

Abstract: CAPP system plays a key role to integrate design and manufacturing or assembly systems properly using available resources and design constraints. So many CAPP systems have so far been developed by different researchers. They have adopted different advanced techniques and approaches such as feature or solid model based design, object oriented programming, technological databases, and utilized advanced computing methods including expert system and artificial intelligence. In this recent decade some research areas such as feature recognition or feature extraction from CAD file, application of AI techniques like Genetic Algorithms (GAs), Artificial Neural Network(ANN), Fuzzy logic are gaining more attention among the researchers. Feature recognition improves overall effectiveness of a manufacturing system by eliminating the human involvement between design and process planning. Due to the rapid development of computing technology, AI techniques have been found to be very suitable at different stages of process planning. Poor responses of the current static CAPP systems to the real time shop floor status and dynamic nature of the manufacturing environment made many researchers to develop dynamic CAPP systems. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of the current trend particularly in research works on CAPP is presented, classifying those works into several categories according to their focus without considering the ontology and architecture matters.

Xun Xua, Lihui Wangb and Stephen T. NewmancComputer-aided process planning – A critical review of recent developments and future trends International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing Vol. 24, No. 1, January 2011, 1–31

Abstract: It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. -Albert Einstein. The Above Word describe about the technology development. The transportation is mostly depend upon the use of roads. Traffic Jams is very serious factor which waste our time, fuel and also giving trouble to emergency services like fire services, Ambulance , Police vehicles etc. When vehicles are fully stopped for periods of times, this is colloquially known as a traffic snarl-up. Traffic congestion can lead to drivers becoming frustrated and engaging in road rage. Our project has the pros of using the Vehicle in emergency and urgency times. For this we design a small extra Changes in the car to fly. It use three electric rotor motor with the hydraulic actuator. This Motor Fly upward first and then to front, right, left and turnings. Use of Battery it can fly up to more than three hour.

[1] S. Upson, Grounded , Spectrum, IEEE, 44(1), 2007, 32-34. Proceedings Papers:
[1] Seung Ho Jeong , Seul Jung , Novel design and position control of an omni-directional flying automobile (Omni-Flymobile) , International Conference on Control Automation and Systems (ICCAS), 2010, 2480 - 2484

Abstract: In this paper, we used the innovative technique recommended for the calculation of natural frequencies of a vibrating cantilever bar with a finite number of symmetric transverse open cracks. Additionally, the transfer matrix and the finite element method are considered to deal with the same problem. The procedure proposed is advanced by removal of numerical calculation of the high order element so that the computer time for calculating the natural frequencies is considerably reduced. Numerical analysis has been carried out to examine the effect of each single crack, the number of cracks and cantilever end condition bar for natural frequencies. The paper contains the cantilever bars with three cracks which permit the evaluation of natural frequencies predictable by these three methods.

G. Gounaris and A. Dimagoronas, "A finite element of a cracked prismatic beams for structural analysis", Computers and Structures 28, pp.309-313, 1988. B. S. Haisty and W. T. Springer, "A general beam element for use in damage assessment of complex structure", Journal of vibration, Acoustics, Stress and Reliability in Design, vol. 110, pp.389-394, 1988. A.S. Sekhar, "Vibration characteristics of a cracked rotor with two open cracks", Journal of Sound and vibration, vol. 223, pp.497-512, 1999. T. C. Tsai and Y. Z. Wang, "Vibration analysis and diagnosis of a cracked shaft",Journal of Sound and vibration, vol.192, pp.607-620, 1996 P. F. Rizos, N. Aspragathos and A. D. Dimaroganas,"Identification of crack location and Magnitude in a cantilever beam from the vibration modes", Journal of Sound and vibration ,vol. 138, pp.381- 388, 1990. Y. Narkis, "Identification of crack location in vibrating simply supported beams",Journal of Sound and vibration,vol.172, pp.549-558, 1994.

Abstract:The automobile has been providing individual mobility for more than 100 years. This mobility is made possible first and foremost by combustion engines drawing their power from fossil energy carriers, which, even today, provide the foundation in generating mechanical drive power in the automobile. The primary objectives in developing drive systems are to curb fuel consumption and reduce CO2 emissions. In an effort to meet this challenge, the automotive industry is developing suitable new engines. The voluntary commitment assumed by the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) is to reduce the fleet emission average of all newly introduced cars to 140g of CO2 per kilometre by 2008.

[1]. www.bmwworld.com/technology/valvetronic [2]. www.bmwworld.com/engines/valvetronic [3]. www.Wikipedia.org/wiki/valvetronic

Abstract: This work presents an experimental study of tribological performance of electroless Ni-P coating under lubricated condition using grey relational analysis. Mild steel specimens are used as the substrate material for the deposition of Ni-P coating. Tribological tests are carried out based on L27 orthogonal array(OA) of Taguchi analysis varying three test parameters viz. normal load, sliding speed and sliding time in a multi-tribotester using block-on-roller configuration in lubricated condition. The experimental results for friction coefficient and wear are analysed using grey relational analysis coupled with Taguchi analysis. An optimal test parameter combination is found out for minimum wear and friction coefficient. It is seen that the normal load is the most significant factor followed by sliding speed and sliding time at 99% confidence level. Finally, a confirmation test is carried out to validate the analysis. The surface morphology and composition analysis of the coatings are done by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersed x-ray micro-analyzer (EDX) respectively.

[1] W. Riedel, Electroless nickel plating, (Metals Park, OH, USA: ASM International, 1991). [2] A. Brenner, G.E. Riddell, Nickel plating by chemical reduction. US Patent: US2532282; 1950. [3] P. Sahoo, and S.K. Das, Tribology of electroless nickel coatings – a review, Materials and Design, 32, 2011, 1760–1775. [4] R.C. Agarwala, and V. Agarwala, Electroless alloy/composite coatings: A review, Sadhana, 28 (3 & 4), 2003, 475–493. [5] M.H. Staia, C. Enriquez, and E.S. Puchi, Influence of heat treatment on the abrasive wear resistance of electroless Ni-P, Surface and Coatings Technology, 94-95, 1997, 543-548. [6] M.H. Staia, E.J. Castillo, E.S. Puchi, B. Lewis, and H.E. Hintermann, Wear performance and mechanism of electroless Ni-P coating, Surface and Coatings Technology, 86-87, 1996, 598-602. [7] C.M. Li, and K.N. Tandon, Wear performance and mechanisms of EN coating under reciprocating sliding conditions, Journal of Materials Science, 29, 1994, 1462-1470.

Abstract: Cotton is the most important textile fiber in the world, The Indian cotton has relatively high level of contamination about 10-12% despite being handpicked from the farm. There are wide ranges of contaminants in cotton numbering over 20 types. The contaminant are added in different stages of processing of cotton at ginnery like during pre-ginning (46%), ginning (44%) and during pressing (10%).To reduce the contamination, it is necessary to provide the best possible technical solution at initial level of processing the cotton at ginnery. So that a good quality of yarn can be produced in textile mill and will get the realization of their produce and develop indigenous and cost effective, commercially viable technology packages. This paper reports the experimentation carried out on cotton pre-cleaner to establish the approximate generalized models for generating design data.

[1] P.G. Patil, V.G. Arude and G.R. Anup, Design and Development of Cylindrical Type Cotton Pre-Cleaner, International Journal of Agriculture Mechanisation in Asia, Africa and Latin America, 37(3), 2006, 46-51. [2] P.G. Patil, S.K. Shukla and T.S. Manojkumar, Effects of Spiked Cylinder and Saw Band Pre-Cleaners on Trash Removal Efficiency and Fiber Properties of Cotton Design., Journal of Agricultural Engineering,45(2), 2008, 66-70. [3] Shukla S.K. and Manojkumar T.S., Performance Evaluation of Spiked Cylinder and Saw Band Cylinder Pre-Cleaner using trashy seed Cotton., Journal of Indian Society for Cotton Improvement, 29(3), 2004,170-174. [4] Baker R.V., P.V. Boving and J.W. Laird, Effect of Processing Rate on the Performance of Seed Cotton Cleaning Equipment., Trans. ASAE, 25(1), 1982, 187-192. [5] Santhanam V. and Sundaram V. Harvest and Post harvest measure to reduce contamination in Cotton. Handbook of Cotton in India., (ISCI, 1999) 283-289.

Abstract: The aim of the present experimental investigation is to optimize the machining parameters of wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) for multiple performance characteristics on EN 31 tool steel using weighted principal component analysis (WPCA). The experiments are conducted based on Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array (OA) with combinations of four machining parameters viz. discharge current, voltage, pulse on time and pulse off time. The responses are metal removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness (centre line average roughness: Ra, root mean square roughness: Rq, skewness: Rsk, kurtosis: Rku and mean line peak spacing: Rsm). WPCA has been aggregated to compute a multi-response performance index (MPI). MPI has been optimized (maximized) finally by Taguchi method. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also carried out and it is seen that current, pulse off time and interaction between voltage and pulse on time are significant factors affecting metal removal rate and surface roughness parameters. An optimal setting of process parameters is found out for maximization of MRR and minimization of roughness parameters. Finally, the optimal result is verified through confirmatory test and it is found that the improvement of S/N ratio at the optimal condition is about 21%.

H. Sing, and R. Garg, Effect of process parameters on material removal rate in WEDM, Journal of. Achievement Material. Manufacturing Engineering, 32, 2009, 70-74. A. Shah, N.A. Mufti, D. Rakwal, and E.Bamberg, Material removal rate, kerf and surface roughness of tungsten carbide machined with wire electrical discharge machining, Journal of Material Engineering Performance, 20, 2011, 71-76.

Abstract: Electroless plating technique has been applied to prepare Ni–P composite coatings containing Al2O3 particles on mild steel substrate. Alumina particles with various contents from 5 to 15 g/L in bath are co-deposited within Ni–P deposits. The effect of coating parameters such as nickel sulfate and sodium hypophosphite concentration on surface roughness, hardness, and tribological properties are investigated. Coatings are characterized by SEM for surface morphology and EDX for analyzing elemental composition. Coating with Al2O3 concentration of 15 g/L, nickel sulphate of 40 g/L, sodium hypophosphite concentration of 20 g/L, and with heat treatment at 400°C shows maximum coefficient of friction of 0.425, minimum wear loss of 0.36 mg, and micro-hardness of 1506 HV0.05.

[1] G. O.Mallory, and B.Hajdu, Electroless Plating: Fundamentals and Applications Noyes Pubn Bracknell Berkshire UK 1990. [2] J Sudagar, J. Lian, and W. Sha, Electroless nickel, alloy, composite and nano coatings-A critical review, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 571 2013 183-204. [3] J. N.Balaraju, T.S.N. Sankara Narayanan and S.K.Seshadri, Electroless Ni–P composite coatings, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 33: 807–816, 2003. [4] A. Sharma, and A.K. Singh, Electroless Ni–P and Ni–P–Al2O3 Nanocomposite Coatings and Their Corrosion and Wear Resistance, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, April 2012. [5] P. Sahoo, and S. K. Das, Tribology of electroless nickel coating – A review, Materials and Design, 32, 2011, 1760-1775. [6] I. Apachitei, F.D. Tichelaar, J. Duszczyk, andL. Katgerman, Solid-state reactions in low-phosphorus autocatalytic Ni–P–SiC coatings, Surface and Coatings Technology 148 2001 284–295. [7] A. Abdel Aal, Z.I. Zaki, and Z. A. Hamid, A Novel composite coatings containing (TiC–Al2O3) powder, Materials Science and Engineering A 447 2007 87–94.

Abstract: In this paper, acrylonitrile – butadiene – styrene (ABS) with different compositions of micron-sized CaCO3, composite material is prepared by compression moulding through melt compounding. The tribological properties (friction and wear depth) of the polymer composites are investigated in a multi-tribo-tester using block-on-roller configuration in dry sliding conditions for a time of 300 seconds at ambient temperature. Experiments are conducted based on L27 orthogonal array considering three design parameters viz. filler content, normal load and sliding speed. The experimental data are analysed using Taguchi method. Optimal settings of the process parameters are found out for coefficient of friction and wear depth. ANOVA is carried out to obtain the significant factors affecting friction and wear depth. It is seen that normal load is the main significant factor affecting wear at 95% confidence level. Confirmation tests for coefficient of friction and wear are carried out to validate the optimized results and it is seen that there are improvements in S/N ratios from initial to optimal setting. Finally, the wear tracks of the composite are observed on a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

W. Wang, G. Wang, X. Zeng, L. Shao and J. Chen., Preparation and Properties of Nano-CaCO3/Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Composites, Journal of Applied Polymer. Science, 107, 2008, 3609–3614.
L. Jiang, Y.C. Lam, K.C. Tam, T.H. Chua, G.W. Sim and L.S. Ang., Strengthening acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) with nano-sized and micron-sized calcium carbonate, Polymer Journal, 46, 2005, 243–252. C. Y. Tang, L. C. Chan, J. Z. Liang, K. W. E. Chang and T. L. Wong., Mechanical and thermal properties of ABS-CaCO3 composites, Journal of Reinforce Plastics Composites, 21, 2002, 1337 – 1345. J. Liang., Mechanical properties of hollow glass bead-filled ABS composites, Journal of Thermoplastics Composite Materials, 18, 2005, 407- 416.

Abstract: Pharmaceutical firms need continuous research and development in order to maintain constant market share. It involves considerable expenses and hence it is important to manage research and development expenditure systematically. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of research and development expenditure on profits of leading Indian pharmaceutical firms. The dependent variable, Net Profit is used as a measure of profitability and the relation between research and development expenditure and net profit is investigated for a sample of 17 firms for a period of five years (2007 – 2011). A very significant relationship between profitability and research and development expenditure has been found in previous empirical work done in various other countries. This research work is aimed at analyzing the effect of research and development expenditure on net profits in Indian scenario. Also, in order to form a model and carry out analysis, time-series regression model is developed using SPSS.

[1] I. Dierickx and K. Cool, "Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantages", Manage. Sci., vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1504-1511, 1989. [2] J.E. Jankowski, "R & D: Foundation for innovation", Res. Technol. Manage., vol. 41, pp. 14-20, Mar./ Apr. 1998. [3] J. Barney, "Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage", J. Manage., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 99-120, 1991

Abstract: The hazards of plastic waste is well known to us. The conversion of oil from plastic has dual benefits. First of all the oil produced can be used as a fuel for domestic purposes and also in vehicles and industries when further refined. Secondly the various types of pollution caused due to waste plastics can be minimised. Plastic in the first place is manufactured from natural gas specifically from ethane which is a constituent of natural gas. Therefore the waste plastic can be converted back into it. For the process of conversion a machine can be used which will heat the plastic to a temperature so that it melts and does not burns.

[1] A.U. Zadgaonkar, Environmental Protection from Plastic Waste Menace, GPEC 2004. [2] Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E. (1984). Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics [3] S.J. Miller, N. Shah, G.P. Huffman, Conversion of waste plastic to lubricating base oil, Energy Fuels 19(4) (2005) [4] G.Z. Liu, E.T. Chen, Catalytic cracking of scrap plastics into gasoline and diesel oil by a pilot experiment unit, Environ. Sci. Technol. 98(6) (2001)

Abstract: An all-terrain vehicle (ATV), also known as a quad, quad bike, three-wheeler, or four-wheeler, is defined by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) as a vehicle that travels on low pressure tires, with a seat that is straddled by the operator, along with handlebars for steering control. A roll cage is a skeleton of an ATV. The roll cage not only forms the structural base but also a 3-D shell surrounding the occupant which protects the occupant in case of impact and roll over incidents. The roll cage also adds to the aesthetics of a vehicle. So determining strength requirements of roll cage, stress analysis is carried out using FEA software Ansys workbench. This paper deals with design of roll cage for an ATV and Various loading tests like Front Impact, Side Impact and rear impact have been conducted. The modeling and stress analysis is done by ANSYS software. We have focused on every point of roll cage to improve the performance of vehicle without failure of roll cage.

[1] Rulebook BAJA SAE INDIA 2014. [2] Herb Adams, "Chassis Engineering", Berkley Publishing Group New York

Abstract: An electromagnetic brake is a new and revolutionary concept. Electromagnetic braking system is a modern technology braking system used in light motor & heavy motor vehicles like car, jeep, truck, busses etc. This system is a combination of electro-mechanical concepts. The frequency of accidents is now-a-days increasing due to inefficient braking system. In this research work, with a view to enhance to the braking system in automobile, a prototype model is fabricated and analyzed. It is apparent that the electromagnetic brake is an essential complement to the safe braking of heavy vehicles. It aims to minimize the brake failure to avoid the road accidents. It also reduces the maintenance of braking system. An advantage of this system is that it can be used on any vehicle with minor modifications to the transmission and electrical systems.

Kumar, K.P., Kadoli, R., Kumar, M.V.A., Mechanical and magnetic analysis of magnetostrictive disc brake system, Industrial and Information Systems (ICIIS), 2010 International Conference ,July 29 2010-Aug. 1 2010. Sohel Anwar, An Anti-Lock Braking Control System for a Hybrid Electromagnetic/ Electrohydraulic Brake-By-Wire System, Proceeding of the 2004 American Control Conference Boston, Massachusetts June 30 - July 2, 2004

Abstract: The project Cost varies with time due to escalation and influence of inflationary and other conditions like demand, supply, growth, availability etc. Any business decision taken today has far reaching effects on the profitability of the project cost and thereby the viability of the organization. Various mathematical models using Time Series Methods like Linear Prediction, Trend Estimation and Causal Methods like Regression Analysis with both Linear and Non-Linear Multiple regressions were developed. This work studies the results and effectiveness of using Artificial Neural network Sigmoid Function and compares with mathematical models developed using other methods and determines the capability of ANN to indicate overruns/escalations in the project costs. Our conclusion is that, ANN gives slightly lower correlation values and higher RMS Error as it is not able to train the network with input data of only 32 data points.

Dr. N. B. Chaphalkar, Ms. Sayali S. Sandbhor (2012) "Wholesale Price Index and its effect on Price Escalation of materials for Indian construction industry" (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 3, May – 2012. Rob J Hyndman (2009) "Forecasting overview". Paras Mandal et al (2007) - "A Novel Approach to Forecast Electricity Price for PJM using Neural Network and Similar Days Method." 2058 IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 22, No. 4, November 2007 Peter Morris, William F. Willson (2006) "Measuring and Managing Cost Escalation" 2006 AACE International Transactions CSC.06 Touran Ali, Ramon Lopez (2006), "Modeling cost escalation in large infrastructure projects", Journal of construction engineering and management, ASCE, Vol. 132, No. 8, pp. 853-860.

Abstract: This paper presents a finite element modelling and analysis of piezoelectric sandwich beam with extension and shear actuators using standard FE software, ANSYS. The modelling incorporates d31 based extension actuation mechanism (EAM) and d35 based shear actuation mechanism (SAM). Edge debonding of the extension actuator/face layer leads to change in dynamic behavior and substantial reduction in actuation authority. Thickness of actuators is a parameter which has considerable influence on the natural frequencies and actuation authority. These issues are addressed by carrying out investigations on a beam with clamped-free boundary conditions. Edge debonding of extension actuator/face layer is introduced at the clamped end of the beam for maximum effect on the natural frequencies and actuation authority. From the numerical experiments carried out on healthy and debonded beams, it is found that increase in thickness of actuators leads to decrease in actuation authority under EAM and increase in natural frequencies. Further, the modal analysis has revealed the fact that, for a given thickness of actuators, increase in the extent of edge debonding of extension actuator/face layer leads to decrease in natural frequencies and new modes shapes are introduced.

A. Baz and S. Poh, "Performance of an active control system with piezoelectric actuators," J. Sound and Vibration. Vol. 326 1996 pp. 327-343. H. S. Tzou and C. I. Tseng, "Distributed vibration control and identification of coupled elastic piezoelectric systems: finite element formulation and applications," J. Sound and Vibration. Vol. 153 1991 pp. 335-349. K. Y. Lam, X. Q. Peng, G. R. Liu, and J. N. Reddy, "A finite shell element for composites containing piezoelectric polymers in vibration control," J. Smart. Mater. Struct. Vol. 6 1997 pp. 583-591. A. Benjeddou, M. A. Trindade, and R. Ohayon, "New shear actuated smart structure beam finite element," AIAA J., 37 1999, pp. 378-383. S. Raja, G. Prathap, and P.K. Sinha," Active vibration control of composite sandwich beams with piezoelectric extension-bending and shear actuators", J. Smart Mater. Struct. 11, 2002, 63-71.

Abstract: The optimization of a given hardfacing is important to know how strongly certain processing parameters influence the hardness and surface characteristic such as low distortion, less porosity and crack free surface with optimum value of hardness for a particular material composition, and effect of certain parameters on microstructure and thus the mechanical properties of the hard face matrix. In this regards most influencing parameters for hardfacing of Inconel 825 are identified with their corresponding levels and DOE approach based on response surface methodology(RSM) has been applied to improve the hardness of hardface Inconel by PTA welding, A second order quadratic model is developed to predict the hardness of PTA hard faced .RSM is a good way to describe the process and to find the optimum value of the considered response .It concerns a set of mathematical and statistical tools that can be used to predict the response influenced by the considered input variables, in order to optimize the response. An empirical relationship was developed to predict the Maximum hardness based on regression analysis. Hence, this investigation is an attempt to develop mathematical models based on four-factor, five levels response surface methodology. The result presented here are likely to accept. And this regression equation is used to evaluate the effect of various input parameters at a confidence level of 95%.

[1] P.K. Palani a, N. Muruganb ―Selection of parameters of Pulsed current gas metal arc welding‖ Journal of Materials Processing Technology 172 (2006) 1–10 [2] F. Madadi1, F. Ashrafizadeh, M. Shamanian, ―Optimization of pulsed TIG cladding process of stellite alloy on carbon steel using RSM‖, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 510 (2012) 71– 77 [3] A.K.Lakshminarayanan & V. Balsubramanian, ―Process Parameter Optimisation For Friction Stir Welding Of Rde-40 Aluminium Alloy Using Taguchi Method‖, Trans. nonferrous met.soc.china 18(2008) 548-554 [4] Jeng-Ywan Jeng ,Tzuoh-Fei Mau , ―Prediction Of Laser Butt Joint Welding Parameters Using Back Propagation And Learning Vector Quantization Networks‖, journal of material processing technology 99 (2000) 207-218.

Abstract: The suspension systems can be generally classified into passive systems, semi active systems and active systems. Passive suspension have fixed stiffness and damping properties and designed for general excitations. Semi-active dampers are a class of energy dissipating device for which the damping may be controlled in real-time. This is achieved by either altering the properties of the damping fluid, as is the case for electro- and magneto-rheological dampers, or by actuating mechanical components of the damper. The purpose of this chapter is to provide the necessary background for this research. This paper will first discuss the tradeoffs associated with typical passive single-degree of- freedom base-excited suspension systems. The conceptual basis for skyhook control will be developed, along with the anticipated improvements in performance. Next, a practical realization of the semi active skyhook control will be developed such that it can be implemented. The work also involves implementing the Skyhook control system in order to control the base excited system. The response of the base excited system with skyhook control was analyzed and found to be in agreement with existing literature. A preliminary study of the response time and output stability of skyhook control was performed and reported. The results have been discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Mark R. Jolly, Jonathan W. Bender, and J. David Carlson, Properties and Applications of Commercial Magnetorheological Fluids" Thomas Lord Research Center, Lord Corporation, 110 Lord Drive Carlson, J.D. and Spencer Jr., B.F. (1996). "Magneto-Rheological Fluid Dampers for Semi-Active Seismic Control",Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Motion and Vibration. Control, Vol.3, pp.35-40 Fernando D. Goncalves, "Dynamic Analysis of Semi-Active Control Techniques for Vehicle Applications". Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VirginiaAugust 2001 Shiviram AC, K V Gangadharan, "Design and Characterization of an MR device Subjected to annular Poiseuille flow", of Master of Technology thesis, NITK Surathkal 2006

Abstract: Rail joint is the critical section where induced fatigue stresses are maximum due to the presence of bolt holes where the cross-sectional area is minimum. These holes may cause a major source of fatigue cracking when high shear loads are transferred through the joint. This makes the joint weak and ultimately the critical site for failure. Therefore it is imperative to pay attention towards improvement of fatigue life of rail joint by analysis of residual stress. Residual stress is having a significant effect on fatigue life of the structural engineering components. The process introduces a region of compressive residual stresses around the hole, which attenuates fatigue crack growth rates by reducing the effective stress. Mandrellizing expands the hole diameter by means of the radial interference pressure to allow radial plastic flow of material and some elastic recovery after the removal of mandrel. Thus it produces a large residual compressive zone around the hole. This zone acts as a barrier to crack growth thereby enhancing the service life of the structural components. This paper focuses on the evaluation of methods to overcome bolt hole fatigue failure. It describes Mandrellizing technique i.e. the cold expansion process of the rail bolt-hole joint which induces compressive residual stress around the holes, thereby eliminate the rail end bolt hole cracking problem and enhancing the service life of rail joint.

Brandon Talamini David Y. Jeong Jeff Gordon "Estimation of the fatigue life of railroad joint bars", Proceedings of JRCICE2007ASME/IEEE Joint Rail Conference & Internal Combustion Engine Spring Technical Conference March 13-16, 2007, Pueblo, Colorado, USA N. Shanmukha and S. Mahendra Kumar "Fatigue performance of cold expanded holes in al7050 aluminium alloy", International Conference on Advanced Materials and Composites (ICAMC-2007), Oct 24-26, 2007 Organized by National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science & Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum. H. D. Gopalakrishna, H. N. Narasimha Murthy, M. Krishna, M.S. Vinod, A.V. Suresh "Cold expansion of holes and resulting fatigue life enhancement and residual stresses in Al 2024 T3 alloy – An experimental study", Department of Mechanical Engineering, RV College of Engineering, Bangalore 560 059, Karnataka, India Matthew T Kokaly Joy S. Ransom, Jude H. Restis and Len Reid "Observations and Analysis of Fatigue Crack Growth from Cold Expanded Holes", Fatigue Technology, Inc. Seattle WA 98188 (206) 246-2010.