iosr-JMCE   Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering' 2013

Abstract: Effective management of equipment is crucial for the success of construction firms. Inadequate manual processes of equipment management and the subjective decisions of equipment managers usually result in major losses in construction firms, hence, the economy. Highway construction projects are the yardstick to measure the development of country. Now the highway construction projects are changing their face. Due to "Public Private Participation" in highway projects, it has become a challenging job to complete the project in stipulated time.3D equipment management system deals with Proper planning, selection and optimum utilisation of construction equipment for highway construction project.

Keywords – equipment management, highway construction, optimum utilisation, proper planning, selection.

1)Dr.S.Krishna Murthy and Mr. A.Nagabhushan Rau, Management of construction equipment, Journal of All India Council for Technical Education, 1989, 19-32.

2)Hongqin Fan, Hyoungkwan Kim, and Osmar R. Zaiane, Data Warehousing for Construction Equipment Management, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, vol-33, 2006,1480-1489.

3)Madhav Prasad Nepal and Moonseo Park, Downtime model development for construction equipment management, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol-11, 2004, 199-210.

4)Omer Tatari and Miroslaw Skibniewski, Integrated Agent-Based Construction Equipment Management: Conceptual Design, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol-12, 2006, 231-236.

5)Osama Moselhi and Adel Alshibani, Optimization of Earthmoving Operations in Heavy Civil Engineering Projects, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol-135, 2009,948-954.

6)Thanapun Prasertrungruang and B.H.W. Hadikusumo, Modeling the Dynamics of Heavy Equipment Management Practices and Downtime in Large Highway Contractors, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, vol-135, 2009,939-947.

7)S.C.Sharma, Construction Equipment and its Management (Delhi, Khanna Publishers, 2010).

Abstract: There is a growing need for renewable energy sources, and solar power is a good option in many instances. Photovoltaic solar panels are now being manufactured via various methods, and different printing processes are being incorporated into the manufacturing process. Screen printing has been used most prevalently in the printing process to make solar cells, but some companies have used the offset web press type methods to put material onto foil; they also have created solar cells with inkjet printing. The printing of solar cells has helped to reduce manufacturing costs in most cases, and it also has increased the various applications in which solar power both is and can be used. Many more options for photovoltaic solar panels are available, and not simply the traditional ones that are often placed on rooftops. Such a variety of solar panels are partially to the result of the implementation of suitable printing processes during the production of these cells.

Keyword--- Photovoltaic Power, Printing Solar Cells, Screen printing, Ink jet printing, Web Printing

[1] Amorphous Semiconductors Research Group (2010). Amorphous silicon. Retrieved from http://www.ayil.hacettepe.edu.tr/pages/Amorphous/Amorphous%20silicon.html
[2] Applied Materials (2010). The world's most efficient solar cells. Retrieved from http://www.appliedmaterials.com/technologies/solar/crystalline-silicon
[3] Brenner, P. (2010). Printing photovoltaics. Industrial + Specialty Printing, 1(01), 26-33.
[4] Bullis, K. (2008). Mass production of plastic solar cells. Technology Review. Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/21574/page1/
[5] Bullis, K. (2009). Ink-jet printing for cheaper solar cells. Technology Review. Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22599/page2/
[6] Clark, E. (2008). Solar cells created with inkjet technology. Gizmag. Retrieved from http://www.gizmag.com/solar-cells-created-with-inkjet-technology/9094/
[7] Contreras, M. A., Ramanathan, K., Abushama, J., Hasoon, F., Young, D. L., Egaas, B., & Noufi, R. (2005). Diode characteristics of state-of-the-art ZnO/CdS/Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 solar cells. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 13: 209.
[8] Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (2008, January 31). Screen-printed solar cells in many colors and designs, even used in windows. ScienceDaily. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/01/080130194130.html
[9] Goetzberger, A., Knobloch, J., & Voss, B. (1998). Crystalline silicon solar cells. Weinheim: Wiley.
[10] Inslee, J., & Hendricks, B. (2008). Apollo's fire: Igniting America's clean energy economy. Washington: Island Press.

Abstract: Poor productivity of construction workers is one of the causes of cost and time overruns in construction projects. As construction is a labour-intensive industry, this paper focuses on labour productivity in the construction industry. It covers the construction labour productivity definitions, aspects, factors affecting it. The main outcome from the literature is that there is no standard definition of productivity. This study provides a guidelines for necessary steps required to improve construction labour productivity.

1) Adnan Enshassi, Peter Eduard Mayer, Sherif Mohamed, Ziad Abu Mustafa (2007) " Factors affecting labour productivity in building projects in the gaza strip."Journal of Civil Engineering and Management. 2007, 13(4); 245-254

2) ASCE M , William Ibbs( 2005) " Impact of change‟s timing on labour Productivity."Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 2005,131( 11), 1219-1223

3) AynurKazaz, EkremManisali, SerdarUlubeyli(2008) " Effect of basic motivational factors on construction workforce productivity in turkey." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management.2008, 14(2); 95-106.

4) BengtHansson, Henry MwanakiAlinaitwe, Jackson A. Mwakali (2007)" Factors affecting the productivity of building craftsmen- Studies of Uganda." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management . 2007, 13; 169-176.

5) Khaled M. EI-Gohary, Mostafa E. Shehata, (2011) " Towards improving construction labour productivity and projects performance." Alexandria Engineering Journal . 2011, 50; 321-330.

Abstract: Generally bricks are made using top soil from Agricultural fields or Quarries; approximately half an acre land (about 2000 m²) top soil is required for the making of about 1 lac bricks. Top soil is developed over a period of millions of years of geological fines. This soil is very fertile. The process of making bricks is responsible for the degradation of the environment at large. MSW is a complex mixture of dry and wet wastes generated by city dwellers. MSW screened to separate grains less than & greater than 10 mm has shown presence of partially decomposed organic and inorganic substances in it. Grains greater than 10mm (glass, metal, plastic, paper, wood, cloth, debris) etc. can be recycled and grains less than 2.36mm can be used for brick making. Study was carried for making construction bricks using screened MSW obtained from dumping ground (Ichalkaranji, Dist.-Kolhapur Maharashtra) with addition of brick making natural soil and / or fly ash. MSW generated in the urban area is disposed off on the land. At this moment there is tremendous scarcity of land for disposal of the MSW. So this study serves as an alternative for both degradation of fertile soil & MSW.

Keywords - Municipal solid waste, characteristics of MSW, Brick manufacturing process, making of bricks using MSW.

[1] Youcai Zhao,et,al.," Recycling of aged refuse from a closed landfill", Waste Manage Res 2007: 25: 130–138

[2] Mufeed Sharholy,et.,al., " Municipal solid waste characteristics and management in Allahabad, India ",Waste Management 27 (2007) 490–496

[3] Sawyer, C.N. & McCarty, P.N. (1978) Chemistry for Environmental Engineering, 3rd edition. McGraw-Hill Book Company

[4] Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: Present Practices and Future Challenge by Prof.Sunil Kumar ,IIT Bombay

[5] Shuchi Gupta, et.,al., " Solid waste management in India: options and opportunities " , Resources, Conservation and Recycling 24 (1998) 137–154

[6] ENVIRNOMENTAL STATUS REPORT 2007-2008 Presented by Municipal Corporation of Inchalkaranji.

[7] Dr. Prashant Bhave and Prof. G. B. Chaudhary , "Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) as a construction material", VJTI, Mumbai-19 [

8] Dr. A. D. Bhide (1983), Solid Waste Management ,INSDOC,New Delhi

[9] Gorge Tchobanoglous, Integrated Solid Waste Management,. McGraw-Hill Book Company

[10] .Manual on Municipal Solid Waste Management by Ministry of Urban Development of Govt. of India.

Abstract: Project management is a process of planning organizing and managing activities and resources to accomplish a defined objective within constraints on time resource or cost. It is very common to see project failing to achieve its mission within specified time and cost. The factors contributing to overrun are inadequate project formation , poor planning for implementation and lack project management during project execution but the main cause of failure can be attributed to cost estimation failure and management failure. As project become larger and more complex, the ability to exchange information on a timely basis is shrinking. The paper based project management system cannot meet the demands of today's projects. There is a tremendous amount of information on a project that is always changing. Construction industry sources suggest that 85% of the project managers time is spent on communication and 70% of project documentation is paper based. So there comes need of ERP (enterprise resource planning) and Primavera to overcome the failure due to lack of management.

[1) Bhzad Sidawi and Sanad Al Omairi, "An exploration of the potential use of a web-based project management system to manage construction projects by royal commission of Jubail" - Emirates journal for Engineering research- Issue 2, Vol.15, Dec 2010

2) Kristiina Sulankivi, "Benefits of centralized digital information management in multipartner projects",ITcon vol.9,2004, pp 55-58

3) Pollaphat Nitithamyong and Miroslaw J. Skibniewski, "Key success/ Faulire factors and their impacts on system performance of web-based project management system in construction",ITcon vol.12,2007, pp .39-4

4)Alan hore "Use of IT in managing information and data on construction projects- perspective for the Irish construction industry",(Information technology in construction project management)

Abstract: This paper discusses acoustical issues related with the public buildings. Basically acoustics, Room acoustics and acoustics related with the auditorium . also this paper discuss on the Architectural acoustics , basic requirements of architectural acoustics, various defects related to acoustics ,necessary requirements of a good acoustics and various acoustical materials commonly used.

Keywords: Architectural acoustics, Frequency, Intensity, Reverberation, Tone.

[ 1] Christopher Jaffe and Russell A.Cooper , Architectural Acoustics . Supplemental Architectural Services 2000AIA
[ 2 ] Lisa Egner , Architectural Acoustics Physics -199POM , ( 12/12/2003 )
[ 3 ] Eric T. Smith , Acoustics 101 Practical guidelines for constructing Accurate Acoustical Spaces , (July 2004)
[4 ] S.P. Arora , S.P.Bindra , The text book of Building construction (Dhanpat Rai Publication ,2008)
[ 5 ] Dr. K.C. Nandi , Engineering Physics , ( Tech-Max Publications ,july 2009 ).

Abstract: An Expert System is an intelligent interactive Computer program which should emulate an expert and provide an advice that requires vast experience in a particular domain. Expert system has been applied to a number of civil engineering design problems, such as high rise buildings, offshore structures, industrial buildings and bridges. In this, Bridges are the prime example of the type of structures where conceptual design is of importance, and hence there is great scope and need for development of knowledge based expert system (KBES) for assistance in preliminary design stage of bridges. A critical review on the development of expert system for conceptual bridge design is presented in the proposed paper. This paper gives an idea about a Development of Expert system like BRIDGE LEAP for the Conceptual Design of Bridge. This Paper covers an application of Expert System-Bridge LEAP to PSC Box Girder bridges. Keywords - Knowledge based expert system (KBES), Bridge, pre-stressed concrete, Bridge LEAP.

Elliot.A.L (1983), "Aesthetic development of California bridges", Journal and Structural Engineers, ASCE, 109(9).
Biswas. M and Welch.J.G. (1987), "BDES: A Bridge Design Expert System." Engineering with computers, 2,125-136.
Adeli. H., Balasubramanyam, K.V. (1988) ,"Knowledge Based System for Design of Bridge Trusses", Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 2(1), 1-20.
Fenske, T.E., Cassaro, M.A., Ragade. R. (1991),"Expert System Applications for Bridge Engineering", Proceedings of the 10th. Conference on Electronic Computation, held in conjunction with the ASCE Structures Congress, Indianapolis
Qiang, S., Gong, H.(1991), "Expert system ES-PDLB for preliminary design of long-span bridge", Structure Engineering and Construction, Proceedings of the 3rd East Asia-Pacific Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction, Shanghai, China, 1, 659-665
Choi. C.K and Choi I.H. (1993),"An expert system for selecting types of bridges", Computers and Structures, 48(2), 183-192.

Abstract: Traffic congestion in the larger cities of the world is a growing problem that has to be taken into account seriously, not only by governments, but also by the private sector. After an extensive survey in the field of Vehicle and Highway System, different alternatives are analyzed to solve this problem and the concept of Intelligent Transportation System is proposed as the best solution. This work analyzes the latest trends in this area and compares the different options. In addition, comparisons between foreign countries, highlighting the advancements in this field of each one of them was conducted. Intelligent Transportation System contains separate fully-functional units with their own characteristics interrelated to each other to conform a flexible system that can respond in an effective way to solve the problem of traffic congestion.
Keywords: ITS, GPS, DSRC, VICS

1) Alberto Martin, Hector Marini and Sabri,
" INTELLIGENT VEHICLE / HIGHWAY SYSTEM: A SURVEY"(Part 1), Tosunoglu Florida International University, Department of Mechanical Engineering Miami, Florida 33199[2]
2) Ayman Smadi, Kate Miner "Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)" Statewide Plan-Final Report,October 2004 (Updated September 2005) North Dakota Department of Transportation.(page 22 -39)
3) Bruman, "Technologies for Intelligent Vehicle Highways:Technology Tutorial Series, V.2, Boston, Massachusetts, November 1994.[3]
4) CODA, A., ANTONELLO, P. C. and PETERS, B. (1997). "Technical And Human Factor Aspects Of Automatic Vehicle Control In Emergency Situations". Proceedings, 4th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, 21-24 October, Berlin, Germany. ITS America.
5) Drane, C., Rizos, C., Positioning Systems in Intelligent Transportation Systems, Artech House, 1998 6) Ethernet in Intelligence Transportation System Applications: Intelligence is essential.Cisco system,important notice and policy statement. 7) Elliott, S., D., Wireless Communications for Intelligent Transportation Systems, Artech House, 1995.
8) ERTICO, Editor, "Toward an Intelligent Transport System", Proceeding of the First World Congress on Applications of Transport Telematics and Intelligent Vehicle Highway systems,Vol. 1-6, Paris,France, December 1994.
9) ERTICO (1997). Expected benefits of ITS. ERTICO vision presented at the Fourth International World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems in Berlin, Germany. EuroNCAP (1998).

Abstract: Ten units of modified biogas plants were installed at farmers' sites based on solid state fermentation technology under operational research demonstration project by Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Agricultural University, Akola. Average biogas production 203 liters per kg DM with methane content of 60 per cent was found in 2 m3 capacity modified Janta biogas plant. The average percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in digested slurry were higher i.e., 1.40, 1.09 and 0.46 per cent in solid state fermentation of cattle dung. There was a saving in time for cattle dung feeding to biogas plant and it was also easier for removal of digested slurry from biogas plant outlet. All the plants were working satisfactorily without any problems. This user-friendly modified Janta biogas plant based on solid state fermentation technology needs minimum or no water for its operation, therefore it was recommended for water scarcity region.

Keywords: Biogas, digested slurry, renewable energy and solid state fermentation

1] S. R. Gadge and A. K. Kamble. Operational research demonstration of modified Janta biogas plant for cattle dung in solid state fermentation. Research Review Committee Report, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Agricultural University, Akola-MS, 2006, 24-30. [2] S. R. Gadge, A. K. Kamble, and V. P. Khambalkar. Modification and evaluation of Janta Fixed Dome Biogas Plant in Solid-State Fermentation. Journal of Gondwana Geological, Special Vol. 22 (2), 2007, 52-54.
[3] M. Shyam. Solid-state anaerobic digestion of agro-residues: perspective and prospects. SESI Journal 10(1),2000, 11–25
[4] M. Shyam and P.K. Sharma. Solid-state anaerobic digestion of cattle dung and agro-residues in small capacity field digesters. Bioresource Technology, 48(3), 1994, 203–207.
[5] R. Singh and R. C. Anand. Comparative performance of Indian small solid-state and conventional anaerobic digesters. Bioresource Technology, 47(3), 1994, 235–238.

Abstract: This work continues the research on recycling of waste foundry sand in the manufacture of brick. Initially, clay with a major content of soil was used. The obtained specimens showed high porosity due to the combustion of the organic matter present. Moreover, this type of raw material has properties that vary greatly according to the extraction sites. In order to improve quality and achieve uniformity in the properties of the obtained products, samples with commercial clay in similar composition are studied in this work. By recycling of waste foundry sand reduces damping area as well as control the pollution.

Books
1. Concrete technology by M.S. Shetty
2. Engineering chemistry R. V. Gadag
Journals
1. Ambuja cement technical literature series (79); conquering concrete –sept.2005
2. National building museum annual report 2004
Websites http://www.foundry recycling.com http://www.cwc.org
http://wmr.sagepub.com

Abstract:Metal foundries use large amounts of sand as part of the metal casting process. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in casting process. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as "foundry waste sand." Like many waste products, foundry sand has beneficial applications to other industries. Foundry sand consists primarily of silica sand, coated with a thin film of burnt carbon, residual binder (bentonite, sea coal, resins) and dust. Foundry sand can be used in concrete to improve its strength and other durability factors. Foundry Sand can be used as a partial replacement of cement or as a partial replacement of fine aggregates or total replacement of fine aggregate and as supplementary addition to achieve different properties of concrete.
Keywords: Compressive strength, Ferrous, Non-ferrous, Split tensile strength, Water absorption

[1] Billie j. Lindsay and Terry j. Logan, Agricultural Reuse of Foundry Sand, Journal of Residuals Science & Technology, Vol. 2, No.1, January 2005, School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 1-12.
[2] Tarun R. Naik and Shiw S. Singh, Flowable slurry containing foundry sand, Journal of materials in civil Engineering, May1997,
93-102.
[3] Tara Sen and Umesh Mishra, Usage of Industrial Waste Products in Village Road Construction, International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 1, No. 2, June 2010, 122-126.
[4] Evaggelia Petavratzi and Scott Wilson, Foundry sand in facing bricks, Characterisation of Mineral Wastes, Resources and Processing technologies, Integrated waste management for the production of construction material, A case study, Nov. 2007
[5] Alberta C. Carpenter and Kevin H. Gardner, Use of Industrial By-Products in Urban Roadway Infrastructure, Argument for Increased Industrial Ecology, Journal of Industrial Ecology,2009, Volume 13, Number 6, 965-977.
[6] J. P. de Koff, B. D. Lee and R. S. Dungan, Amelioration of Physical Strength in Waste Foundry Green Sands for Reuse as a Soil Amendment, Journal of Environmental Quality, Volume 37, November–December 2008, 2332-23338.
[7] Kae-Long Lin, Ching-Jung Cheng, Ang Cheng and Sao-Jeng Chao, Study on recycled waste foundry sand as raw materials of cement additives, Sustain. Environ. Res., 22(2), (2012), 91-97,
[8] Robert S. Dungan, Jong-Shik Kim , Hang-Yeon Weon, April B. LEYTEM', The characterization and composition of bacterial
communities in soils blended with spent foundry sand, Annals of Microbiology, 59 (2) (2009)239-246.
[9] Tarun R. Naik and Shiw S. Singh, Utilisation of Flowable Slurry Containing Foundry Sands, Center for By-Products, Report No.REP-262, May1995

Abstract: To meet up the requirements of advanced infrastructure, new innovative materials and technologies in construction industry has started to make its way. Any technology or material has its limitations. With structures becoming old and the increasing bar corrosion, old buildings have started to demand additional retrofits to increase their durability and life. Engineers throughout the world including India and China have used Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) to solve their structural problems in an efficient and economical manner. In the field of civil engineering, most of the use of FRP is confined to repairing and strengthening of structures. Use of FRP for confinement has proved to be effective retrofitting and strengthening application. The confinement in seismically active regions has proved to be one of the early applications of FRP materials in infrastructure applications. Confinement may be beneficial in non-seismic zones too, where, for instance, survivability of explosive attacks is required or the axial load capacity of a column needs to be increased due to higher vertical loads. Hence, FRP composites are finding ways to prove effective. Like other materials, FRP also has its limitations. After presenting a brief review on these dimensions, this paper provides a thorough survey of the application of FRP in civil engineering in India and China.

Keywords: Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP), Retrofitting, Seismic zones.

[1] Nangia Sangeeta, Srikanth Gudavalli, Mittal Atul & Biswas Soumitra, "Composites in civil
engineering", google search, http://www.tifac.org.in/news/pub.htm

[2] ___, "Industrial potential in Chennai district", google search, INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL SURVEY REPORT - CHENNAI 2001-2002.htm

[3] Ye L. P., Feng P., Lu X. Z., Qian P., Lin L., Huang Y.L. Hu W.H., Yue Q.R., Yang Y. X., Tan Z., Yang T., Zhang N., and Li R., "FRP in China: the state of FRP research, design guidelines and application in construction"
Dr.J.J.Magdum College of Engineering, Jaysingpur
[4] Shrivastava Ravikant, "Earthquake damages to buildings and their retrofitting and restoration"; Civil Engineering and Construction Review, vol. 14, no. 1, January 2001, pp 23-28.

[5] Ye L. P.,. Lu X. Z and Chen J. F., "Design proposals for the debonding strengths of FRP strengthened RC beams in the Chinese design code", Proc of Int Symp on Bond Behaviour of FRP in Structures, Hong Kong, Chen and Teng (eds), Int Instt for FRP in Const., 2005, pp 45-54.

[6] Shrivastava Ravikant, Gupta Uttamasha and Choubey U B, "FRP the boon for retrofitting of RC structures", Proceedings of 23rd National Convention of Civil Engineers and National Seminar, Institution of Engrs (India), Jabalpur Local Centre, India, 2007, pp 150-153.

[7] Shrivastava Ravikant, Uttamasha Gupta and U B Choubey "FRP in construction: Indian scenario", ISSE Journal, India, In press.

[8] Strong A. Brent and Green John E, "World markets for FRP: Europe, Asia, and Latin America", google search, 2003world.pdf, pp10

[9] Kiang Hwee TAN, "Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Structural Strengthening: Southeast Asian Region, China and India", FRP INTERNATIONAL, The Official Newsletter of the International Institute for FRP in Construction, Volume 1, Issue 2, August 2004, pp23

[10] Mirmiran A, Bank L C, Neale K W, Mottram J T, Ueda T; And Davalos J F, "World survey of civil engineering programs on fiber reinforced polymer composites for construction", Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, Vol. 129, No. 3, July, 2003, ASCE, Pp155–160.

Abstract: Disputes have become an endemic feature of the Indian construction industry. If they are not resolved promptly they can escalate causing schedule delays, lead to claims that require litigation proceedings for resolution and destroy business relationships. The competitive nature and contractual complexity inherent within construction can aggravate the incidence of disputes. Research over the last two decades has revealed that factors such as scope changes, poor contract documentation, restricted access, unforeseen ground conditions, and contractual ambiguities are contributors of disputes. While this is widely known, disputes still prevail over such issues. Before disputes can be avoided an understanding of what the underlying conditions that contributes to their occurrence needs to be determined so that mechanisms can be put in place to prevent them from arising. In this paper the literature is examined and a series of models are developed to demonstrate the interdependency between key variables that contribute to disputes. The developed models are used to identify a number of strategies that can be adopted to reduce the immediate incidence of disputes in construction.

Keywords - Claims, Contract documentation, Dispute, Litigation

[1] Love, P.E.D., Edwards, D., and Smith, J. (2006). Contract documentation quality and rework in Australian projects. Journal of Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1, pp.247-259.
[2] Cheung, S.O., Suen, H.H.C., Ng, S.T.T., Leung, M-L. (2004). Convergent views of neutrals and users about alternative dispute resolution. ASCE Journal of Management in Engineering, 20(3), pp.88-96
[3] Kumaraswamy, M. (1997). Conflicts, claims and disputes. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 4(2), pp.95-111
[4] Collins (1995). Collins Cobuild English Dictionary. Harper Collins, London.
[5] Wilmot, W.W., and Hocker, J.L.(1998). Interpersonal Conflict. McGraw-Hill, Boston
[6] Powell-Smith, V., and Stephenson, D. (1993).Civil Engineering Claims. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK
[7] Semple, C., Hartman, F., and Jergeas, G. (1994). Construction claims and disputes: causes and cost/time overruns. ASCE Journal of Construction, Engineering and Management, 120(4), pp.785-795
[8] Diekmann, J.E., Girard, M.J. (1995). Are contract disputes predictable? ASCE Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 121(4), pp.355-363
[9] Fenn, P., Lowe, D., and Speck, C. (1997). Conflict and dispute construction. Construction Management and Economics, 15, pp.513-518
[10] Carnell, N.J. (2000). Causation and Delay in Construction Disputes. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK

Abstract: The effect of soil structure interaction on response of the three storeyed building frame supported on pile foundation is reported in this paper. The three storeyed frame comprises of two bays and columns of the frames are supported by a pile. The pile is assumed to be embedded in the cohesive soil mass. For the purpose of the analysis, simplified idealizations made in the theory of finite elements. The slab of the frame is idealized as two dimensional plate elements, beams and columns of the superstructure frame and pile of the sub-structure are idealized as the one dimensional bem-column elements. The soil mass is idealized by equivalent springs. The effect of different pile diameters is evaluated on the response of superstructure through a parametric study. The response of the superstructure considered includes the displacement of the frame.

Keywords - Foundation, Frame, Pile, Simplified Models, Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI), Displacement

[1] Chameski, C. Structural Rigidity in Calculating Settlements, Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ASCE, 82 (1), 1956, 1-9.
[2] Morris, D. "Interaction of Continuous Frames and Soil Media", Journal of Structural Engineering Division, ASCE, 5, 1966, 13-43.
[3] Lee, I.K. and Harrison, H.B. "Structures and Foundation Interaction Theory", In: Proc. ASCE, 96 (ST 2), 1970, 177-198.
[4] Lee, I.K. and Brown, P.T. "Structures and Foundation Interaction Analysis", Journal of Structural Engineering Division, ASCE, 11, 1972, 2413-2431.
[5] King, G.J.W. and Chandrasekaran, V.S. "Interactive Analysis of a Rafted Multistoreyed Space Frame Resting on an Inhomogeneous Clay Stratum", Proceedings International Conference on Finite Element Methods, Australia, 1974, 493-509.
[6] Buragohain, D.N., Raghavan, N. and Chandrasekaran, V.S. "Interaction of Frames with Pile Foundation", In: Proc. Int. Symposium on Soil- Structure Interaction, Roorkee (India), 1977, 109-115.
[7] Subbarao, K.S., Shrada Bai, H. and Raghunatham, B.V. "Interaction Analysis of Frames with Beam Footing", In: Proc. Indian Geotechnical Conference, Roorkee (IGC-1985), India, 1, 1985, 389-395.
[8] Deshmukh, A.M. and Karmarkar, S.R. "Interaction of Plane Frames with Soil, In: Proc. Indian Geotechnical Conference", (IGC-1991), Surat, India, 1, 1991, 323-326.
[9] Dasgupta, S., Dutta, S.C. and Bhattacharya, G. "Effect of Soil- Structure Interaction on Building Frames on Isolated Footings", Journal of Structural Engineering, SERC, Chennai (India), 26(2), 1998, 129-134.