iosr-JMCE   Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering' 2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Emerging Trend in Deep Basement Construction: Top-Down Technique
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S. S. Basarkar1, Manish Kumar2, B.G. Mohapatro3 P.R. Mutgi

Abstract: Infrastructural requirements in urban area make mandatory construction of basements which serve as space for car parking and housing utilities of various kinds. Demand for underground space has increased exponentially and this has triggered several levels of basement. Invariably, majority of such projects are planned on fast track basis wherein, technology of any form that can reduce the construction period is always a preferred choice. In this context, Top-Down construction has been increasingly used in urban areas, particularly for high rise buildings with basements so that the sub-structure and super-structure works can be executed concurrently. Top-down construction is replacing the traditional bottom-up construction technique owing to several advantages this new technique offers. This paper presents details of Top-Down construction technology. Important component of this technique is the Diaphragm wall, which is a specialized slender retaining wall constructed from the ground. Construction intricacies and methodology of execution of such wall also form part of this paper. Two case summaries are reported on Top-down construction executed by principle authors' firm. One such site comprised multi-level car parking facility in a crowded area of Delhi, while other formed a part of underground metro station at Kolkata. The paper concludes with words of indispensability of such technology for early commissioning of the structures. Keywords: Top-Down Construction, Bottom-up Construction, Diaphragm wall, Barrette, Column, Pre-concreting and Post-concreting installation

[1] W.V. Zinn, Economic design of deep basements, Civ. Engnr. Public Works Rev., 68, March, 1968, 275-280.

[2] M. Puller, Deep excavations – a practical manual (2nd Edition, Thomas Telford Ltd., London, 2003).

[3] G.Y. Fenoux, Le Relisation Fouilles en Site Urbain. Travaux, Parts 437 and 438, Aug-Sept., 1971, 18-37.

[4] S.P. Marchand, A deep basement in Aldersgate street, London, Part2: Construction, Proc. Instn Civ. Engnrs., 1993, 67-76. [

5] S.P. Marchand, A deep basement in Aldersgate street, London, Part2: Construction, Proc. Instn Civ. Engnrs., 1993, 67-76.

[6] R.E. Slade, A. Darling, and M. Sharratt, Redevelopment of Knightsbridge Crown Court for Harrods, Struct. Engnrs, 80, 2002, 21-27.

[7] R. Fernie, Movement and deep basement provision at Kinghtsbridge Crown Court, Harrods, London, Conf. Response of Buildings to Excavation-induced Ground Movements, CIRIA , July, 2001.

[8] J. Kenwright, R.A. Dickson, and R. Fernie, Structural movement and ground settlement control for a deep excavation within a historic building, Proc. DFI Conference 2000, Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 2000.

[9] M.S. Fletcher, The 'Down' of Top-down, Civil Engnrs, 58, 1988, 58-61.

[10] J.Y.H. Lui, and P.K.F. Yau, The performance of deep basement for the dragon centre, Proc. of Seminar on Instrumentation in Geotechnical Engineering, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers, 1995, 813 -201.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Governing Loads for Design of A tall RCC Chimney
Country	:	India
Authors	:	M. G. SHAIKH, MIE1 , H.A.M.I. KHAN

Abstract: Design of tall chimneys requires dynamic analysis for loads due to self weight, earthquake and wind. Because of changes in the dimensions of chimney, structural analysis such as response to earthquake and wind oscillations have become more critical. The present paper discusses analysis of reinforced concrete tall chimney. The main focus is to compare the wind analysis result with that due to seismic one. Wind analysis is done for along wind by peak factor method as well as by gust factor method and for across wind by simplified method as well as by random response method (shell completed case). The results obtained in above cases are compared. The seismic analysis is performed using response spectrum method. Finally, the maximum values obtained in wind analysis and seismic analysis are then compared for deciding the design values.

Key words - Chimney, Seismic Analysis, Wind Loading, Wind Analysis

1] S. N. Manohar,, tall chimneys design and construction, 1985, TATA McGraw – Hill Publishing Company Limited

[2] G. M. Pinfold, reinforced concrete chimneys and towers, A view point publication, UK, 1984

[3] I.S 4998 (Part1) – 1992, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Criteria for Design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys. Part 1: Assessment of Loads. (Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi) [4] IS 1893(Part1) – 2002, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Bureau of Indian Standard, (New Delhi)

[5] IS 875 (Part3) – 1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Criteria for Design Loads (Other than Earthquake) For Buildings and Structures. (Bureau of Indian Standard, New Delhi) [

6] K. Suresh Kumar and G. N. V. Rao, Wind Loading over the Top Portions of Tall Stacks with and Without External Landing Platforms, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, Vol. 51, Page 319-338, July 1993

[7] Lawrence C Maugh and Wadi S. Rumman, Dynamic Design of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys, ACI Journal, Vol. 64, No. 47, Page 560-567, September 1967

[8] S. R. Joshi, N. S. Pendse, V. T. Patilkakad, Some Special Aspects of the Design and Analysis of Tall Chimneys, Irrigation and Power Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1, January 1985

[9] K. S. Babu Narayan, Subhash C. Yarogal, and Yukio Tamura, "Interaction Envelops For Limit State Design of Chimneys", Fourth International Symposium on Computational Wind Engineering, Yokohama, 2006

[10] J. L. Wilson, Code Recommendation for the aseismic Design of Tall Reinforced Concrete Chimneys, CICIND's Report Australia, Bibao, Vol. 16, No. 2, September 2000

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Greywater - Treatment and Reuse
Country	:	India
Authors	:	J. S. LAMBE, R. S. CHOUGULE

Abstract: India is facing a water crisis and by 2025 it is estimated that India's population will be suffering from severe water scarcity. Although India occupies only 3.29 million km2 geographical area which forms 2.4% of the worlds land area, it supports over 15% of world's population with only 4% of the world's water resources. With increased population growth and development, there is a need to critically look at alternative approaches to ensure water availability. These alternative resources include rainwater and bulk of water used in household will emerge as grey water and contain some minerals, organic waste materials dissolved and suspended in it. When this is allowed to flow out this will join the sewage and bacteriologically contaminated, resulting in a sewage stream. It is possible to intercept this grey water, at the household level, treat it so that it can be recycled for garden washing and flushing purposes.

Keywords: Greywater, sources, treatment, recycle and reuse.

[1] BS 1881, Part 118(1983), "Method of determination of Static modulus of elasticity in compression". BSI -London.
[2] BS 12(1983), "Specification for Portland cement". BSI-London.
[3] BS 812 Part 103(1983), "Method of determination of particle size distribution". BSI - London.
[4] BS 5328, Part 2(1997), "Methods of specifying concrete mixes". BSI-London.
[5] Conrad, M., Anfleger, M. and Malkawi, A.I.H., (2007). "Investigating the Modulus of Elasticity of Young RCC". 6th Annual
meeting symposium, erman research, Muanchu, Germany.
[6] Egbulonu, R.B.A.(2011) "Optimization model for predicting the Modulus of Elasticity and Flexural Strength of Concrete.
"Unpublished M.Engr Project of the Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri,Nigeria.
[7] Majid, K. I(1974). ""Optimum Design of Structures, Butter worth and company, London.
[8] Osadebe, N.N., 2003, " Generalized Mathematical Modeling of Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete as a Multi-Variant
function of the properties of its Constituent Components". A paper delivered at the College of Engineering. University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
[9] Sanders, P., (2007) "Basic Approaches to Optimization Problems". College of Information Sciences and Technology,
Pennsylvanian state University. Available from <http//www.google.com./search>
[10] Simon, M. J; Laggeragren,.E.S; Snyder,K.A(1997). "Concrete mixture optimization using statistical Mixture Design methods".
Proceeding of PCI/FHWA. International Symposium on High Performance Concrete, New Orleans, pp 230-244.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Load carrying capacity of innovative Cold Formed Steel column
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sarvade S.M.1, Sarvade M.M.

Abstract: Cold Formed Steel is an excellent alternative to the traditional hot-rolled steel section as it is very light in weight and has a high strength to weight ratio. Considerable research has resulted in a simplified method of CFS design known as Direct Strength Method (DSM). This method is now well established in the codes of practices for the design of CFS because of its simplicity. With recent advances in the manufacturing technology of CFS, it is possible to manufacture sections with perforations which are utilised for plumbing, electrical and any other functional purpose. Current DSM method is validated mainly for the sections without perforations. Due to its simplicity in predicting the capacity of the section, this method is employed to calculate load carrying capacity of innovative CFS column sections with perforations by developing Finite Strip Models and using Direct Strength Method. Freely available Finite Strip Program, CUFSM, is used for analysis.

Keywords: Cold Formed Steel, CUFSM, Direct Strength Method, Finite Strip Analysis, and Perforations.

1. Moen, C.D., Direct Strength Design for Cold-Formed Steel Members with Perforations, Ph.D. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, (2008)
2. Z. Li , Schafer BW, "Buckling analysis of cold-formed steel members with general boundary conditions using CUFSM: conventional and constrained finite strip methods" , Twentieth International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures Saint Louis, Missouri, USA, November 3 & 4, 2010
3. Schafer, B. W., and Adany, S. (2006) "Buckling analysis of cold-formed steel members using CUFSM, conventional and constrained finite strip methods." Proc., 18th Int. Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed SteelStructures, 39–54,
4. Schafer B. W. (2006), "Designing Cold-Formed Steel Using the Direct Strength Method", 18th International Specialty Conference on Cold-Formed Steel Structures, Orlando, Florida October 26-27, 2006,
5. Schafer B.W., Review: The Direct Strength Method of cold-formed steel member design, Journal of Constructional Steel Research 64 (2008) 766–778, ELSEVIER, (2008)
6. Moen, C.D., and Schafer, B.W. "Experiments on cold-formed steel columns with holes." Thin-Walled Structures, 46, 1164-1182. (2008)
7. Moen, C.D., and Schafer, B.W. (2009a). "Elastic buckling of cold-formed steel columns and beams with holes." Thin-Walled Structures, 31(12), 2812-2824
8. Moen, C.D., and Schafer, B.W. (2009b). "Elastic buckling of thin plates with holes in compression and bending." Thin-Walled Structures, 47(12), 1597-1607
9. Moen, C.D., and Schafer, B.W. (2011), "Direct strength design method for design of cold formed column with holes", Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 137, No. 5, May 1, 2011 ©ASCE.
10. American Iron and Steel Institute,AISI-S100-07, AISI Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members. American Iron and Steel Institute. Washington, D.C.(2007)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Project Management Practice And Risk Perception In Construction Companies
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prakash Mutgi1, Udayashankar D. Hakari

Abstract: The construction industry in India has gained a focused attention over the past five years and with the growing economy, it is poised for a bright future and tremendous growth prospects. The construction project management and the perception, analysis and management of risk are the two areas, which need emphasis and comprehensive approach by the participants of the industry. This paper puts forth an attempt made in this direction, to bring out the importance of less attended aspects of the project management, risk analysis and risk management processes, as applied to the construction industry. Analysis of the results of a brief survey made in this regard has been included, which provides a feed back about the current practices of project and risk managements in some of the construction companies

[1. Aggarwal,S.(2003)," Challenges for construction Industries in Developing Countries", Proceedings of 6th National Conference on Construction Nov. 2003, New Delhi.

2. Al-Bahar,J.F.(1990) "Systematic risk management approach for construction projects",Journal of construction engineering and management, vol. 17,pp 205 – 213

3. Baker,S.;Ponnaiah,D;and Smith S. (1997) " Risk response techniques employed for major projects ",Jl. of Construction.Management. and Economics,vol.17 pp 205-213

4. Iyer K.C. and Jha K.N."Factors affecting cost performance: evidence from Indian construction projects",International Jl.of Project Management,vol 23, issue 4,May 2005, pages 283-295

5. Margareta Gallstedt " Working conditions in projects : Perception of stress and initiative among project managers",Int.Jl.of Proj.Mgmt,Vol.21, issue 6,Aug 2003, pp 449- 455

6. "Project Appraisal Manual " Karnataka State Financial Corporation ,Bangalore, 2007 7. Raina,V.K. "Construction Management Practices : The inside story, Tata Mc Graw Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,New Delhi 1998.

8. YenYee Chang;and Evelyn May Brown " Managing Project Risk",Prentice Hall, Pearson Education Ltd., London 2000

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slit Shear Walls Energy Dissipators
Country	:
Authors	:	Shinde R. M.1, Deshpande P. K.2, Wankhade R. L.

Abstract: The types of slit walls energy dissipators, from monolith or precast reinforced concrete, proposed by researchers and the seismic behavior of these types of walls are described. The overall ductility of the structure increases, considering the energy dissipation solutions proposed by the researchers of the reinforced concrete walls, resulting a supplementary safety for the structure. The objective of these solutions is to create an ideal structure for tall multi-storey buildings, that behaves as a rigid structure at low seismic action and turns into a flexible one in case of a high intensity earthquake action. The solutions for increasing ductility proposed in this paper are viable and easily to use in constructions practice. For the analysis of slit wall, the researchers used a series of analytical calculation methods, among the most important being the equivalent frame method and the finite element method. The researchers concluded that by using these calculation methods, the dynamic behavior of the reinforced concrete slit walls can be simulated very accurate and realistic.

Keywords: ductility, energy dissipator walls, equivalent frame method, finite element method, lateral resistance.

[1] Kwan A. K. H., Dai H. and Cheung Y. K., (1999), ―Non linear seismic response of reinforced concrete slit shear wall‖, Journal of sound and vibration, Vol. 226, pp. 701-708.
[2] Sabouri J. and Ziyaeifar M., (2009), ―Shear walls with dispersed input energy dissipation potential‖, Asian journal of civil engineering (Building and housing), Vol. 10, pp.
[3] Hitaka T. and Matsuin C., (2003), ―Experimental study on steel shear wall with slits‖, Journal of structural engineering, Vol. 129, No.5, pp. 586-595.
[4] Choi I. R. and Park H. G., (2011), ―Cyclic loading test for reinforced concrete frame with thin steel infill plate‖, Journal of structural engineering, Vol. 137, No.6, pp. 654-664.
[5] Baetu S. and Ciongradi I. P., (2011), ―Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete slit shear walls energy dissipaters‖,
[6] Baetu S. and Ciongradi I. P., (2011), ―Non linear finite element analysis of reinforced concrete slit walls with ANSYS‖,
[7] Kheyroddin A. and Naderpour H., (2008), ―Non linear finite element analysis of composite RC shear wall‖, Iranian journal of science and technology, Vol. 32, No. B2, pp. 79-89.
[8] Cortes G. and Liu J., (2011), ―Experimental evaluation of steel slit panel frames for seismic resistance‖, Journal of constructional steel research, Vol. 67, pp. 181-191.
[9] Jacobsen A., Hitaka T. and Nakashima M., (2010), ―Online test of building frame with slit wall dampers capable of condition assessment‖, Journal of constructional steel research, Vol. 66, pp. 1320-1329.
[10] Choi I.R. and Park H.G., (2010), ―Hysteresis model of thin infill plate for cyclic nonlinear analysis of steel pale shear walls‖, Journal of structural engineering, Vol. 136, No.11, pp. 1423-1434.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Study of Seismic performance for soft basement of RC framed Buildings
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A.S.KASNALE1, Dr. S.S.JAMKAR

Abstract: Generally RC framed structures are designed without regards to structural action of masonry infill walls present. Masonry infill walls are widely used as partitions. Field evidence has shown that continuous infill masonry wall can help reduce the vulnerability of a reinforced concrete structure. (These buildings are generally designed as framed structures without regard to structural action of masonry infill walls. They are considered as non- structural elements) RC frame building with open first storey is known as soft storey, which performs poorly during strong earthquake shaking. A similar soft storey effect can also appear in to position of the structure below plinth, when the ground material has removed during excoriation and refilled later. In order to study this five reinforced RC framed building with brick masonry infill were designed for the same seismic hazard, in accordance with IS code. In the present paper an investigation has been made to study the behavior of RC frames with various arrangement of infill when subjected to dynamic earthquake loading. The result of bare frame, frame with infill, soft ground flour and soft basement are compared and conclusion are made in view of IS 1893(2002) code. It is observed that, providing infill below plinth improves earthquake resistant behavior of the structure when compared to soft basement.

Keywords: Masonry infill, RC frames soft, seismic loads.

1] Das2, D., Murty, C.V.R (2004) "Brick Masonry infills in seismic design of RC framed buildings: Part 1- Cost implications". Indian Concrete Journal 2004, vol.78 No.7: 39-43
[2] Reddy, M.K., Rao, D.S.P., Chandrasekaran, A.R., (2007), "Modeling of RC Frame Buildings with Soft Ground Storey", Indian
Concrete Journal, Vol.81, No. 10: 42-49 [3] Kormaz, K.A., Demir, F., Sivri, M., (2007), "Earthquake Assessment of R/C Structures with Masonry Infill Walls" International Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 2: 155-164 [4] Kaushik, H.B., Rai, D.C., Jain, S.K., (2009), "Effectiveness of Some Strengthening Options for Masonry Infilled RC Frames with Open First Storey" Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 135, No. 8: 925-937
[5] Dolsek, M., Fajfar, P., (2008), " The Effect of Masonry Infills on the Seismic Response of a Four-Storey Reinforced Concrete Frame – A Deterministic Assessment", Science Direct, Engineering Structures, Vol. 30: 1991-2001
[6] Hong hao, Guo-Wei M., Yong L., 2002, "Damage Assessment of Masonry Infilled RC Frames Subjected to Blasting Induced Ground Excitations", Engineering Structure, Vol.24, No.6, pp.671-838.
[7] Harpal singh, Paul, D.K., Sastry, V.V., 1998, "Inelastic Dynamic Response of Reinforced Concrete Infilled Frames", Computers and Structures, Vol.69, pp. 685-693.
[8] IS 1893 (Part I), (2002) "Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures." Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
[9]Kose M.M., and Karslioglu., (2008)."Effect of Infills on High-Rise Buildings: A CaseStudy", Structural Design Tall Spec..Building 18: 907-920

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Use of Recycled Aggregate Concrete
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Tushar R Sonawane1,Prof. Dr. Sunil S. Pimplikar

Abstract: Use of recycled aggregate in concrete can be useful for environmental protection. Recycled aggregates are the materials for the future. The application of recycled aggregate has been started in a large number of construction projects of many European, American, Russian and Asian countries. Many countries are giving infrastructural laws relaxation for increasing the use of recycled aggregate. This paper reports the basic properties of recycled fine aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate & also compares these properties with natural aggregates. Basic changes in all aggregate properties are determined and their effects on concreting work are discussed at length. Similarly the properties of recycled aggregate concrete are also determined. Basic concrete properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, workability etc. are explained here for different combinations of recycled aggregate with natural aggregate. Codal guidelines of recycled aggregates concrete in various countries are stated here with their effects, on concreting work. In general, present status of recycled aggregate in India along with its future need and its successful utilization are discussed here.

1. Akmal S. Abdelfatah and Sami W. Tabsh "Review of Research on and Implementation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in the GCC" Advances in Civil Engineering Volume 2011 (2011), Article ID 567924.

2. Brett Tempest; Tara Cavalline; Janos Gergely; David Weggel "Construction and Demolition Waste used as Recycled Aggregates in Concrete: Solutions for Increasing the Marketability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete" 2010 Concrete Sustainability Conference, © National Ready Mixed Concrete Association.

3. F. A. Mirza and M. A. Saif, "Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete incorporating silica fume," in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Coventry University and The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Centre for By-products Utilization, Ancona, Italy, June 2010
4. MirjanaMalešev, VlastimirRadonjanin and SnežanaMarinković "Recycled Concrete as Aggregate for Structural Concrete Production"www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability30 April 2010.

5. Parekh D. N. and Dr. Modhera C. D. "Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete" publish by JERS/Vol.II/ Issue I/January-March 2011.

6. S R Yadav, S R Pathak, "Use Of Recycled Concrete Aggregate In Making Concrete- An Overview" 34th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 16 – 18 August 2009, Singapore.

7. Y P Gupta "USE Of Recycled Aggregate In Concrete Construction:A Need For Sustainable Environment" 34th Conference on OUR WORLD IN CONCRETE & STRUCTURES: 16 – 1

8 August 2009, Singapore 8. Best Practice Guide for the use of "Recycled Aggregates in New Concrete" published by the Cement & Concrete Association of New Zealand (CCANZ) in October 2011.

9. The Institution Recycling Network Mark Lennon "Recycling Construction And Demolition Wastes" A Guide for Architects and Contractors April 2005

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	ANALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED PILE GROUPS
Country	:	India
Authors	:	B. Manjula Devi1, Chore H.S1, V.A.Sawant

Abstract:The analysis of pile groups subjected to lateral load and embedded in cohesionless type of soil strata comprising dry sand is presented in this paper through a parametric study. The complete three dimensional analysis is resorted to the group of two piles and three piles with series arrangement is considered for the purpose of a study. The response of the foundation head is considered in terms of displacement at top of the pile group and bending moment in piles. The study reveals the significant effect of the various parameters of the pile group such as pile spacing, pile size and configuration of the pile group on the behaviour of the pile group.

Keywords - Pile Spacing, Pile Size, Series Arrangement, Top Displacement, Bending Moment (B.M.).

[1] Broms, B.B. (1964), "Lateral resistance of piles in cohesionless soils", Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, ASCE, 90 (3), 123-156.
[2] Banerjee, P.K. and Davis, T.G. (1978), "The behaviour of axially and laterally loaded single piles embedded in non-homogeneous soils", Geotechnique, 28(3), 309-326.
[3] Reese, L.C. and Matlock, H.(1956), "Non dimensional solutions for laterally loaded piles with Soil Modulus Proportional to Depth", Proc. 8th Texas Conf. On Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engg., Sp. Publication No. 29, University of Texas, Austin.
[4] Georgiadis, M. and Butterfield, R.(1982), "Laterally loaded pile behaviour", Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 108, 155-165.
[5] Desai, C.S. (1974), "Numerical design and analysis of piles in sands", Journal of Geotechnical Engg., ASCE, 100 (GT 6), 613-635.
[6] Desai, C.S. and Abel, J.F.(1974), "Introduction to Finite Element Method", CBS Publishers, New Delhi.
[7] Banerjee, P.K. and Discoll, R.M.(1976), "Three dimensional analysis of vertical pile groups", Proc. 2nd International Conference on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Blacksburg, I, pp 438-450.
[8] Desai, C.S. and Appel, G.C. (1976), "3-D analysis of laterally loaded structures", Proc.2nd Int. Conf. on Numerical Methods in Geomechanics, Blacksburg, ASCE, (1), 405-418.
[9] Desai, C.S., Kuppusamy, T. and Alameddine, A.R.(1981), "Pile cap- pile group- soil interaction", Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 107(ST 5) , 817-834 .
[10] Sawant, V.A. and Dewaikar, D.M. (2001), "Geometrically non-linear 3-D finite element analysis of a single pile", Proc. Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1485-1487.