iosr-JMCE   Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering' 2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Characterization of Cu-Al-Be Shape Memory Alloys
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ranganatha Swamy MK1, Prashantha S2, U.S.Mallikarjun

Abstract:Shape memory alloys are the materials that 'remember' their geometry. A sample of SMA after being deformed from its original crystallographic configuration with residual strains up to 15%, it regains its original geometry by itself during heating (one-way effect) or, at higher ambient temperature, simply during unloading (pseudo-elasticity or superelasticity). Other characteristics include a strong damping effect, high mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion, mainly its metastability. Cu–Al–Be shape memory alloys in the range of 2–15 wt.% of aluminum and 0.01–3wt.% of Beryllium, exhibiting β-phase at high temperatures and manifesting shape memory effect upon quenching to lower temperatures, were prepared through ingot metallurgy. They were subsequently characterized by optical emission spectrophotometry, differential scanning calorimetry and optical microscopy. The shape memory properties of the alloys were studied by bend test. The objective of present investigation is to synthesis and characterize the Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys.

Keywords: Shape Memory Effect, Microstructure, Bend Test, X-ray Diffractogram, Differential Scanning Calorimetry.

[[1] U.S. Mallik, V. Sampath. Effect of composition and ageing on damping characteristics of Cu–Al–Mn shape memory alloys-Materials Science and Engineering A 478 (2008) 48–55.
[2] V. Sampath and U.S. Mallik. Influence of minor additions of boron and zirconium on shape memory properties and grain refinement of a Cu- Al-Mn shape memory alloy-ESOMAT 2009, 05028 (2009).
[3] S. Nevin BALO, Neslihan SEL and Ayse AYDOGDU. The Effect of Ageing on the Martensitic Phase Transformation in Cu-Al-Be Shape Memory Alloy" Turkish Journal of Science & Technology Volume 4, No 2,103- 109, 2009.
[4] S.N. Balo, M. Ceylan, Effect of Be content on some characteristics of Cu-Al-Be shape memory alloys" Journal of Materials ProcessingTechnology 124 (2002) 200-208.
[5] J.F. Beltran, C. Cruz, R. Herrera, O. Moroni, Shape memory alloy Cu-Al-Be strands subjected to cyclic axial loads" Engineering Structures33 (2011) 2910–2918.
[6] A. lliguchi, K. Suzuki , Y. Matsumoto , K. Sugimoto, S. Komatsu and Y. Nakamura, SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT IN Cu-Al-Be TERNARY ALLOYS" JOURNAL, DE PHYS IQUE Colloque C4, supplernent au no 12, 'l'ome 43, decembre 1982.
[7] Fevrier 1995, F. Moreau, A. Tidu, Ph. Barbe, A. Eberhardt and J.J. Heizmann, Study of Cu-Al-Be Shape Memory Alloy by X-Ray Diffraction" JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Colloque C2, supplement au Journal de Physique III, Volume 5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Development of Cost Effective Clean Rooms For Pharmaceutical Units
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sanjay Ranade1, R.S.Powar

Abstract: A clean room is an environment, typically used in manufacturing or scientific research that has a low level of environmental pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosols particles and chemical vapors. More accurately, a clean room has a controlled level of contamination that is specified by the number of particles per cubic meter at a specified particle size. As per the regulations specified by regulating authority FOOD & DRUG ADMINISTRATION it is necessary to implement specified norms for all pharmaceutical & food industries. For manufacturers working on small scale in local industrial estate, it is difficult to implement norms in existing infrastructure. Also there was great scarcity of funds, as these funds are to be spared from existing pool of funds. In pursuit of fulfilling the needs of these small scale units we have developed a design for unitary clean room systems using ceiling mounted single skin type ductable split air conditioning units.

[1] www.PDH center.com PDH course M143
[2] Google image-Illustrations
[3] Clean room wet bench (Clean rooms for) semi conductors-Vijayraghavan M.N.
[4] Voltas Ltd. Technical manual for ductable split air conditioners.
[5] Schematic sketch M/S Arihant Siddha Pharmaceuticals
[6] Schematic sketch M/S Healthline Pharmaceuticals Pvt.Ltd.
[7] Schematic sketch & DQP & sample cost comparison chart for M/S BPL Life Science

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design of Bio-Mimic Hexapod
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Patil Sammed Arinjay1, Prof. V.J. Khot

Abstract: Many attempts have been made till date to imitate physiological characteristics of biological creatures (mainly insects) using different types of joints and actuators. This has given rise to an all new field in robotics, named bio-mimitecs. In this approach we aim to design and simulate a bio-mimic hexapod (6 legged mobile robot) using the minimum possible number degrees of freedom. It has been found that for a legged robot to be advantageous over a wheeled robot, minimum 3 degrees of freedom is needed per leg. The design presented in this report makes use of two simple revolute joints per leg and the required motion is provided by DC Servo motors. These 2 degrees of freedom will propel the robot in the direction of motion. An additional 1 degree of freedom is desired at each leg to achieve the steering of the robot. This third degree of freedom is removed from each leg and taken common to replace by 2 degrees of freedom at the centre of the robot to achieve the desired steering of the robot. Once the mechanism is finalized, link geometry will be modeled using any CAD software and later it can be checked on anyCAE software for stress analysis. The Kinematic and Dynamic analysis of Hexapod will be done. Also a detailed analysis can be carried out to study the variation in torques for different link lengths. This will help in optimizing the dimensions of the hexapod for particular application.

Keywords – Bio-mimic, Design, Hexapod, Link geometry, Legged robot.

[1]Siegwart R., Autonomous mobile robot,( Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi 2005 )

[2] Bruno Siciliano, Oussama Khatib, (Handbook of Robotics, Springer 2008. )

[3] R.K Mittal, I.J.Nagrath, Robotics and Controls, (TATA-McGraw Hill 2003. ) Papers:

[4] ShibenduShekhar Roy, Ajay Kumar Singh, and Dilip Kumar Pratihar; Analysis of Six- Legged Walking Robots'14th National Conference on Machines and Mechanisms (NaCoMM09), NIT, Durgapur, India, December 17-18, 2009

[5] Abhijit Mahapatra, Shibendu ShekharRoy; Computer Aided Dynamic Simulation of Six- Legged Robot, International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol 2, No. 2, November 2009

[6] Cruse H., Dean J., Dürr V., KindermannTh, Schmitz J., SchummM. Control of Hexapod Walking - A Decentralized Solution Based on Biological Data [7] Erden Mustafa S., Six-Legged Walking Machine: The Robot-EA 308, Middle East Technical University.

[8] Mahfoudi C., Djouani K., Bouaziz M. and RechakS, Dynamic Modeling and Control in Operational Space of an Hexapod Robot, 5th WSEAS Int. Conf. on Signal Processing, Robotics and Automation, Madrid, Spain, February 15-17, 2006

[9] Daniel A. Kingsley, A Cockroach Inspired robot with Artificial Muscles, CWRU 2005

[10] Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Biomimetics: mimicking and inspired-by biology, California Institute of Technology, March 2005

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Geothermal Energy: Utilization as a Heat Pump
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. A. M. Vibhute 1, Prof. S.M.Shaikh2, Prof. A. M. Patil

Abstract: earth absorbs almost 50% of all solar energy and remains a nearly constant temperature of 10°C (50°F) depending on geographic location. Working with an underground loop system, a geothermal unit utilizes this constant temperature to exchange energy between the building and the earth as needed for heating and cooling. Geothermal is the most efficient Air-conditioning system because the ground temperature stays stable and has no regard for the above ground ambient temperature. A geothermal heat pump simply takes advantage of this low temperature energy source and pumps it up to a usable level to cool/heat the building. Geothermal Heat Pumps draw energy out of the ground which stays relatively constant year round. According to the Environmental Protection Agency , geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption—and corresponding emissions—up to 44% compared to air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared to electric resistance heating with standard air-conditioning equipment. GHP systems have relatively few moving parts, and because those parts are sheltered inside a building, they are durable and highly reliable. The underground piping often carries warranties of 25–50 years, and the heat pumps often last 20 years or more

Keywords – Energy efficiency ratio, Geocool , Geothermal , Geothermal Heat pump , HVAC.

1Geothermal India cooling India from Ground Up –How Geothermal Cooling works 5 may 2012, pp1-5 , http://www.geothermalindia.com/how_it_works.html
[2] The Geothermal Concept –Climatemaster's a homeowner's guide to geothermal heating and cooling comfort systems 29 March 2007 D , http://www.climatemaster.com / downloads / geothermal-concept.pdf
[3] GeoCool Geothermal Heat Pump for Cooling-and Heating along European Coastal Areas Coordinated by Javier Urchueguía in the name of the Co-ordinator Institution Final Report February 2, 2003 to February 2, 2006
[4] Clauser, C., 2006. Geothermal Energy, In: K. Heinloth (ed), Landolt-Börnstein, Group VIII: Advanced Materials and Technologies, Vol. 3: Energy Technologies,Subvol. C: Renewable Energies, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg-Berlin, 493-604.
[5] Rafferty, K. (February 2001). "An Information Survival Kit for the Geothermal Heat Pump Owner." Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology.
[6] "Geothermal Heat Pumps Make Sense for Homeowners." (PDF 224 KB). (1998).DOE Geothermal Technologies Program.
[7] "Heat from the Earth: Geothermal Heat Pumps." (October 1996). The Family
[8] Braud, "Harry Braud on the Water-source Heat Pump."Ground Water Age19-7(1985) pp. 40-42.
[9] Aldred, William H. Research Proposal, Pilot Study of Heating and Cooling Residences with Closed Loop Water Source Heat Pumps. 1984.
[10] Energy efficient appliances:www.energystar.gov/ or www.aceee.org/consumerguide/

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Optimization of Car Rim Using OptiStruct
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. P. H. Yadav1, Dr. P. G. Ramdasi2, Mr. S. H. Sawant

Abstract: Automobile industries require manufacturing vehicles at optimum cost and with greater safety. For this purpose every component of vehicle is analysed for critical conditions. In this work car rim is considered for optimization by using finite element method. The optimization is carried to minimize the weight of rim without exceeding allowable strain. The intention is to create the geometry utilizing parameters for all the variables, deciding which variables to use as design, state and objective variables to obtain an accurately converged solution. FEM software OptiStruct is used for optimization of rim. If the stress & strain values are within the permissible range, then certain dimensions are modified to reduce the amount of material needed. The procedure is repeated until design changes satisfy all the criteria. For experimental verification similar type of object is used and stresses in it are calculated for set load with suitable instrumentation. Then same is calculated in OptiStruct software and Experimental results are compared with FEM results. Keywords Impact factor, Strain gauge, Vonmises stress,Optistruct, Strain indicator.

[1] H. Akbulut, On optimisation of car rim using finite element method, Finite element analysis and design, 39 (2003), page 433-443

[2] A.Duster, D. scholz and E. Rank, pq-Adaptive solid finite elements for three dimensional plate and shell, computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering. 197 (2007) page no. 243-254

[3] Nikolos D. lagaros, Michalis fragiadakis and manolis papadrakasis, optimum design of shell structures with stiffening beam, AIAA Journal, vol. 42, No. 1, January 2004.

[4] MAO Jia, CHEN YuFeng and ZHANG WeiHua, An experimental optimization design method for orthogonal rib-stiffened thin walled cylindrical shells under axial loading, Applied mechanics and materials vols. 110-116, trans tech publication Switzerland. [

5] J. Awrejcewicza, V.A. Kryskob, Some problems of analysis and optimization of plates and shells, journal of sound and vibration 264 (2003) Page No. 343-376.

[6] Hiroshi OHMORI and Kenji YAMAMOTO, Shape optimization of shell and Spatial structure for specified Stress distribution, Memories of the school of engineering, Nagoya University, Vol.50, No.1 (1998)

[7] O. V. Zhmuru and Yu. M. Pochtman, Dynamical optimisation of ribbed cylindrical shells under the action of periodic nonharmonic loads, Journal of mathematical sciences, Vol. 70, No. 5..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance Investigation of Window Air Conditioner
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prof. S.M.Shaikh1, Prof. A.M.Patil2, Prof. A. M. Vibhute

Abstract: Window Air Conditioner is available on various capacities & various manufactures in global market. During actual use it is not possible to evaluate the performance of window Air conditioner. The effect of condenser temperature on evaporator temperature on performance. At present manufacturer specifies the data such as cooling capacity, EER power consumption on the basis of star rating. Energy star rating of window Air conditioner one star less efficient and five star is more efficient as it is regulated by BEE. In this research, for investigation of performance parameter for window AC, Window AC test rig is developed. In this, Psychrometric test chamber is prepared and investigated the parameters with three different operating procedures.

Keywords: Window AC, Cooling Capacity, EER, C.O.P.

1. Basic Refrigeration and Air Conditioning by P. N. Anantnarayanan. - Tata McGraw Hill Publications.
2. Basics Of the Air Conditioning by Ramesh Paranjpey ISHRAE Publication
3. Refrigerants for Residential and Commercial Air Conditioning Applications, Emerson Climate Technologies, Emerson Publication, Pune.
4. The Blue Star Guide by Sunil. M. Advani
5. Anette Michel, Eric Bush, Jürg Nipkow, Conrad U. Brunner Energy efficient room air conditioners – best available technology (BAT).
6. Md. Zahurul Haq, Energy Saving Through HVAC System Improvement Short Course on Energy Efficiency ISBN: 984-32-1803-6 45
7. R. Vijayan and P S.S. Srinivasan, "Influence of internal heat exchanger on performance of window AC retrofitted with R407" Journal of Scientific & Industrial research Vol. 68, Feb. 2009. pp 153-156.
8. Dr. S.V. Kota Reddy, Energy conservation in window AC, ISHRAE Journal, July September 2007 pp 107-114.5.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Rapid Prototyping
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Nilesh C. Gaikwad

Abstract: Prototyping or model making is one of the important steps to finalize a product design. It helps in conceptualization of a design. Before the start of full production a prototype is usually fabricated and tested. RP process belong to the generative (or additive) production processes unlike subtractive or forming processes such as lathing, milling, grinding or coining etc. in which form is shaped by material removal or plastic deformation. Rapid prototyping, though a relatively new discipline, has proven to be a valuable tool in the reduction of the time and cost associated with developing new products. The value of rapid prototyping shows the promise of increasing even further as it matures and offers higher quality parts, in less time, and for lower costs.

KEYWORDS-Fill processes. Rapid Prototyping (RP),Stereolithography (SL),Stereo lithography Apparatus (SLA),Swift process

[1 Pulak M. Pandey,Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 1-15.

[2] Ashley, S. "Rapid prototyping is coming of age" Mechanical Engineering, vol. 117, no. 7,July 1995, 62 – 68.

[3] James B. Taylor, Ph.D., Denis R. Cormier, Ph.D.,Sandesh Joshi, and Vivek Venkataraman, contoured edge slice generation in rapid prototyping via 5-axis machining

[4] Cawley, J., Heuer, A., Newman, W., and Mathewson, B. Computer-Aided Manufacturing of Laminated Engineering Materials, American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Volume 75, No. 5,May 1996,75-79.

[5] Jelena Milovanović, Miroslav Trajanović, Medical applications of rapid prototyping, Facta universitatis,Series: Mechanical Engineering Vol.5, No 1, 2007, 79 – 85.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Inventory Control and Spare Part Management through 5S, KANBAN and Kaizen at ABC Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	R.T. Salunkhe1, G.S. Kamble2, Prasad Malage

Abstract: The objective of spare part management in the paper is to ensure the availability of spares for maintenance in minimum time with the help of different management techniques like 5s system, kanban system and different kaizens. It aims to reduce the searching time of spares and reduce the level of inventory. The 5s system helps to understand the actual condition of spares in store department. It also helps to manage the spare parts effectively giving satisfactory results. The kanban system leads to control and maintain the inventory to optimum level. The different kaizens made the store department easy to access the spares. The result shows that the improvement in reduction of searching time and also control the cost of inventory significantly accomplished through 5s, kanban and kaizen systems. The searching time is reduced from 10 - 15 min. to 6 - 8 mi

Keyword: 5s, Kanban, Kaizen, Lean manufacturing

[[1] N Khamis, M. N. Rahman, K. R. Jamaludin, A. R. Ismail, J. A. Ghani, R. Zulkiffi "Development of 5s practice checklist for manufacturing industry", proceeding of world congress on engineering 2009, vol.1.
[2] Mohammad Rasouli Dizaji , Reza Rostamzadeh , Saudah Sofian and Kamal Rahmani "Relation of 5s principle and human factor engineering" international conference on sociality and economic development,2011,vol. 10
[3] Nahid Patel, P. P. Raichulkar, Abhijit Patil and S. V. Naik "Streamlining and reengineering of raw material stored by implementing 5s system"
[4] Mr. Samson s. lee, Dr. John C. Dugger, Dr. Joseph C. Chen "kaizen: an essential tool for inclusion in industrial technology curricula", journal of industrial technology Nov. 1999, vol. 16, no. 1
[5] Ivica veza, Nikola gjeldum, luka celent "lean manufacturing implementation problem in production system", international journal of industrial engineering and management, Nov. 2011, vol. 2.
[6] Mhd. Nizam ab. Rahaman, N. Kamaliana Khamis "implementation of 5s practices in manufacturing companies", American journal of applied science
[7] Yu cheng wong, kam yew wong, Anwar ali "Study on lean manufacturing implementation", European journal of scientific research, vol.38, no. 4
[8] Stephanle g. adams, blaney cruiz ullaob "an investigation of personnel issues affecting kanban performance: a case study"
[9] http://world.class-manufacturing.com/5s/five-s-powerpoint/ppt.html retrived on 13/02/12 at 2.45 pm
[10]http://enwikipedia.org/wiki/5ssystem retrived on 13/02/12 at 3.00pm

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Smart Material: Magneto Rheological Fluid
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Vinayak D. Dabade1, Prof. Y. R. Patil2 Prof.M.V. Kharade3, Prof. P.R. Patil

Abstract: This paper presents basic properties of the magneto rheological fluids (MR) and their development in recent years. It is very clearly and well understood from the presented paper that replacement of the traditional devices with smart system. Many of them will include MR fluids as active component. A very useful material for the engineers engaged in the design of brakes, dampers, clutches and shock absorbers systems. A magneto-Rheological (MR) fluid brake is a device to transmit torque by the shear force of an MR Fluid. [1] An MR rotary brake has the property that its braking torque changes quickly in response to an external magnetic field strength. In this paper, the design method of the cylindrical MR fluid brake is presented theoretically. Vibration in today's increasingly high-speed vehicles including automobiles severely affects their ride comfort and safety. To improve the ride comfort, effective vibration control of suspension systems implement car suspension system with a MR fluid damper.

Keywords - Smart materials; Magneto rheological materials; Magnetic properties; Magneto rheological brakes, Magneto rheological suspension.

1] M. Kciuk, R. Turczyn "Properties and application of magneto rheological fluids", Journal of achievement in material and manufacturing engineering, Vol.18, Issue 1-2 Sept.2006
[2] Karakoc, Edward J. Park*, Afzal Suleman "Design considerations for an automotive magneto rheological brake" www.elsevier.com/locate/mechatronics

[3] Mukund A. Patil, Ashutosh S. Zare "Theoretical Studies on Magneto rheological Fluid Brake" ISSN: 2249-5762 | ISSN: 2249-5770

[4] D. J. JEFFREY ANDREAS, ACRIVOS "The Rheological Properties of Suspensions of Rigid Particles" AlChE journal (Vol. 22, No. 3) May, 1976

[5] M. M. Rashid1, M. A. Hussain, N. A. Rahim and J. S. Momoh "DEVELOPMENT OF FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER FOR MAGNETORHEOLOGICALROTARY BRAKE SYSTEM" International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering (IJMME), Vol. 4 (2009), No. 3, 232-238

[6] J.D. Carlson, "What Makes A Good MR Fluid", 8th International Conference on Electro rheological (ER) and Magneto rheological (MR) Suspensions, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, No. 13, pp. 431-435, 2002.

[7] A.G.Olabi, A.Grunwald, "Design and application of magneto-rheological fluid", Materials and design, Vol. 28 pp. 2658-2664, 2007.

[8] MUHAMMAD Aslam, YAO Xiong-liang, and DENG Zhong-chao Review of magneto rheological (MR) fluid and its application in vibration control, Journal of Marine Science and Application,Vol.5, No.3, September 2006, pp. 17-29

[9] Demin Chena, Jinhao Xu, Jingwen Pan, Xiaolin Guo, Wei Sun, Research and Prospect of Automobile Magneto-rheological Fluid Dual Clutch Transmission, 2nd International Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology (EMEIT-2012)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Spring back in Sheet Metal Bending-A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gawade Sharad1, Dr. V. M. Nandedkar

Abstract: One of the most sensitive features of the sheet metal forming is the elastic recovery during unloading called spring back. Sheet metals are prone to some amount of spring back depending on elastic deformation. Obtaining the desired size, shape depends on the prediction of spring back. Accurate prediction and controlling of spring back is essential in the design of tools for sheet metal forming. The spring back is affected by the factors such as sheet thickness, material properties, tooling geometry etc. This paper reviews the various parameters affecting spring back such as ratio of die radius to sheet thickness, sheet thickness, blank holder force, coefficient of friction etc.

Keywords: Spring back, Sheet metal, Sheet thickness, FEA

[1] Ivana Suchi, "Handbook of Die Design", McGraw Hill, 1998.

[2] Frank W. Wilson, "Fundamentals of Tool Design", Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi 1976.

[3] Cyril Donaldson ,George H Lecain, V C Goold , "Tool Design", Tata McGraw-hill, New Delhi 1976.

[4] Recep Kazan, Mehmet Fırat, Aysun Egrisogut Tiryaki, "Source-Prediction of spring back in wipe-bending process of sheet metal using neural network", Materials and Design 30 (2009) 418–423.

[5] Ozgur Tekaslan, Nedim Gerger, Ulvi Seker, "Determination of spring back of stainless steel sheet metal in ""V‟‟ bending dies", Materials and Design 29 (2008) 1043–1050.

[6] Wenjuan Liu, Qiang Liu, Feng Ruan, Zhiyong Liang, Hongyang Qiu, "Spring back prediction for sheet metal forming based on GA-ANN echnology", Material Processing Technology, 187-188(2007) 227-231.

[7] Sharad Gawade, V. M. Nandedkar, "Prediction of Spring back Using FEA", IDDRG2012, 281-285.

[8] Luc Papelux, Jean-Philippe Ponthot, "Finite element simulation of spring back in sheet metal forming", Material Processing Technology, 125-126 (2002) 785-791.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Sustainable Supply Chains : An Introduction
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Prof. M.B. Tandale1,Prof. P.M. Bhagwat

Abstract: Consideration is given to the convergence of supply chains and sustainability. In doing so, the focus on environmental management and operation is moved from local optimization of environmental factors to consideration of the entire supply chain during the production, increasing concerns over sustainability, whether driven by current legislation, public interest, or competitive opportunity. As such, sustainable development is a rich area for academic research that is still in its infancy and has the potential to affect future government policy, current production operation, and identify new business models. This paper provides a background to better understand current trends in this multidisciplinary field that intersect with operations management, and the research opportunities and challenges it present.

[1] Ackali, E., Karakayali, I., Emir-Farinas, H., in press.An analysis of decentralized collectionand processing of en-of-life products Journal of Operations Management, doi:10.1016/j.jom.2007.01.017.
[2] Allenby, B.R., 2000. Implementing industrial ecology: the AT&T matrix system. Interfaces 30 (3), 42-54.
[3] American Chamber of Commerce of Europe, 2004.European Union Environmental Guide 2004.American Chamber of Commerce of Europe, Brussels, Belgium.
[4] Anon., 2001. Europe's steeelmakers get lean and green. Business Week 3720 (feburary 19), 92.