iosr-JMCE   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between geotechnical properties and road failure along Ilorin-Ajase Ipo road, Kwara State Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from Five (5) portions of the road that are severely damaged by road failure. These portions include: Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute (ARMTI) 17+800km, Kabba Owode 18+00Km, Idofian 23+700Km, Koko 29+700Km and Omupo 35+700Km axis of the road. The soil samples collected were analyzed based on four geotechnical analysis: particle size distribution (PSD),atterberg limit, compaction test california bearing ratio (CBR).Results from geotechnical properties showed that, road foundation has a poorly graded gravel( GP),Well graded gravel (GW),Well graded sand(SP) and poorly graded sand(SP).The result were further subjected to statistical analysis: the stepwise regression indicated that only two (2) variables coefficient of curvature and coefficient of Uniformity contribute to 99.7% of road failures. The overall results showed that problems soils are the major causes of road failure and the study also observed that poor engineering construction also contribute to the incessant road failures along Ilorin –Ajase-Ipo road.
Keywords:Road failure, bitumen, structural failure, problem Soils.

[1] Adesunloye M.O (1987) Investigating the problem soils in Nigeria. 9th Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and foundation Engineering For Africa. Vol.1. Balkema/Roterdam/Boston103 -112.
[2] Bolarinwa A.(2010) Geotechnical properties of major problem Soils of Nigeria www.Google.com hub pages Technology.
[3] Chukweze H.O. (1991) Geotechnical and geological properties of tropical Soils. 9th Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and foundation engineering For Africa.Vol.2.Balkema/Rotterdam/Boston.731-735.
[4] Durotoye .B. (1983) Geomorphology and quaternary deposits of Nigeria.In: Ola.S.A (ed) Tropical Soils of Nigeria in Engineering Practice.1-15
[5] Federal Road Safety Corps( FRSC 2011) United Nation Dacade of Action on Road Safety.Benin City Nigeria.
[6] O'Flaherty C.A (1979) Highway Engineering Edward Arnold – London
[7] O'flaherty C.A (2001) soils for Road work: In O'flaherty, C.A. (ed). Highways the location,Design, Construction and maintenance of pavements. 133.www.amazon.com.
[8] Ojo O. (1977) The climate of West Africa Heinethann Press.
[9] Olaniran O.J (2002) Rainfall Anomalies in Nigeria: The Contemporary understanding 55th Inaugural lecture, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Unilorin Press, University of Ilorin. 8-10.
[10] Ola .S.A.(1983) Geotechnical properties and behaviour of some Nigerian lateritic Soils.In:Ola.S.A (ed) Tropical Soils of Nigeria in Engineering practice.61-84.

Abstract: Grouting is the process of ground improvement techniques which is used to improvise the foundation where there is loose state of the soil. Grouting can be classified as permeation grouting, compaction grouting or hydraulic fracturing. Permeation grouting is an effective way to send the grout into the ground without disturbing the soil structure. In this investigation, an attempt is made to study the effect of cement grout in improving the bearing capacity of the sandy soil. Cement grout with different ratio of 10:1 ( Water: Cement) , 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4:1 are injected into the soil. Grouting experiment is performed with perforated PVC pipe in a tank of 20cm x 20cm x 20cm sandy soil. To study the improvement in the strength property of the grouted soil the plate load test is performed with 5cm x 5cm plate on the grouted sand after 3 days curing and 7 days curing. The experimental results revealed that the increase in cement content increases load carrying capacity of the sandy soil.

[1] Suat Akbulut and Ahmet Saglamer (2002), " Estimating the grouta bility of granular soils: a new approach", Tunnelling and
Underground Space Technology, 17, pp 371 – 380
[2] Purbi Sen, Sina Kazemian, Bujang.B.K.Huat , (2011), "Assesment and Comparision of grouting and Injection Method in
Geotechnical Engineering", European Journal of Scientific Research, Vol 27 No. 2 (2011), pp 234-247.
[3] Dr. Abdel-Monem Moussa, Dr. Fatma El-Zaharaa Baligh, Dr. Tahia Abdel-Monem Awad, Asmaa El- Rokh (2007), "Sandy soil
improvement using grouting", 12th ICSCE, Cairo, Egypt.
[4] Costas A. Anagnostopous (2005), "Laboratory study of an injected granular soil with polymer grouts", Tunnelling and
Underground Space Technology, 20, pp 525 – 533.
[5] Standard test method for Marsh Funnel Viscosity of clay slurries (2004), ASTM, D6910-04.

Abstract: Handling and preservation of composite briquettes, most especially during transportation, required adequate knowledge of its mechanical properties, such as density, stress, strain, young modulus and breaking strength. In this work some mechanical properties of composite briquettes, made out of sawdust, palm kernel shell and paper paste, were examined. The composite briquettes were prepared in such as way that the densities within the samples range between 1.0 g/cm3 and 1.1 g/cm3. This is to minimize the effect of density variation. Also the preparations were done under the same temperature, so that the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties can be removed at the unset of the experimentation. Experimental results show that, the young modulus of the composite briquettes increases with increase in the value of palm kernel shell and decreases with increase quantity of paper paste when the samples were loaded in compression. A difficult situation was met when the samples were loaded in tension because of the brittleness of the samples. However this shows that the addition of palm kernel shell increases hardness of the composite briquettes, while the addition of paper paste improves handling effect. On the other hand, as the quantity of paper increases more energy is required to form the briquettes.
Key words: composite, briquettes, mechanical properties, stress, strain, deflection, handling, transportation.

[1] Adegoke, CO and Mohammed, TI (1999)", The effects of palm kernel shell on calorific value of sawdust briquettes". Journal of Applies Science. Vol 10, No 2 pp 25-37
[2] Adegoke, CO, Mohammed, TI and Alatise, MO (2006), "Development of a briquettes making machine". Global Journal of Engineering and Technology. Vol 3, No 2, pp 231-240.
[3] Ajuitse, ON (2012), "Investigation of sawdust briquette as high grade fuel Ph.D Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, the Federal University of Technology, Akure. (Unpublished).
[4] Akintunde, MA and Seriki, ME (2012), "Effect of paper paste on the calorific value of sawdust briquette". International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Inpress.
[5] DoD (2002), Department of Defence. "Composite materials handbook". 3: 35. (MIL-HDBK – 17 – 3F). www.lib.ucdavis.edu/dept/pse/resources/fulltext/HDBK17-3F.pdf. (as at November 6, 2012).
[6] Kakits, A; Nulle; I; and Ancans, D (2011), "Mechanical properties of composity biomass briquettes". Proceedings of the 8th International Scientific and Practical conference, pp 175 – 183.
[7] Kaliyan, N; Morey, RV; White, MD and Doering, A (2009), "Roll press briquettes and pelleting of corn stover and switchgrass". Transaction of the ASABE. Vol. 52 No 2, pp 543 – 555.
[8] Karunanithy, C; Wang, Y; Muthukumarappan, K and Pugalenghi, S. (2011), "physiochemical characterization of briquettes made from different feedstock". Biotechnology Research International. Article ID 165202, pp 1 – 9.
[9] Kuti, OA (2003), "Evaluation of composite sawdust briquettes as a high grade fuel for Domestic Cooking". Journal of Engineering and Engineering Technology, FUTA. Vol 2, No 2, pp 109-115.
[10] Krizan, P; Matus, M; Soos, L; Kers, J; Peetsalu, P; Kask, U; and Menind, A (2011), "Briquetting of municipal wastes by different Technologies for quality and properties evaluation". Agronomy Research, Vol. 19, pp 115 – 123.

Abstract: Surveying is an interesting subject in Civil Engineering. In this article the author dealt with a brief introduction to this subject with the classification of the instruments and also various classification of surveying. It is very interesting to know in what way the surveying instruments can be used in Civil field and about various application of these instruments. It is sure this article makes sure that it will originate the interest of studying this subject more and more. It is not only an interesting one but also useful one too.
Keywords:Definition; Classifications; Instruments involved; Chain; Compass; Level; Theodolite; Process of doing surveying; Advantages and Disadvantages; good photos of the instruments.

[1] Surveying by B.C .Punmia & Ashok Jain – Vol.I
[2] Surveying by B.C .Punmia & Ashok Jain – Vol.II
[3] Surveying - Higher Surveying by B.C .Punmia & Ashok Jain – Vol.III
[4] Basic Civil Engineering – Dr. B.C punmia & Ashok Kumar Jain & Arun Kumar Jain – Page 185
[5] Surveying and Levelling by Punmia
[6] S. K. Duggal, Surveying and Levelling, Vol. I and II, Tata Mc Graw-Hill
[7] B.C Punmia, Surveying, Lakshmi Publ. 1994.
[8] Arora, K.R., "Surveying", Vol. I & II Standard Book House, Delhi,
[9] T .P. Kanetkar & S. V, Kulkarni, Surveying and Levelling Part I and II Pune Vidhyarthi Griha Prakashan
[10] Chandra, A.M. "Plane Surveying", New Age International Publishers, Delhi

Abstract: Indian automotive ancillary units are one of the swift growing within the small and mid-sized group of industries which are influential contributors to the complete production of auto components. With the ascent in interrogation of growing customers and presuming for resplendent quality of their product, some of giant Indian organizations are inspiring their suppliers to employ Six Sigma in order to improve the quality of their process and products for embellishing competitive advantage. This paper focus on a case of provoked mid-sized auto ancillary unit consisting of 350-400 employee and employed Six Sigma (SS) methodologies to elevate towards the dream of SS quality level. The methodology is executed on one of product assembly for trimming down defects level which are critical to customers and its implementation has had a significant financial hit on the bottom-line of the enterprise.
Keywords:Indian SMEs, Six Sigma, DMAIC, Critical to Quality, Successful implementation

[1] (2008), "Defining the Role of the Government in the Transnationalisation Efforts of the Indian SMEs in the Auto Components Sector", Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR), Ministry of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Published by: IDC (India) Limited CYBER HOUSE, B-35, Sector 32-Institutional,Gurgaon Last Visited 15 March 2011, www.dsir.gov.in/reports/ittp_sme/AutoCompReport.pdf
[2] (2006), "A report by KPMG for IBEF, Auto Components", Indian Brand Equity Foundation, http://www.ibef.org/industry/autocomponents.aspx, retrieved on June 2010
[3] Bell, R. (2011), "A Comparison of Four Quality Improvement Approaches", Article Directory, http://articleco.com/2011/03/21/a-comparison-of-four-quality-improvement-approaches/ retrieved on Jan 2012
[4] Pfeifer, T., Reissiger, W. and Canales, C. (2004), "Integrating Six Sigma with quality management systems", The TQM Magazine, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp 241 – 249.
[5] Does, R., Heuvel, E., Mast, J. and Bisgard, S. (2002), "Comparing non-manufacturing with traditional applications of Six Sigma", Quality Engineering, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 177 – 182.
[6] Berghe W. (1997), "Application of ISO 9000 standards to education and training", Interpretation and Guidelines in a European Perspective", Published by: CEDEFOP European centre for Development of Vocational Training, First Edition, ISBN 92-827 www.oitcinterfor.org/public/english/region/ampro/cinterfor/temas/calidad/doc/iso.pdf
[7] Patel, D. (2004), "Initiation and implementation of Six Sigma in a small organization", Wichita State University, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering.
[8] Gnibus, R. and Krull, R. (2003), "Small Companies See the Money", Quality, Vol. 42, No. 8. pp. 48
[9] Pandey, A. (2007), "Strategically focused training in Six Sigma way: a case study", Journal of Europeans Industrial Training, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 145-162
[10] Breyfogle III, F.W., Cupello, J.M. and Meadows, B. (2001), "Managing Six Sigma", John Wiley and Sons, New York

Abstract: The study entitled "Analysis of Direct Budget Implementation Building Construction Work" aims to compare the direct costs of implementation of the work in the field with the cost of the contract. Because of differences in costs in the field with the cost of the contract, it can affect the size of the benefits obtained from the executor. Which is the object in this paper is the allocation of direct costs for materials, wages and equipment. To support the calculation of the data required at the time of implementation, which consists of primary data and secondary data, the scope of work is reviewed in this study is the work of the foundation, plinth, columns and walls. Observation of the direct costs of research and calculation begins at the time of entry, use, and installation of materials and labor used much every day. While the calculation of the budget in the contract for the cost of resources is calculated by using analysis of BOW. From the calculation results obtained by the direct costs of implementation for the scope of work to be a review is Rp.211,771,639 while the amount of the contract budget is Rp.320, 342.678 to the difference in cost is Rp.108,571,039 or 33.89%.
Keywords:direct costs, materials, labor, equipment, cost of contract

[1] AACE International. Cost engineering terminology (Recommended practice 10S-90, Morgantown, W.Va. 2007)

[2] B. Husin, Quantity and Evaluation (Faculty of Engineering Unsyiah, Banda Aceh. 1987)

[3] J.A. Mukomuko, Budgeting Basics Building Costs (CV. Media Gaya Pratama, Jakarta. 1985).

[4] Niron, Building Budget Planning ( Jakarta : Rembulan. 1980)

[5] Ralph, Cost Accounting 2 (Jakarta, Gunung Tuan.1984)

[6] A.S. Soedrajat, The Budget Cost Analysis Building (Bandung :Nova.1984)

[7] Soeharto, Project Management ( Jakarta :Erlangga. 1999) [8] Soeharto, Project Management (Jakarta : Erlangga. 1997)

Abstract: Injection molding is an important polymer processing operation in the plastic industry. In this process, polymer is injected into a mold cavity, and solidifies to the shape of the mold. Optimizing the parameters of the injection molding process is critical to enhance productivity. For process optimization, parameters must operate at optimum levels for acceptable performance. Taguchi method is one of the methods of optimization, in which orthogonal array is generated based on experimental design. Optimization of injection molding process parameters will be carried out using polypropylene (PP) as the molding material
Keywords:Coolant Flow rate, Injection Molding Optimization, Taguchi methodology

[1] M. Huang, and T. Lin, Simulation of a regression-model and PCA based searching method developed for setting the robust injection
molding parameters of multi-quality characteristics, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2008, (Online Copy).
[2] Y. Gao, and X. Wang, Surrogate-based process optimization for reducing warpage in injection molding, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 2008, (Online Copy).
[3] S. Changyu, W. Lixia, and L. Qian, Optimization of injection molding process parameters using combination of artificial neural
network and genetic algorithm method, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 183, 2007, 412–418.
[4] J. Zhu, J. Chen, and E. Kirby, Tensile Strength and Optimization of Injection Molding Processing Parameters Using the Taguchi
Method", The International Journal of Modern Engineering, 4(2), Spring 2004
[5] K. Alam, and M. Kamal, A robust optimization of injection molding runner balancing, Computers and Chemical Engineering, 29,
2005, 1934–1944.
[6] S. Tang, Y. Tan, S. Sapuan, S. Sulaiman, N. Ismail, and R. Samin, The use of Taguchi method in the design of plastic injection
mold for reducing warpage, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 182, 2007, 418–426.
[7] H. Zhou, B. Yan, and Y. Zhang, 3D filling simulation of injection molding based on the PG method, Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, 204, 2008, 475–480.
[8] Y. Shen, C. Wu, Y. Yu, and H. Chung, Analysis for optimal gate design of thin-walled injection molding, International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, 35, 2008, 728–734.
[9] T. Zhil‟tsova, M. Oliveira, and J. Ferreira, Relative influence of injection molding processing conditions on HDPE acetabular cups
dimensional stability, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 2008, (Online Copy).
[10] D. V. Rosato, N. R. Schott, and M. G. Rosato, Plastics Engineering, Manufacturing & Data Handbook, (Boston: Springer, 2001)
406-407.