iosr-JMCE   Volume-5 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel engines that is produced by chemically combining vegetable oils and animal fats with an alcohol to form alkyl esters. Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are produced by transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol usually in presence of an alkaline catalyst.This research studies the optimum condition of soya diesel production by methanol alkaline transesterification reaction between soybean cooking oil and methanol, ethanol and butanol using Some important variables such as volumetric ratio, types of reactants and catalytic activities were selected to obtain a high quality biodiesel fuel with the specification of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D 6751) and European Norm (EN 14214).The exhaust emissions like carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke emissions were decreased while the NOx emissions were increased with SBD at full load compared to that of the base engine. The peak pressure and heat release rate were increased and the ignition delay and combustion duration were decreased for the internal combustion engine piston with SBD compared to that of the base engine.
Keywords: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), Soybean Cooking Oil, Soybean Bio Diesel (SBD) Emission, Nox

[1] Knothe G, Dunn RO, and Bagby MO (1997) Biodiesel: the use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as alternative diesel fuels. In:
Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass, 1st edn.
[2] American Chemical Society, New York Van Gerpen J, Shanks B, Pruszko R, Clements D, Knothe G (2004) Biodiesel production
technology. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NRRL/SR-510-36244 24 2 Introduction to Biodiesel Production
[3] Van Gerpen J, Shanks B, Pruszko R, Clements D, Knothe G (2004) Biodiesel analytical methods. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, NRRL/SR-510-36240
[4] Romano SD, González Suárez E, Laborde MA (2006) Biodiesel. In: CombustibleAlternatives', 2nd edn. Ediciones Cooperativas,
Buenos Aires
[5] Aggarwal, J.S., H.D. Chowdury, S.N. Mukerji, and L.C.
[6] Vermoh. 1952. Indian vegetable oil fuels for diesel engines. Bul. Indian Industrial Research No. 19.
[7] ASAE. 1982. Vegetable Oil Fuels. Proc. International Conference on Plant and Vegetable Oil as Fuels. 400 pp. St. Joseph, Mich.:
ASAE.
[8] ASTM. 1999a. D 6078 – Diesel fuel scuff test method. West Conshohocken, Penn.: ASTM International.
[9] ASTM. 1999b. D 6079 – Standard test method for evaluating the lubricity of diesel fuels by the high frequency rotating rig. West
Conshohocken, Penn.: ASTM International.
[10] STM. 2002. D 6751 – Standard specification for biodiesel fuel (B100) blend stock for distillate fuels. West Conshohocken, Penn.:
ASTM International

Abstract: Improving the performance of internal combustion engines is one of the major concerns of researchers. Experimental studies are more expensive than computational studies. Also using computational techniques allows us to obtain all the required data for the cylinder, which could not be measured. In this study, solution of the two dimensional, four stroke spark ignition (SI) engine with port injection is considered. The efficiency of an SI engine depends on several complicated processes including injection, mixture preparation, and Combustion and exhaust flow.
Keywords: Internal Combustion Spark ignition engine, CFD, Hexane, Combustion, Simulation.

[1] Benson R,S. The Thermodynamics and Gas Dynamics of Internal Combustion Engines: VoI. 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1 982.
[2] Stone CR. & Etiman Y. Review of induction system design and a comparison between prediction and results from a single cylinder
diesel engine. SAE paper No. 921734, 1992.
[3] Charlton SJ. Simulation program for Internal Combustion Engines. University of Bath, 1990.
[4] DYNOMATION - Four Cycle wave Action Simulator. Audie Technology Inc. and VP Engineering Inc., 1994.
[5] Williams PNT. Modeling of internal combustion engine thermo- dynamics, valve dynamics and valve flow. MSc Eng thesis,
University of Stellenbosch , 2002.
[6] Van Vuuren CM. Modelling of internal combustion engine in- take and exhaust processes. MScEng thesis, University of Stellenbosch,
2001.
[7] Low SC 8. Baruah PC. A generalized computer aided de- sign package for I.C. engine manifold systems. SAE pape,r No.
810498,1991.
[8] Fluent manual for simulation process.
[9] J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
[10] G. H. Abd Alla, "Computer simulation of a four stroke spark ignition engine" En. Convers. Mng., vol. 43, 2002, pp. 1043 -1061.

Abstract: In order to obtain concrete with a desired elastic modulus, E, at minimum cost, it is necessary to carry out optimization of concrete mixtures. Effectively and efficiently optimized concrete mixtures, usually have better properties, satisfy intended use and minimize costs. In this work, the cost of concrete mixtures based on its elastic modulus, E, is optimized using Osadebe's optimization Method. The resulting optimization model can be used to estimate the cost of concrete when the elastic modulus, E, is specified. Conversely, the model can be used to determine the elastic modulus, E, obtainable from concrete mixture of a given cost. In addition, it can be used to determine the optimum concrete mix and cost when given the desired elastic modulus, E. Fluctuations in market prices can be accommodated by multiplying the base prices of constituent materials with a price fluctuation factor (PFF). The predicted costs compare favourable with the values obtained from the market survey. The optimization model was tested for adequacy using statistical tools and found to be adequate.
Keywords: Optimization, Costs, Concrete Mixtures, Elastic Modulus, Osadebe'sTheory, Optimization Method

[1] BS 1881, Part 118(1983), "Method of determination of Static modulus of elasticity in compression". BSI -London.
[2] BS 12(1983), "Specification for Portland cement". BSI-London.
[3] BS 812 Part 103(1983), "Method of determination of particle size distribution". BSI - London.
[4] BS 5328, Part 2(1997), "Methods of specifying concrete mixes". BSI-London.
[5] Conrad, M., Anfleger, M. and Malkawi, A.I.H., (2007). "Investigating the Modulus of Elasticity of Young RCC". 6th Annual
meeting symposium, erman research, Muanchu, Germany.
[6] Egbulonu, R.B.A.(2011) "Optimization model for predicting the Modulus of Elasticity and Flexural Strength of Concrete.
"Unpublished M.Engr Project of the Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri,Nigeria.
[7] Majid, K. I(1974). ""Optimum Design of Structures, Butter worth and company, London.
[8] Osadebe, N.N., 2003, " Generalized Mathematical Modeling of Compressive Strength of Normal Concrete as a Multi-Variant
function of the properties of its Constituent Components". A paper delivered at the College of Engineering. University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
[9] Sanders, P., (2007) "Basic Approaches to Optimization Problems". College of Information Sciences and Technology,
Pennsylvanian state University. Available from <http//www.google.com./search>
[10] Simon, M. J; Laggeragren,.E.S; Snyder,K.A(1997). "Concrete mixture optimization using statistical Mixture Design methods".
Proceeding of PCI/FHWA. International Symposium on High Performance Concrete, New Orleans, pp 230-244.

Abstract: The present work focuses on Experimental investigation of heat transfer and friction factor characteristics of horizontal circular pipe using internal threads of pitch 100mm, 120mm and 160mm with air as the working fluid. The transitional flow regime is selected for this study with the Reynolds number range 7,000 to 14,000. The horizontal aluminum pipe was subjected to constant and uniform heat flux. The experimental data obtained were compared with those obtained from plain Horizontal pipe. The effects of internal threads of varying depth on heat transfer and friction factor were presented. Based on the same pumping power consumption, the pipe with internal threads possesses the highest performance factors for turbulent flow. The heat transfer coefficient enhancement for internal threads is higher than that for plain pipe for a given Reynolds number. The use of internal threads improved the performance of horizontal circular pipe.
Keywords: Enhancement, internal threads, heat transfer and turbulent flow.

1] M. Sozen and T M. Kuzay (1996), "Enhanced heat transfer in round tubes with porous inserts", International Journal Heat and
Fluid Flow, Vol. 17, pp.124-129
[2] Q. Liao and M.D. Xin (2000), "Augmentation of convective heat transfer inside tubes with three-dimensional internal extended
surfaces and twisted-tape inserts", Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 78, pp. 95-105
[3] D. Angirasa (2001), "Experimental investigation of forced convection heat transfer augmentation with metallic porous materials",
International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, pp. 919-922
[4] H.L. Fu, K.C. Leong, X.Y. Huang and C.Y. Liu (2001), "An experimental study of heat transfer of a porous channel subjected to
oscillating flow", ASME Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 123, pp.162-170.
[5] S.S Hsieh, M.H. Liu, H.H. Tsai (2003), "Turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristic in a horizontal circular tube with strip-type
inserts part-II (heat transfer)", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 46, pp.837-849.
[6] B.I. Pavel and A.A. Mohamad (2004), " An experimental and numerical study on heat transfer enhancement for gas heat exchangers
fitted with porous media", International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, pp.4939-4952.
[7] Smith Eiamsa-ard, Chinaruk Thianpong, Petpices Eiamsa-ard and Pongjet Promvonge (2009), "Convective heat transfer in a
circular tube with short-length twisted tape insert", International communications in heat and mass transfer (2009).
[8] Chinaruk Thianpong, Petpices Eiamsa-ard, Khwanchit Wongcharee and Smith Eiamsaard (2009), Compound heat transfer
enhancement of a dimpled tube with a twisted tape swirl generator, International Communications in Heat and Mass Heat and
Mass Transfer, Vol. 36, pp. 698-704.
[9] Whitham, J. M (1896), The effects of retarders in fire tubes of steam boilers, Street Railway, Vol. 12(6), pp. 374.
[10] Date, A. W. and Singham, J. R. (1972), "Numerical prediction of friction and heat transfer characteristics of fully developed laminar
flow in tubes containing twisted tapes", Trans. ASME, Journal of Heat Transfer, Vol. 17, pp. 72

Abstract: Most of the big cities are situated on river banks and are dependent on river water for drinking purpose, which is supplied after treatment, to inhabitants.Due to pollution and sewerage disposed in the river, the quality of water has become poor and the treatment cost has gone up. During summer the quantity of water flowing in the river is very less on account of which concentration of impurities is also more. On the other hand due to over exploitation of ground water for irrigation, the ground water table is also going down at fast rate, hence availability of ground water is also not certain. The quality of ground water is also becoming poor due to pollution, intrusion of brackish/saline water, and concentration of fluoride etc. If system of infiltration galleries1 is provided in the bed of the river at 5 to 10m below bed level, by means of perforated pipes (Strainer) the availability of water in terms of quality and quantity will improve. Hence a solution to drinking water supply for major cities has been presented in this article, along with a typical example for design of infiltration gallery for Agra City (U.P.,India) .
Keywords: Brackish Water; Drinking Water Supply, Infiltration Gallery

[1] Project on rain water harvesting and ground water recharge of Agra District (U.P.), to augment drinking water supply – May 2005
Submitted by R.S. JUREL Chief Engineer Minor Irrigation (U.P.)
[2] Amartya kumar bhattacharya . Artificial ground water recharge with a special reference to india.
[3] Central water commission New delhi – water and related statistics. May 2004.
[4] Ray, C., G. Melin, and R.B. Linsky, editors (2002). Riverbank Filtration Improving Source-Water Quality, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht.
[5] Evaluation of the existing performance of infiltration galleries in alluvial deposits of the parapeti river by Diploma Engineer Alvaro
Camacho , Bolivian Association of Sanitary Engineers Casilla 9348 La Paz, Bolivia.
[6] Indian Standard on "Unplasticized PVC Screen and casting Pipes for Bore / Tubewell – Specification IS 12818/1992.

Abstract: Onion is produce in large quantities at every harvest season in Nigeria and this is so in many part of the world, however storage of the crop has been a problem, thus, the need to study the thermal behavior of clay room for the storage of onion. In this work the transient heat transmission across various walls of an adobe room was determined using an Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software programme. It was found that the determined average hourly temperature has a root mean square of percentage deviation of 10.8238 and that of determined average relative humidity is 8.4158. Thus EES software could be use in forecasting the indoor condition of an adobe room.

[1] Karmarkan, D. V. and Joshi, B. M. Investigation on the Storage of onions. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 11, 2003, 82-94.
[2] Currah, L. and Proctor, F. Onions in tropical regions. Natural Resources Institute Bulletin 35, 1999, 23– 26 and 63 – 164.
[3] Kanshik, S.C., Sodha, M.S. Bansal, P.K and Bhardwaj, S.C. Solar Thermal modeling of a non- air conditioned building: evaluation of
overall heat flux. International Journal of energy research. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1982, 143 – 155.
[4] Alford, J. S., Ryan, L. and Urban, F.O. Effect of heat storage and variation in outdoor temperature and solar intensity on heat transfer through wall. Solar Energy, 4, 2000, 392-397.
[5] Maduekwe, A. L., Balogun, W and Garba, B. Controlling the periodic flux of solar radiation in to an Adobe room using slab and foam
roof combination. Nigerian Journal Of Renewable Energy. 10, 2002, 108-116.
[6] Algifri, A. H., Bingadhi, S. M. and Nijaguna, B. T. Thermal behaviour of Adobe and concrete house in Yemen. Renewable Energy, 2,
1992, 597-602.
[7] Nayak, J.K and Prajapati, J.A. Handbook of energy conscious buildings, New Jersey, Hall, 2006.
[8] Hamza B. S. Predicting the indoor condition of an Adobe room for the storage of onions. Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto,
Nigeria. Unpublished, M. Phil. 2011.
[9] Kumar, R. Garg, S.N. and Kaushik, S.C. Performance evaluation of multi- passive solar applications of a non air-conditioned building. International. Journal of. Environmental Technology and Management, 5, 2005, 60-75.
[10] Asan. H. Effect of wall's insulation thickness and position on time lag and decrement factor. Energy and building 28, 1998, 299-305.

Abstract: To assess the risks involved in BOT by studying a specific case of BOT Road Project, To evaluate the role of financial stability on the project and the subsequent effect on risks. To Study the individualistic approach of the involved parties... BOT has been one of the recent innovations in project finance. The Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) scheme is a limited recourse financing technique. Many have adopted this approach as an alternative to traditional public financing for infrastructure development projects. It examines the type of capital and debt in project financing. In addition, it examines the financial instruments used in project financing. Due to lack of fund availability, government had taken decision to implement the project of Major Bridge across river along with bypass route outside city through BOT. This BOTwas purely based on concession period. Tender has specific clause which affects the rate of interest due to change in prime lending rate issued by State bank of India. There is wide range of fluctuation in PLR from start of project &up till now. So, concession period is changed according to that. This paper mainly representing the risk of financing in operation period due to fluctuation in prime lending rate..
Keywords: Bot, Cash Flow, Concession Period, Finance Risk, Plr, Ppp

1] Caltrans, 2002, ―Caltrans Project Management Handbook‖, Caltrans Office of Project Management Process Improvement.
[2] Cooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., Walker P., 2005, ―Project Risk Management Guidelines – Managing Risk in Large Projects and
Complex Procurements‖, John Wile and Sons ltd. Publication.
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form of contract and suggestions for improvements‖, journal of Indian Road Congress, Paper No.559, pp.101 – 110.
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Construction Engineering and Management, Volume 137 (4), pp 175 – 183.
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Abstract: Most of the natural soils above ground water table (or above capillary zone) and invariably all the compacted soils in their placement condition are in the state of partial saturation. Unsaturated soils exist all over the world where the weather conditions are such that the annual evaporation potential is in excess of the precipitation. Unsaturated soils in their natural condition are generally found in tropical regions with arid and semi arid conditions. In such regions the soils are formed under peculiar hot and humid climate conditions and the soils so formed are subjected to seasonal moisture deficits. Hence the soils are in the state of partial saturation. All compacted soils in their placement water content are in state of partial saturation. The mechanical behaviour of unsaturated soils is strongly influenced by the presence of both the pore air and the pore water. The mechanisms governing the behaviour of unsaturated soils are quite different and need to be analyzed carefully as these soils are frequently encountered in engineering practice for founding many structures involving infrastructure development. The present investigation considers different soils representing wide spectrum of properties present in this region for probing the compaction and stress-strain characteristics. The soils are tested in quasi saturated state to circumvent the problems associated with the suction measurement and developing a phenomenological model for easy use by practicing engineers.
Keywords: natural soils; partial saturation; tropical region; compaction; compressibility; stress-strain.

[1] Reeve, M.J. and Carter, A.D. Soil analysis physical methods. Edited by Keilth, A.S and Chris, E.M. (Books in soils, plants and
environment 1991).
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criteria – Dams. Progress Rep. of Com. on tropical and saprolitic soils, Brazilian society of soil mechanics, 1985, 275-327.
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96(2), 1970, 165-191.
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[5] S J Wheeler, V Sivakumar (1995). An elosto-plastic critical state frame work for unsaturated soils, Geotechnique 45, No. 1. 1995, 35- 53