iosr-JNHS   Volume-3 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: Sub-Saharan Africa continues to bear the burden of HIV/AIDS in the world, with countries like Ethiopia, Congo, Eritrea and Nigeria constituting the highest percentages of the burden. Women and children are the mostly affected. Nigeria was reported second on the list of countries with the highest number of People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) which was 3.5 million in 2011 including pregnant women. Despite the fact that prevention of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV/AIDS (PMTCT) services are provided free in Sub-Saharan Africa, research shows inadequate uptake. This study identifies reasons for low uptake of PMTCT associated to male involvement and provides evidence from the literature on best practices to overcome low male involvement. A literature search was conducted and 22 articles were selected for this review. Findings revealed that if men participated in PMTCT programmes and supported their wives, uptake could increase. Important barriers to male involvement identified were fear of stigmatization and the belief that men should not participate in female reproductive health.
Key words: Male barriers, involvement, participation, transmission, HIV

[1]. Akarro, R.R., Deonisia, M. & Sichona, F. (2011) 'An Evaluation of Male Involvement on the Programme for PMTCT of HIV/AIDS: A Case Study of Ilala Municipality in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania', Arts & Social Sciences Journal, vol. 2011.
[2]. Aluisio, A., Richardson, B.A., Bosire, R., John-Stewart, G., Mbori-Ngacha, D. & Farquhar, C. (2011) 'Male antenatal attendance and HIV testing are associated with decreased infant HIV infection and increased HIV free survival', Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), vol. 56, no. 1, p. 76.
[3]. Bajunirwe, F. & Muzoora, M. (2005) 'Barriers to the implementation of programs for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: a cross-sectional survey in rural and urban Uganda', AIDS Research and Therapy, vol 2, no 10
[4]. Brusamento, S., Ghanotakis, E., Tudor Car, L., van-Velthoven, M.H., Majeed, A. & Car, J. (2012) 'Male involvement for increasing the effectiveness of prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes', Cochrane Database Syst Rev, vol. 10, p. Cd009468.
[5]. Byamugisha, R., Tumwine, J.K., Semiyaga, N. & Tylleskär, T. (2010) 'Research Determinants of male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme in Eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional survey'.

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common cancer occurring in women among all other types of cancer. The incidence in most continents such as Africa varies in region and its cause is not ascertained in Nigeria. WHO estimated the incidence of breast cancer in 2002 for Nigeria to be 90.7/10,000 for males and 100.9/10,000 for females and the mortality rate was 72.2 and 76.0 compared to the incidence of 89.1/100,000 for males and 104/100,000 for males and the mortality rate of 72.2 and 79.6 recorded for Ghana and less figures for United State of America and United Kingdom. The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of breast cancer in Calabar using patients who have been affected with this deadly disease and who visited University of Calabar Teaching Hospital (UCTH) and General Hospital Calabar (GHC) between 2006 and 2010. All data collected were obtained from the health records and information unit of the UCTH and GHC in Cross River State. The result showed that among 162 cases recorded, 138 (80.3%) females and 24 (19.7%) males were affected from 2006-2010; and the incidence of breast cancer occurrence in UCTH and GHC increases as the years increased. This could be attributed to factors such as genetic, reproductive and hormonal, lifestyle and environment, age, preterm pregnancies, obesity and menopause.

Keywords: Breast cancer, Prevalence, Age, Sex, Tribe

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Abstract: Technology creates challenges and crises for nurses and nursing and may dehumanize the caring of the patients. This means that technology may constitute a risk those patients will not be perceived as human beings in such a technological environment as ICU. The aim of the study was to assess the nurses` perception regarding the use of technological devices in the critical care units. The present study was descriptive Research study. It was conducted in critical care units of Port-Said general Hospital, El- Zohoor hospital, Port-Foad hospital, El-Mabarrah hospital and El-Tadamon hospital. The study samples consisted of 89 nurses working in the previous settings. The data was collected through structural questionnaire to assess nurses` perception about positive and negative aspects of using technological devices in critical care units. The results revealed that almost of nurses were had high perception of positive aspects, while almost of them were had low perception of negative aspects regarding the use of technology. The result revealed that statistically significant relation between nurses` positive perception of using technology and their training and there was no statistically significant relation between nurses` positive and negative perception of using technological devices. The study recommended different strategies that enhance nurses` perception related to the use of technological equipment in critical care unit.
Key words: Nurses` positive and negative perception - Technological devices - Critical care unit

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Abstract: The study assessed nurses' knowledge and their attitude towards care of clients with substance abuse. The study made use of a cross-sectional descriptive survey. The study was conducted in 13 government-owned health facilities. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the health facilities and 204 nurses (79 from tertiary, 81 from secondary and 44 from primary health centres). A self structured questionnaire was used for data collection. This questionnaire assessed nurses' knowledge of substance abuse, and their attitude towards care of clients with substance abuse. The Spearman-Brown reliability coefficient for the instrument was found to be 0.80. Nurses' knowledge was graded across four grades of very good (70-100%), good (60-69%), fair (50-59%), and poor (0-49%). For attitude assessment, a 5- point Likert scale was used and scored as very much (5), much (4), very little (3), little (2), none (1). The maximum score obtainable for attitude was 40. Therefore, attitude was grouped as very satisfactory (30-40), satisfactory (19-29), and not satisfactory (1-18). The age range of nurses was between 20 and 55 years (mean age 38±9.36). The overall knowledge scores showed that 42.6% had good knowledge, 19.6% of nurses had very good knowledge, while 14.2% had poor knowledge (mean score 60.5± 17.8). The study revealed that the mean attitude for nurses was 24.3±6.3; however, 74.5% showed satisfactory attitude, 15.7% showed very satisfactory attitude, while 9.8% showed not satisfactory attitude. The study concluded that majority of the nurses had good knowledge of substance abuse and showed satisfactory attitude while caring for clients with substance abuse.

Key words: Nurse, knowledge, Attitude, Substance abuse.

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