iosr-JVSP   Volume-8 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2018

ABSTRACT: Cotton wool spots are retinal lesions which appear as yellowish or whitish patches with not so well defined edges. Cotton wool spots are closely associated with Hypertensive Retinopathy. Hypertensive Retinopathy is a disturbance in the retina of the eye caused by high blood pressure. Common symptoms of hypertensive retinopathy are arteriolar narrowing, retinal hemorrhages and cotton wool spots. Early diagnosis of hypertensive retinopathy is possible for prevention and accurate treatment. This paper presents an exhaustive review of the various latest trends to detect Hypertensive Retinopathy condition based on computer aided diagnosis screening systems to automated.........

Keywords: Cotton Wool Spots (CWS), Hypertensive Retinopathy (HR), Image Processing, Retinal Image.

[1]. S.Irshad, M.Akram, M.Salman and U.Yasin, Automated Detection of Cotton Wool Spots for the Diagnosis of Hypertensive Retinopathy, 7th Cairo International Biomedical Engineering Conference, December 11-13, 2014.
[2]. A.R.Chowdhury and S.Banerjee, Detection of Cotton Wool Spots from Retinal Images using Fuzzy C Means, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975- 8887),Volume 113, No. 11, March 2015.
[3]. Y.M.Rajput, R.R.Manza and M. B. Patwari, Extraction of Cotton Wool Spot using Multi Resolution Analysis and Classification using K Means Clustering, International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology, April 2015.
[4]. M. Niemeijer1, B.V. Ginneken, S. R. Russell, M. S.A. Suttorp- Schulte and M. D. Abrmoff, Automated Detection and Differentiation of Drusen, Exudates, and Cotton-wool Spots in Digital Color Fundus Photographs for Early Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007 May ;48(5): 2260-2267. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0996.
[5]. U. M. Akram and S. A. Khan, Automated Detection of Dark and Bright Lesions in Retinal Images for Early Detection of Diabetic Retinopathy, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011,Published online: 17 November 2011.

ABSTRACT: Semiconductor memories are a vital component of essentially any state of the art digital circuits. One among them is the Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). The dynamic power consumption contributes to about 80% of the total power consumption. In this paper a novel 4T asymmetric SRAM Cell is proposed which has reduced the dynamic power consumption by 98.58% and area occupied by 30.86% when compared to one of the existing 4T SRAM Cells. This cell is designed using 45nm technology.

Keywords: 45nm technology, 4T SRAM cell, Reduced area occupancy, Dynamic power consumption, Semiconductor memories

[1]. SuhasD.Kakde , P.B. Pokle , JayanthkumarDorave , " Low Power VLSI design Methodologies &Power Management ", International Journal of Research in Advent Technology ,Vol.4, No.4 , April 2016 E-ISSN: 2321-9637.
[2]. R. Sivakumar ,D.Jothi , " Recents Trends in Low Power VLSI Design", International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering.
[3]. Adam Teman, Anatoli Mordakhay, Janna Mezhibovsky, Alexander Fish,"A 40nm Sub-Threshold 5T SRAM Bit Cell with improved Read and Write Stability", IEEE
[4]. Puna Kumar Rajak, Dr S N Singh, Amit Kumar Rajak, Sravan Kumar Kankanala, "Low Leakage and High Density 4T CMOS SRAM in 45nm Technology", International Journal of Technology Innovations and Research.
[5]. Neil H.E. Weste, David Money Harris, "CMOS VLSI Design"..

ABSTRACT: The manual segmentation of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) bone image presents the following two issues: 1) it is tedious and time demanding task that can be only performed by a specialized clinician; and 2) it is prone to poor repeatability. These issues can be solve with the use of automatic bone image segmentation system, which has the potential to improve work flow in a in a clinical site and decrease the variability between user segmentations. This paper deals with segmentation of bone magnetic resonance imaging images based on semi supervised and dynamic model. The prime objective is to delineate the outline of an irregularity in an MRI image of the bone. Accurate and robust segmentation of bone tissue many employ applications such as surgery and radio.............

Index Terms - segmentation, region merging, region of interest, magnetic resonance imaging, Transduction and Inferences.

[1]. Bhatia, M., and Gharge, S. (2015), "Segmentation of brain MR image using fuzzy local Gaussian mixture model," In IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC), pp. 1-5.
[2]. Frighetto-Pereira, L., Metzner, G.A., Azevedo-Marques, P.M., Nogueira-Barbosa, M.H., Oloumi, F., and Rangayyan, R.M. (2016), "Recognition of vertebral compression fractures in magnetic resonance images using statistics of height and width," In IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), pp. 1-5.
[3]. T. Arden and J. Poon, WiT User's Guide. Logical Vision Ltd., Burnaby, Canada, Oct. 1993, Version 4.1.
[4]. M. S. Atkins and B. Mackiewich, "Automatic segmentation of the brain in MRI," in Proc. Visualization in Biomedical Computing'96,Sept. 1996, vol. 1131, pp. 210–216.
[5]. M. S. Atkins, T. Zuk, B. Johnston, and T. Arden, "Role of visual languages in developing image analysis algorithms," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Visual Languages, St. Louis, MO, Oct. 1994, pp. 262–269..

ABSTRACT: With the current trend of ever developing communication systems, and every communicating system consisting of an antenna and receiver requires foremost a Low Noise Amplifier with a good gain and as well contributing to not much noise, hence LNA design has been an ever challenging task to Analog designers. With this work a wideband, inductor-less LNA with noise canceling technique is examined and designed in 45-nm CMOS process. The proposed LNA combines two techniques, resistive feedback and noise cancellation to provide both a wideband input match and good noise performance. The result is a wideband, differential LNA without any need for external matching components. As the solution is inductor-less hence saves valuable area on chip. The LNA covers frequency bands within 0.1 – 2GHz a voltage gain of 24.7 dB. The NF is below 3.46 dB with a power consumption of only 6 mW. This solution has many features such as high bandwidth with a good input match, inductor-less design saving area and cost.

Index Terms -Inductor-less, Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), Low Area, Wideband

[1]. S. C. Blaakmer, E. A. M. Klumperink, D. M. W. Leenaerts, B. Nauta, "Wideband Balun-LNA With Simultaneous Output Balancing, Noise-Canceling and Distortion-Canceling", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, No. 6, Jun. 2008.
[2]. F. Bruccoleri, E. A. M. Klumperink, B. Nauta, "Wide-Band CMOS Low-Noise Amplifier Exploiting Thermal Noise Canceling", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 39, No. 2, Feb. 2004
[3]. B. G. Perumana, J. C. Zhan, S. S. Taylor, "A 5 GHz, 21dB dBm Output-IP3 Resistive Feedback LNA in 90-nm CMOS", IEEE, 33rd European Solid State Circuits Conference, 2007. ESSCIRC
[4]. S. C. Blaakmer, E. A. M. Klumperink, D. M. W. Leenaerts, B. Nauta, "The BLIXER, a Wideband Balun-LNA-I/Q-Mixer Topology", IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 43, No. 12, Dec. 2008.
[5]. B. Razavi, 2005, "Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits", McGraw-Hill Higher Education (1 Oct 2003), ISBN 0-07-238032-2.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents Fixed Width Baugh Wooley Multiplier which are widely used in digital signal processing (DSP) applications such as finite impulse response filter(FIR),fast Fourier transform(FFT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT).For realization of 2's complement multiplication operation Baugh-Wooley algorithm is used. Various optimization methods are applied to the multiplier design and the performance has been evaluated on the basis of area & delay analysis. Power Delay product analysis between proposed& reported multipliers has been performed. To verify the functionality of the design simulation has been done.

Index Terms -Baugh –Wooley algorithm, Fixed Width Multiplier, Parallel Prefix Adder, Power Delay product.

[1]. Wen-Quan He, Yuan-Ho Chen, Member, IEEE, and Shyh-Jye Jou, Senior Member, IEEE, ―High-Accuracy Fixed-Width Booth Multipliers Based on Probability and Simulation‖ IEEE transactions on circuits and systems regular papers, Vol. 62, No. 8, August 2015.
[2]. Ms. M. Logeshwari, Mrs.S.Thilakavathi, ―High -Accuracy fixed width booth multiplier based on multilevel conditional probability.‖ International Journal of Advanced Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering (IJARECE) Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2015
[3]. Sujeetha.G, Aarthi.C , ―Area Efficient Fixed-width Booth Multipliers With High Accuracy.‖ International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013.
[4]. Y. H. Chen, C. Y. Li, and T. Y. Chang, ―Area-effective and power- efficient fixed-width Booth multipliers using generalized probabilistic estimation bias‖, IEEE J. Emerging Sel. Topics Circuits Syst., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 277–288, Sep. 2011.
[5]. J. P. Wang, S. R. Kuang, and S. C. Liang, ―High-accuracy fixed-width modified Booth multipliers for lossy applications‖ , IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 52–60, Jan. 2011.

ABSTRACT: Osteoporosis disease attacks a large number of people, causing fractures of the hip and spine. Strong bones reflect the integration of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone quality. In the present work a method based on statistical methods of bone image treatment is proposed. In particular, quartile vectors, principal components analysis (PCA) and Gaussian Mixed Models (GMM) are shown to be effective in performing computerized statistical diagnoses, determining the presence of osteoporosis.

[1]. B. L. Riggs and L. J. I. Melton "Involutional Osteoporosis", New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 314, pp. 1376-1686, 1986.
[2]. P. Thotill, "Methods of bone mineral measurement", Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 34, p. 543, 1989.
[3]. Martínez W. L. and M. A. R., "Computational Statistics Handbook with Matlab", Second ed., 2008.
[4]. P. Mayorga Ortiz, C. Druzgalski, M. A. Criollo Arellano, and O. H. González Arriaga, "GMM y LDA aplicado a la detección de enfermedades pulmonares", Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Biomédica, vol. 34, pp. 131-144, 2013.
[5]. P. Mayorga Ortiz, C. Druzgalski and J. Vidales "Quantitative Models for Assessment of Respiratory Diseases", Pan American Health Care Exchange, (PAHCE), pp. 25-30, 2010.