Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2016

Abstract: The preparation of indigo dye intermediates was carried out using 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 2- aminopyridine and 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline as starting materials or reactants in the search for new indigo dye intermediates. Approximately 0.5 mole of 2, 4-dinitrophenol, 0.42 mole of 2- aminopyridine and 0.2 mole of 2- methoxy-5-nitroaniline, were treated separately with appropriate quantity of chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide pellets using nitrobenzene a high boiling liquid as solvent. The products that resulted:...........

Keywords: Analysis, Dye, Extraction, Intermediates, Precursors, Solvent

[1]. R. Boot, The manufacture of organic colourant intermediate, Society of Dyers and Colourants, Bradford. 1998, 65-70.
[2]. B.Sharma. Industrial chemistry including chemical engineering (11th. ed., Goel Publ. House Meerut, 2011).
[3]. H.Zollinger. Colour chemistry: synthesis, properties and application of organic dyes and pigments. (3rd .Ed., VCH Publishers New
York, 2003).
[4]. E. Ferricira and A. Hulme, The natural constituents of historical textile dyes, Chemical Society Reviews, 33, 1993, 329-331.
[5]. H. David and J. Rembert, The indigo of commerce in colonial north America, Economic Botany, 33(2), 1979, 128-134.

Abstract: The A high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric simple protein precipitation method for the estimation of Clavulanic acid (CLV), in human plasma in Negative ion mode was developed and validated using Sulbactam as internal standard (IS). Sample preparation was accomplished by using 250 μL of human plasma. The reconstituted samples were chromatographed on Zorbax Eclipse XDB C18, 150*4.6 mm, 5μm column using a mobile phase consisting of HPLC grade acetonitrile: 5mM ammonium acetate (70:30, v/v). The method was validated over a concentration range of 25.589 to 3004.454 ng/mL. The validation provides the results of selectivity, sensitivity, matrix effect, calibration standards and quality control samples data, precision and accuracy data, recovery, various stabilities, run size evaluation and dilution integrity. The study Quantified by the transition of 198.00136.00, 232.00139.90 for Clavulanate and Sulbactam respectively. Mean extracted recovery and precision were 58.61 and ≤10.16. The drug was stable in whole blood up to 3 hrs 30 mins. Concomitant drug effect investigated results are within their limits, not compromised with potentially interfering concomitant medication. Application of rapid validated method was applied successfully for the healthy volunteers cross over subject sample analysis in bio-analytical department.

Keywords: Clavulanic acid, LC-MS/MS, Protein Precipitation, Human Plasma, Validation.

[1]. E. da Silva Vasconcelos , V.A. de Lima, L.S. Goto, I.L. Cruz-Hernández and C.O. HOKKA, Clavulanic acid production by the MMS 150 mutant obtained from wild type Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC 27064, Braz J Microbiol. 44 (2014), 1049-1057.
[2]. V. Darshan Chaudhary, P. Daxesh Patel, V. Jaivik Shah, A. Priyanka Shah, R. Vijay Patel and S. Pranav Shrivastav, Analysis of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid by UPLC-MS/MS in Human Plasma for Pharmacokinetic Application, J. of Modern Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery Research. 213 (2015) 15297.
[3]. J. Easton, S. Noble and C. Perry, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid: A review of its use in the management of pediatric patients with acute otitis media, Drugs. 63 (2003) 311-340.
[4]. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary, 47th edition. London: British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 2004.
[5]. "Drug Record - Amoxicillin-Clavulanate". LiverTox - Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury.

Abstract: "Refugee crisis" is one of the front line discussion topics in modern day international system due to massive Syrian refugee influx in Europe. Islamic state group's terror attacks compelled Syrians to risk their lives to cross European borders, for a safe and better life. European countries agreed to host number of refugees as a fruit of multilateral cooperation in European region. Integration of Syrian refugees to the European community has become one of the main challenges thereof; in terms of reducing inequalities and achieving the global security. That it needs to be sort under multilateral cooperation. This research mainly attempt to find the answers for the research question of why international community should understand the importance of multilateral cooperation in social integration of Syrian refugees to Europe? Objective of the research was to recognize the importance of multilateral cooperation in Europe to omit non -traditional security threats created by Syrian Refugees. Hypothesis of the research was that sustainable social integration process under multilateral cooperation strengthened Syrian refugees to ensure their legitimacy in international system. Author mainly based on secondary and qualitative sources when acquiring data in data collection. When analyzing the data, author found that the social integration of Syrian refugees through multilateral cooperation in sustainable social integration replies the concerns of western and pacific countries on social integration of refugees

Keywords: multilateral cooperation, integration, Refugee crisis.

[1]. Hassan A EI-Najjar (2001) 'Western interest and the Gulf war', in (ed.) The Gulf War: Overreaction and Excursiveness . : Amazone Press.
[2]. Bercovitch J. (2011) Theory and practice of international mediation, Selected essays, 1st Edition edn., 2 Park square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxton, OX14 4RN: Routledge
[3]. R. Schofield "Arabian Boundary Disputes" Cambridge University Press, 1992
[4]. Zachary Lockman "Contending visions of the middle-east – the history and politics of Orientalism" Cambridge University Press, 2009
[5]. David Spencer and Micheal Brogan" Mediation law and practice" Cambridge University press, 2016

Abstract: In this work the adsorption removal of Zn (ІІ) and Pb (ІІ) from aqueous solution on to activated carbon prepared from Tectonagrandis bark powder (TGBP) has been investigated through batch experiment the Pb(ІІ) Zn(ІІ) adsorption fount to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, pH and contact time. All batch experiment carried out to Pb(ІІ) and Zn(ІІ) is 7 PH and at constant Temperature 30°C.using a Magnetic stirrer at one hours in 750rpm,The experiment data fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Adsorption process found to follow first order and second order kinetic model.

Keywords: Lead (Pb(ІІ)),Zing(ІІ), Tectonagrandis bark powder(TGBP), Isotherm, kinetics.

[1] Hengpeng Ye*, Zhijuan Yu,adsorption of Pb(ІІ) on to modified Rice Bran Natural Resourus,2010,1,104- 109.
[2] Sarita, R.N.pandey, Upapati, M.K.Mishra and K.K.Sign.Adsorption of Cu(ІІ), Pb(ІІ), and Zn(ІІ), from highway runoff using agricultural byproduct ricebran. J Chem.pharm, Res.2011:2(2): 354-364.
[3] V.S.Sethu*,Y.L.Kuk, Adsorption Thermodynamics of Cu(ІІ)ions from wast water using Neem Leaf based biosorbent.Journalof Environment Research and Development Vol.6, No1, July sep 2011.
[4] O.J.Oshodi, A,A.& Enahoro P.O. Adsorption Eqilibrium study of Lead and Zinc on Rice Husk from aques solution. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research:B Chemistry Voli 15,Issue 1, Version 1.0 Year 2015.
[5] P.Senthilkumar R.Gayathri Adsorption of Pb2+ions from aqueous solution on to Beal Leaf powder: isotherm kinetic and thermodynamic study.Journal of Engineeringscience and Technology Vol.4, No,4(2009) 381-399.

Abstract: This study investigated the pozzolanicity and compressive strength of mortar made from a mixture of ground calcined clay bricks (GB)vis-a-vis OPC and PPC from Kibwezi region-Kenya. The GB was subjected topozzolanicity tests and blended with OPC at replacement levels of 25, 35, 45 and 50 percent to make OPCGB. Similar blends were also made with PPC but at lower replacement levels of 15, 20 and 25 to make PPCGB.Water to cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 were used to make mortar prisms.Three mortar prisms were prepared for each category of cement. The mortar prisms were subjected tocompressive strength analysis. The results showed a decrease in compressive strength with increase in replacement of OPC and PPC on 3rd, 7thand 28th day of curing. 15 percent replacement showed a better compressive strength development compared to 20 and 25 percent replacement for PPC. PPC, OPCGB-35 and PPCGB-15 exhibited similar performance in terms of strength development. The test cements, PPCGB-15 and OPCGB-35 can thus be used in building similar structures as commercial PPC.

Keywords: GB, OPCGB, PPCGB, OPC, PPC

[1] El Beltagy, A. (2002).ICARDA, Experience in the Rehabilitation of Degraded Drylands of Central and Western Asia and Northern Africa: In the Proceedings of the International Workshop on Combating Desertification. Rehabilitation of Degraded Drylands and Biosphere Reserves, Aleppo, Syria.
[2] Neville, A. M. (1995). Properties of concrete. Prentice Hall, London, pp. 1-14.
[3] Garcia, L.I, Palomo, A. and Fernandez, J.A. (2007). Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Activated Fly Ash Systems, Cement and concrete Research, 37, 175-183.
[4] Bektas, F. (2007). Use of ground clay brick as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete hydration characteristics, mechanical properties, and ASR durability.
[5] Muthengia, J.W. (2009). Effects of Selected Aggressive Ions on Pozzolana Based Cement made from Industrial and Agricultural Wastes, Ph.D Thesis Department of Chemistry. Kenyatta University, Nairobi, pp. 4-19

Abstract: A macrolide compound known as pandangolide 1 was isolated from fungus Lambertella brunneola. The compound was purified using SiO2 column chromatography while the elucidation of its planar structure was based on the analyses of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic data and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). Antifungal assay disclosed that pandangolide 1 weakly showed hyphal growth inhibition against pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus miyabeanus at 2,000 g/mL. This is the first paper to report the isolation of Pandangolide 1 from L. brunneola.

Keywords: Lambertella brunneola, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), pandangolide 1, structure elucidation

[1]. D.J. Newman and G.M. Cragg, Natural products as sources of new drugs over the last 25 years, Journal of Natural Products, 70, 2007, 461-477.
[2]. F.J. Cui, W.Y. Tao, Z.H. Xu, W.J. Guo, H.Y. Xu and Z.H. Ao, Structural analysis of anti-tumor heteropolysaccharide GFPS1b from the cultured mycelia of Grifola frondosa GF9801, Bioresource Technology, 98(2), 2007, 395-401.
[3]. M. Zhanga, S.W. Cuia, P.C.K. Cheungb and Q. Wang, Antitumor polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumor activity, Trends in Food Science & Technology, 18 (1), 2007, 4-19.
[4]. L. Guo, J. Wu, T. Han, T. Cao, K. Rahman and L. Qin, Chemical composition, antifungal and antitumor properties of ether extracts of Scapania verrucosa Heeg. and its endophytic fungus Chaetomium fusiforme, Molecules, 13(9), 2008, 2114-2125.
[5]. J.K. Zjawiony, Biologically active compounds from Aphyllophorales (Polypore) fungi, Journal of Natural Products, 67(2), 2004, 300-310.

Abstract: To investigate the therapeutic properties of some plants of family fabaceae, it was necessary to had survey of place near Bairagarh, Bhowanri, District Bhopal, to find the species of family fabaceae ,Their site of habitate was search and it were found at farm sites . The family fabaceae was chosen to explore its medicinal values.The plants like Dalbergia sissoo, Cassia fistula and Psium sativum was taken for study methodology. It reveals that these plants had many similarities and dissimilarities in their therapeutic values.....

Keywords: Therapeutic properties; medicinal values; similarties and dissimilarties

[1]. Gupta R.K., Medicinal and Aromatic plants, CBS publishers & distributors, 1st edition; (2010) 116-117
[2]. Khare C.P., Indian medicinal plants, Springer, 3;(2007) 128
[3]. Danish Mohd., Pradeep Singh, Garima Mishra, Shruti3;(2); (1978) ;12-14
Srivastava K.K., Jha R.L. and Khosa, Cassia fistula Linn. (Amulthus)- An Important Medicinal Plant: A Review of Its Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry and PharmacologicalProperties, J.Nat.Prod.Plant Resour, 1(1) (2011) 101-118
[4]. Gupta A.K., Tondon N. and Sharma M., Quality Standards of Indian Medicinal Plants, Medicinal Plants Unit, Indian
[5]. CouncilofMedicalResearch;2;(2008)47-53 S. Yahara, J. Kinjo, T. Shimokawa, T.Nohara, J. Yamahara, T. Chisaka, T. Yun. T. K. Yoshishu 27; (1985) 726- 733: Chem. Abst.4 (1986) 104

Abstract:Bhimtal Lake is one of the important lake of Nainital regions in Uttarakhand state. Physico-Chemical Characteristics Study in the Bhimtal Lake has been studied.. Chemical examination of the water samples collected from the sampling stations of Bhimtal lake were done for the tests like Total Solids (TS),pH of water, acidity of water, alkalinity of water, hardness of water, sulfate in water, Chlorides in water, Fluorides in water, Dissolved Oxygen in water, biochemical Oxygen Demand in water, chemical oxygen demand in water......

Keywords: Bhimtal Lake, Pollutant, Sites, Sampling, Water analysis.

[1] Tiwari. J.N. and Manzoor. A.,Water quality index for Indian rivers, In: Ecology and pollution of Indian rivers, (R. K. Trivedy, Ed.), Aashish Publishing House, New Delhi,1998, pp 271-286
[2] D.S. Chan, Theory and implementation of multidimensional discrete systems for signal processing, doctoral diss., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1978. (8)
[3] Benerjee. T., and Srivastava. R.K.,Evaluation of environmental impacts of integrated industrial estate-Pantnagar through application of air and water quality indices, Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2010
[4] BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards):10500, Indian standard drinking waterspecification, First revision, 19911-8..

Abstract: Tin Oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by co-precipitation method. Aniline polymerized in the suspension of SnO2.Ammonium per sulphate was used as oxidizing reagent to form organic –Inorganic nanocomposite materials. By this way SnO2 nanoparticles were embedded in PANI matrix. XRD analysis was used to study the structure and estimate the size of the particles in the as synthesized powders. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the morphology of composite materials. SEM images reveal that the as synthesized powders contain spherical particles and SnO2 was uniformly mixed within PANI matrix. As synthesized PANI – SnO2 nanocomposites have been tested for Gas sensing applications.

Keywords: Co-precipitation ,Tin Oxide nanoparticles, SnO2 –PANI nanocomposites.

1. Pedro, G.R.,Adv.Mater.,2001,vol,13,p.163.
2. Wu,H.B.,Huang,F.,Peng,J.B., and Gao,Y.,Org.Electron.,2005,vol.6,p.118.
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5. Zang,X.,Yan,G.,Ding,H.,and Shan,Y., Materials chemistry and Physics,2007,vol.102,p.249.

Abstract:This study aims to analyze the effect of entrepreneurial spirit and family culture to the students' interest in entrepreneurship at private university in South Jakarta. The data used is primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires to 200 respondents, namely the student of economic faculty of private universities in South Jakarta, which entered region Kopertis III. Measurement aspects of the data analyzed are done with the formation of an indicator on each question posed by using a Likert scale response at intervals between 1 (strongly disagree) and 4 (strongly agree).......

Keywords: Entrepreneurship spirit, family culture, and interest in entrepreneurship.

[1] Sudjana.Pendidikan nonformal, wawasan sejarah perkembangan dan filsafat teori pendukung asas. Bandung: Falah Production,2004 [2] Lambing. P., & Kuehl, C. R. Entrepreneurship. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall,2000

[3] Suharti,Faktor-faktor Yang Berpengaruh Terhadap Niat Berwirausahaan (Studi Terhadap Mahasiswa Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga ),2011

[4] Soenartomo Soepomo,Persepsi Mahasiswa FE Terhadap Program Kewirausahaan pada Perguruan Tinggi, Universitas Machung,2011 [5] Manda A, Analisa Pengaruh Sikap, Normatif Efikasi Diri Terhadap Intensi Berwirausaha Pada Mahasiswa FE Universitas Syiah Kuala, 2012

Abstract: Ultrasonic velocity and density measurement of chalcone 3-bromo-2-hydroxy-5- methyl-furyl chalcone(3Br2H5MeFuC) in dioxane-water mixture have been carried out in the concentration range 1x10-2 - 5x10-2 mole dm-3 and in different percentages of dioxane-water mixtures. The experimental data have been used to calculate various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βs), apparent molal volume(ϕv), apparent molal compressibility(ϕk(s)), intermolecular free length (Lf), specific acoustic impedence (Zs) and relative association (RA). The results have been interpreted in terms of solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions.

[1] R.S.Watane and P.B.Raghuwanshi:Der Pharma Chemica,2014, 6(4) 162-168;R.P.Verma and Surendra
[2] Kumar: Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 2000,28,96; A. Ali, N. Tiwari, A.K. Nain and V. Chakravort:, Indian J.
[3] Phys., 2000,78B, 351; V.K. Syal, S. Chauhan and Uma Kumari,: Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys., 2005, 43,
[4] 844; A.G. Aswar, P.G. Rohankar and V.R. Choudhar:, Indian J. Chem., Sec.A, 2001,40,860.
[5] A.N.Sonar,N.S.Pawar and M.D.Khairnar:Int.J.Appl.Bio.and Pharrma.tech,2011,2(3),291-295.

Abstract: The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides (2) and N–H containing substrates (3) underwent Buchwald –Hartwig amination has emerged as a highly effective C–N bond-forming compounds are 1-(5-isopropoxy-2-methyl-4-nitrophenyl)-substituted benzimidazole derivatives (4a-j).This protocol is employed on both bench-top and industrial scales for the construction of (hetero) aryl amine. Structural elucidations of all the compounds have been accomplished by elemental analysis, 1HNMR,13CNMR and Mass spectral data. They have been screened for their antibacterial activity against, three gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains.

Keywords:Benzimidazole, palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling-Buchwald-Hartwig amination, antibacterial activity

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