IOSR-JAP   Volume-13 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. – Dec. 2021

ABSTRACT: In this study, alkali doped ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate (PZT) pellets have been synthesized by solid state reaction method at 1100oC. The crystalline nature of the synthesized PZT pellets has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Microstructural characterization of the synthesized materials has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). X-ray diffraction studies have shown that PZT pellets have a rhombohedral structure. The SEM results suggest that the sintered pellets were reasonably dense due to liquid phase sintering. Dielectric constant and dielectric loss measurement of the synthesized materials has also been measured. It has been found that the dielectric loss is very small and is decreasing with frequency above 300°C. The increase of dielectric constant observed at high temperatures and low frequencies in the paraelectric state is explained.

Keywords: PZT, Ferroelectric, mixed oxide method, XRD, SEM, Dielectric properties.

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ABSTRACT: Hybrid density functional play a vital role in density functional theory (DFT) calculations. CO and CO2 gases are toxic gases in the environment. Using first-principles within DFT, the effects of the hybrid density functionals MPW1PW91 and B3LYP on the adsorption performance of CO and CO2 gases on Si-decorated Boron-nitride (SiBN) nanosheets are studied. Energy gaps and adsorption energies have been calculated to know the adsorption performance of CO and CO2 by utilizing MPW1PW91 and B3LYP hybrid density functionals at 6-31G level. The results show that, the adsorption performance changes if the functional is changed. It was found that, sensing performance improves for CO while degrades for CO2 as we change the functional from MPW1PW91 to B3LYP. The results indicate that for all the complexes, energy gaps decrease as we move from the functional MPW1PW91 to B3LYP..

Key words: Boron-nitride nanosheet; gas sensor; DFT, basis set, gas sensor, density functional.

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ABSTRACT: Both photon and electron have wave and particle properties. In Double Slit Interference experiment, particle detector can be used to influence the phase angles of particle waves such that the coherency is disturbed and the interference patterns are diminished or even totally disappeared. However, the interruption of the interference patterns cannot to be used to prove the non-existence of wave property, or even to prove that wave and particle properties cannot coexist at the same time under observation. Therefore, "Complementarity Principle" is not true. In addition, both photon and electron have predetermined quantum energy states (Hidden Variables). In electron spin measurements, energy can be added to electrons through electron polarization process. Subject to the threshold energy, electrons can move to the new quantum energy states (Field Dependent Hidden.......

Key words: Quantum Mechanics, Single Slit Diffraction, Double Slit Interference, Complementarity, Superposition, Quantum Entanglement, EPR Paradox, Hidden Variables, Bell's Inequality, Schrödinger's Cat, Electron Spin, Photon Spin, De Broglie Matter Wave, Wu's Pairs, Yangton and Yington Theory

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ABSTRACT: Background: Electron and photon beam therapies are important modalities for the treatment of cancer patients.Current dosimetry protocols (TRS-398, AAPM, IPEM, etc.) recommend the tissue phantom ratio TPR20,10 and R50 as beam quality specifier for therapeutic photon and electron beams respectively. This work presents the Monte Carlo simulated and experimental values of TPR20,10 for 6 and 10 MV photon beam and R50 values for 12 and 15 MeV clinical electron beam. Materials and methods: Varian 2300 CD Cinac and two ion chambers (FC65-G and Exradin A10) were modelled by using the MCNPX (V. 2.6.0......

Key words: Beam quality index; Medical linac; Monte Carlo simulation; MCNP; TRS-398.

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ABSTRACT: The mechanism behind Stern-Gerlach experiment was covered by layers of blurred concepts; to unveil that, we revisited the dynamic of electric current discovered by Ørsted in 1820, which related electricity to magnetism and the production of Circular Magnetic Field (CMF), originally produced by charged in motion; the CMF never incorporated into theoretical models; while the former was mathematized by Ampere, strengthening the "action at distance" enigma, resulted in entanglement, exacerbated by quanta (photon), and wave particle duality hence created the Quantum Mechanics, thus quantized the Stern-Gerlach experiment, and sealed the believe in QM; but after field's interaction formula was discovered, it suggested the production of Spinning Magnetic Field (SMF) by electrons, protons and neutrons, explained nuclear force, atomic model, stability and spectral lines; thus in the......

Key words: Stern-Gerlach experiment, Magnetic Force, Circular Magnetic Field (CMF), Spinning Magnetic Field (SMF), Field's Interaction Formula, Atomic Model, Spectral Line

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ABSTRACT: According to Hubble's Law, the universe is expanding and accelerating. But, where the driving force of the acceleration coming from and why the universe inflating remain mysteries. On the other hand, if earth is shrinking instead of the universe is expanding, then why and how earth is shrinking also remain unknown. Three possible answers to these questions are reviewed. (1) Acceleration Doppler Effect can be used for the explanation and deviation of Cosmological Redshift and Hubble's Law, but the downside is that it cannot explain the intrinsic expansion of the universe. (2) Einstein's General Relativity and Spacetime can also be used to explain the Cosmological Redshift, but the downsides again are that it cannot explain Hubble's Law and the intrinsic expansion of the universe. (3)......

Key words: Universe Expansion, Dark Energy, Doppler Effect, Acceleration Doppler Redshift, Hubble's Law, Redshift, Cosmological Redshift, Doppler Redshift, Gravitational Redshift, Wu's Pairs, Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Principle of Parallelism

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[6]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Interpretation of Dark Matter, Dark Energy and Hubble's Law Based on Wu's Pairs and Yangton and Yington Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 12(2), 2020, pp. 54-65.

ABSTRACT: Quantum physics is the branch of physics which deals with the study of nature of particles at fundamental level. Behavior and nature of these finest particles will reveal the fundamental principles responsible for the control of natural phenomenon. Quantum entanglement is a phenomena in which two particles are connected to each other in such a way that study ofa variable in one particle gives knowledge about the same variable in the other particle. Quantum entanglement is considered as invisible link between distant quantum objects through which one affect the other instantly. In entangled states, information is not transmitted but information is shared. Quantum computing and quantum internet is related to use of shared information.Quantum physics provides a large scope for research through which new principles and concepts will be discovered in future. Existing concepts may also be transformed on the basis of experimental results and analysis. This paper deals with the studies on the advancement in the field of quantum entanglement and theories related to it..

Key words: Quantum entanglement, Bell inequality, telepathy, quantum information, communication

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ABSTRACT: Solar photo-voltaic (PV) modules is dominated by crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell which captures nearly 80% of the total PV market because of its high conversion efficiency though they are bulky (wafer thickness 300 micrometer) and have high material cost. Thin film amorphous silicon solar cell for its low cost, deposited on large areas is suitable for large scale terrestrial application. But thin film hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cell technologies.......

Keywords: Amorphous silicon solar cell, Crystalline silicon solar cell, Hetero junction solar cell, Hetero junction solar cell with intrinsic thin layer, Solar cell

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