IOSR-JAP   Volume-17 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2025

ABSTRACT: Gun scopes equipped with uncooled thermal imaging sensors operating in the LWIR (Long-Wave Infrared) range of 8–12 μm are advanced optical devices essential for military and law enforcement applications. These forces operate in extreme environments, from freezing mountain ranges to scorching deserts, requiring equipment that performs reliably under all conditions. This paper presents an athermal optical design for a Gun scope optimized for extreme temperatures ranging from -10°C to +60°C. A near-focus analysis is conducted at 10 m for a temperature of 20°C, as well as across the full temperature range........

Keywords: Thermal imaging systems, Gun scope, Uncooled microbolometer sensor, SYNOPSYSTM, Aspheric surface, Nyquist frequency, Polychromatic Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), Diffraction-limited, Chromatic aberration, Optical Path Difference (OPD), Strehl ratio, Athermalization, Active Athermalization, Near focus

[1]. Faiqah Bint Monir, Kashif Ali Pervaiz, Design Of An Infrared Optical System For Gun Scope Application With An Uncooled Thermal Imaging Sensor In LWIR (8-12 μm) Region, ISOR Journal Of Applied Physics ISOR-JAP Volume 17 Issue 2, 10.9790/4861-1702020111
[2]. Dilworth D D SYNOPSYSTM User's Manual, Optical System Design, LLC. 2101 N. Country Club Rd, Suite 12, Tucson AZ 85716, USA
[3]. Norbert Schuster, Passive Athermalization Of Two-Lens-Designs In 8-12micron Waveband, Conference Paper In Proceedings Of SPIE - The International Society For Optical Engineering · May 2012 DOI: 10.1117/12.918112
[4]. Athermalization Of Optical Systems In Infrared, Ali H. Al-Hamdani† And Raghad I.Ibrahim, International Journal Of Current Engineering And Technology, Vol.5, No.5 (Oct 2015)
[5]. Robert E. Fischer, Biljana Tadic-Galeb &Paul R. Yoder "Optical System Design", 2nd Ed, (Mcgraw-Hill, New York), [2008].

ABSTRACT: Hamiltonian that are multi-valued structure of momenta present are topical interest since they correspond to the Lagrangians containing higher degree time derivatives. The governing Hamiltonians namely, the branched Hamiltonians are explored, as recently advocated by Shapere and Wilczek.

Keywords: Branched Hamiltonian, multi-valued, quantum

[1] A. Shapere And F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 200402 (2012).
[2] A. Shapere And F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 160402 (2012).
[3] F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 160401 (2012).
[4] T. L. Curtright And C. K. Zachos, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 47, 145201 (2014).
[5] B. Bagchi, S. Modak, P. K. Panigrahi, F. Ruzicka And M. Znojil, Mod. Phys. Lett. A 30, 1550213 (2015).

ABSTRACT: How could time dilation happen? Is it because of the speed based on Einstein's Special Relativity? Or the acceleration (curvature of spacetime) based on Einstein's General Relativity? Or the gravitational force based on Gravity Affected Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory? According to Gravity Affected Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory and Principle of Parallelism, dimension (space), duration (time), spacetime (potential energy) and all other properties.

Keywords:Time Dilation, Velocity Time Dilation, Gravitational Time Dilation, Special Relativity, General Relativity, Spacetime, Light Speed, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Wu's Spacetime Transformation, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Principle of Parallelism, Wu's Pairs, Yangton and Yington Theory, Graviton, Gravitational Force, Graviton Bombardment, Static Graviton Flux, Dynamic Graviton Flux, Aether Inflow, Aether Wind, Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction.

[1] Einstein A. (1916), Relativity: The Special And General Theory (Translation 1920), New York: H. Holt And Company.
[2] Einstein, Albert (1920). "On The Idea Of Time In Physics". Relativity: The Special And General Theory. Henri Holt. ISBN 1-58734-092-5. And Also In Sections 9–12.
[3] Edward T. H. Wu. "Vision Of Object, Vision Of Light, Photon Inertia Transformation And Their Effects On Light Speed And Special Relativity." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), Vol. 9, No. 5, 2017, Pp. 49–54.
[4] Edward T. H. Wu. "Light Speed In Vacuum Is Not A Constant And Time Doesn't Change With Velocity–Discrepancies Between Relativities And Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, Pp. 367-373. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp.20150406.12.
[5] Https://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Twin_Paradox..

ABSTRACT: According to Einstein's Spacetime Theory, Gravitational Waves are "Spacetime Ripples". These ripples are distorted space which can cause oscillation to LIGO interferometer and such that interference signals can be detected. However, what exactly the spacetime is, how these ripples propagate and oscillate with LIGO interferometer remain unknown. In this paper, instead of "Spacetime Ripples", gravitational waves as the "Graviton Surges"......

Keywords: Gravitational Waves, Spacetime, General Relativity, LIGO, Interferometer, Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Principle of Parallelism, Graviton Flux, Static Graviton Flux, Dynamic Graviton Flux, Graviton Radiation, Anisotropic Light Speed.

[1] Https://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Gravitational_Wave.
[2] Einstein, A (June 1916). "Naherungsweise Integration Der Feldgleichungen Der Gravitation". Sitzungsberichte Der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften Berlin. Part 1: 688–696.
[3] B.P. Abbott Et Al. (LIGO Scientific Collaboration And Virgo Collaboration) (2016). "Observation Of Gravitational Waves From A Binary Black Hole Merger". Physical Review Letters 116 (6). Bibcode: 2016 Phrvl.116f1102a.
Doi: 10.1103/Physrevlett.116.061102.
[4] Edward T. H. Wu. "Gravitational Waves, Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation And Coulomb's Law Of Electrical Forces Interpreted By Particle Radiation And Interaction Theory Based On Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, Pp. 20-24. Doi:10.11648/J.Ajmp.20160502.11.
[5] Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington–A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242..

ABSTRACT: In the present work we report a study of the O–H···O cyclic dimer as determined by Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Hippuric acid. O–H···O bonded interaction is correlated to the unsymmetrical broad band structure observed in the experimental IR absorption spectrum from 3101 to 2958 cm⁻¹. To gain an understanding of the O–H···O cyclic dimer structure, we carried out MD simulations using 10 monomer species in TIP4P water solvent for 10ns time frame. We have identified different O–H···O and N–H···O bonds between carboxyl-carboxyl, carboxyl.....

Keywords: Hippuric acid; Cyclic dimer; Molecular Dynamics; DFT; NCI analysis.

[1]. Karabacak M., Cinar Z., Mehmet C., A Structural And Spectroscopic Study On Para-Aminohippuric Acid With Experimental And Theoretical Approaches, Spectrochim. Acta Part A, 85( 2012) 241-250. Https://Doi:10.1016/J.Saa.2011.10.001.
[2]. Currie M., Hippuric Acid : A Neutron Diffraction Analysis, .C.S. Perkin II, 1974.
[3]. Harrison W., Rettig S.,And Trotter J., Crystal And Molecular Structure Of Hippuric Acid, J.C.S. Perkin II, 1972[4]. Suresh Kumar B., Rajendra Babu K., Deepa M. And Vaidyan V. K., FT‐IR Studies Of Pure And Doped Hippuric Acid Crystals, AIP Conference Proceedings 1075, (2008) 212. Https://Doi: 10.1063/1.3046216.
[5]. Alexander G. S., John F. And Bart K., Reversible Twisting During Helical Hippuric Acid Crystal Growth, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 132, (2010) 9341–9349, Https://10.1021/Ja10149

ABSTRACT: This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the structural, morphological, and optical properties of undoped and doped ZnS nanoparticles synthesized via the chemical precipitation method. The crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles were calculated using Scherrer's equation, while phase identification was performed through X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The analysis included undoped ZnS and ZnS nanoparticles doped with 2% of Ca, Mn, Co, Ni, and Ba, enabling a comparison of doping effects. Surface morphology was examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy....

Keywords: ZnS nanoparticles; Field Emission Electron Microscope (FESEM) UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD)

[1] Prayas Chandra Patel, Neelabh Srivastava, P. C. Srivastava, Synthesis of Wrutzite ZnS Nanocrystals at low temperature, J Mater Sci: Mater Electron, (2013), s10854-013-1367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-013-1367-z
[2] S. Senthilkumaar and R. Thamiz Selvi, Formation and Photoluminescence of Zinc Sulphide Nanorods, Journal of Applied Sciences, 8(12): 2306-2311, 2008. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2008.2306.2311
[3] Tran Thi Quynh Hoa, Le Van, Ta Dinh Canh and Nguyen Ngoe Long, Preparation of ZnS nanoparticles by hydrothermal method, Journal of Physics, Conference Series 187 (2009) 012081.
[4] J. F. Xu, W Ji, J. Y. Lin, S. H. Tang, Y.W. Du, Preparation of ZnS nanoparticles by ultrasonic radiation method, Applied Physics A, 66, 693-641 (1998).
[5] X. M. Meng, J. Liu, Y. Jiang, W. W. Chen, C. S. Lee, I Bello, S. T. Lee, Structure and size-controlled ultrafine ZnS nanowires, Chemical Physics Letters, 382 (2003) 434-438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.093