IOSR-JAVS   Volume-13 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug. 2020

ABSTRACT: The organic matter content of a soil is a key indicator of a sustainable soil management system because of its influence on the physical, chemical and biological health of a soil. Management of soil organic matter requires appropriate methods to characterize and quantify the status of organic matter under different management practices. A wide range of approaches has been adopted for the determination of organic matter in soils. Some of these approaches include los-on-ignition, dry combustion, wet oxidation, spectroscopic methods and isotopic methods. This article examines each of these methods highlighting their shortcomings.

[1]. Anderson, D. W., and Coleman, D. C. (1985). The dynamics of organic matter in grassland soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40, 211-216.
[2]. Arshad, M. A., Ripmeester, J. A., and Schnitzer, M. (1988). attempts to improve solid-state 13C NMR spectra of whole mineral soils. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, 593-602.
[3]. Ball, D. F. (1964). Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of organic matter and organic carbon in noncalcareous soils. Journal of Soil Science 15, 85-92
[4]. Barrie, A. (1991). New methodologies in stable isotope analysis. In 'Stable isotopes in Plant Nutrition, Soil Fertility and Environmental Studies'. (IAEA; Vienna.) pp. 3 - 25
[5]. Barton, D R., and Schnitzer, M. (1963). A new experimental approach to the humic acid problem. Nature 198, 217-218..

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the significance of reducing postharvest losses as a vehicle for making more food available and thus reduce hunger and poverty. Food losses have become a big challenge and a serious threat to attaining food security. Increasing the availability of food consists of two parts namely increasing production levels and reducing the losses after production. Postharvest losses (PHL) of crops are conservatively estimated to be between 10 to 50% with the perishables incurring the highest losses. For instance, according to evidence generated in the Postharvest Loss Global Scale Solutions, and Relevance to Ghana, Carlotta et al (2018) 14% of maize, 13.5% of rice, 31.4% of yam and up to 45% of mangoes are lost after harvesting. On the average 20 – 25% of the estimated 20 million metric tonnes..............

Key words: Postharvest losses, food security, technology and policies

[1]. Ajilore, O.D. (2013) food loss and waste: a threat to sustainability. Young professionals for agricultural development
[2]. Benkeblia, N., Tennant, D.P.K., Jawandha S.K., Gill, Pps (2011) Preharvest and harvest factors influencing the postharvest quality of tropical and subtropical fruits, Postharvest Biology and technology
[3]. Carlotta, R., Hoffmann, V., Siddhartha, B. (2018) Postharvest Losses: Global Scale, Solutions, and relevance to Ghana. International Food Policy Research Institute
[4]. Chakraverty A, Mujumdar AS, Vijaya Raghavan GS, Ramaswamy HS (2003). Handbook of Postharvest Technology. Marcell Dekker, Inc., New York, USA.
[5]. Egyir, I, Sarpong, D.B., Obeng-Ofori, D (2008) Harvest and Postharvest Baseline Study, Policy Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Ghana

ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted on Ber to study the effect of different sources and concentration of zinc on growth, yield and quality of ber. Treatments consisted of various concentrations of zinc viz., 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% for each source. There were one control where no zinc was applied .The results revealed that leaf area, leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf chlorophyll contents were significantly increased with the increasing concentration of zinc. The highest leaf area (18.06cm2) and the highest RWC (89.85%) and the highest chlorophyll content (1.24mg/g) of leaves were recorded in 0.5% chelated treatment. Similarly, Nitrogen and Zinc contents recorded at harvest were significantly affected by chelated treatment. The highest N content (3.12%) and Zn (28.80%) were recorded in 0.5% chelated treatment. The quality attributing characters viz.,Total Soluble Solid (11.73) was found highest in 0.5% chelated treatment, Titrable acidity and ascorbic acid was found highest in control i.e.........

Key Word: Ber, micronutrients, growth, fruit quality, yield.

[1]. A.O.A.C. (1975). Officinal Methods of Analysis. Second Edn., Association of Officinal Agricultural Chemists, Washington D.C.
[2]. Aiyappa, K.M., Srivastava, K.C. and Bojappa, K.M. (1968). Effect of foliar sprays of micronutrient on Citrus reticulata Swingle (Mandarin orange trees) under irrigation and non-irrigation regimes. Indian J. Hort., 25: 1-15.
[3]. Babu, R.S.H., Rajput, C.B.S. and Rath, S. (1984). Effects of zinc and GA3 in Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) and fruit quality. Haryana J. Hort .Sci., 11: 59-65.
[4]. Bacha, M.A.A.A. (1977). Response of "Succary‟ and "Balandy‟ orange trees to foliar sprays of zinc and copper. Indian J. Agric. Sci., 45: 189-193.
[5]. Bal, J.S. and Uppal, D.K. (1992). Ber Varieties .Associated Publishing Company, 8798/7, Shidipura, Karol Bagh, New Delhi. p. 90.

ABSTRACT: The expention of oil palm plantations needs to pay attention to the suitability of land consisting of aspects of location, physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and also agro-climate. Carbon absorption is influenced by the quantity of water hence the process of photosynthesis can form biomass optimally. This study aims to measure carbon (CO2) absorption of 10-year-old oil palm plants. Above ground Biomass is done by non-destructive measurement (estimation) method and Button-ground biomass using gravimetric method. Water balance is processed from rainfall data to calculate the water deficit value. Rambutan Estate have an average water deficit of 324 mm/year (heavy category), the total biomass is 82,938 tons/ha and CO2 absorption is 140 tons/ha. In the Bah BirungUlu Estate, the value of rainfall exceeds evaporation, water deficit is very low, biomass is formed as much as 107,220 tons/ha, 29% higher with CO2 absorption as much as 181.1 tons/ha.

Keywords: Palm oil, water deficit, above ground biomass, button ground biomass, carbon absorption.

[1]. Ditjenbun. 2016. Statistik Perkebunan KelapaSawit Indonesia (Indonesia Oil Palm Statistic). Ditjenbun-Jakarta.
[2]. Corley R.H.V and Tinker. 2003. The Oil Palm. Blackwell Publishing- America.
[3]. Lubis, A.U, 2008. KelapaSawit (ElaeisguineensisJacq) di Indonesia (Oil Palm in Indonesia), Edisike 2, PusatPenelitianKelapaSawit (PPKS), Medan.
[4]. Jain, U. K. 1983. Fundamentals of Plant Physiology. S Chand and Company New Delhi.
[5]. Hairiah. K; AndrreEkadinatama, Rika Ratna Sari danSurbaktiRahayu, 2011. PengukuranCadanganKarbondari Tingkat LahankeBentangLahan (Carbon Stocks Measure from Land Level to Landscape). Edisi ke-2.World Agroforestry Centre. Bogor.

ABSTRACT: This paper examined the contributions of non-farm livelihood activities to overall household income of rural farming households in Oyo State. In this study, a multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 170 respondents from whom data on personal characteristics, access to credit, types of farm and non-farm activities engaged in, and income made from the activities, were collected using a well-structured interview schedule. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage and mean as well as Herfindahl diversity index. The findings showed that higher proportion (65.3%) of the respondents were male while 78.2% married, 64.2% had household size of 5 persons and above and 75.3% had one form of education or another. High proportion (42.4%) had between 11 and 20 years of farming experience, 52.9% had farm size of more than 3 hectares and 60.6% had no access to credit facility. More than half (52.4%) of the rural farming household were engaged in non-farm activities.........

Keywords: Household income, non-farm livelihood activities, rural farming households

[1]. Adepoju, A.O. & Obayelu, O.A.. Livelihood Diversification and Welfare of Rural Households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 2013; 5(12): 482-489.
[2]. Omonona, B.T.. Quantitative analysis of rural poverty in Nigeria, Nigeria Strategy Support Program (NSSP), NSSP Report 9, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC. 2009
[3]. Haggblade, S., Hazell P. & Reardon, T. Transforming the rural non- farm economy. John Hopkins University Press Baltimore. 2007
[4]. Gordon, A. & Craig, C. Rural non-farm activities and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa. Social and economic development department. Natural Resources Institute. Policy Series. P. 14; 2001
[5]. Agu, P. Rural Non-farm Livelihood Diversification and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria. School of Management, University of Plymouth, U.K. 2013.

ABSTRACT: Background: Basalte is a natural mineral fertilizer rich in nutrients (Si, Al, K, Fe, Ca, Mg), is employed to improve crops growth and fruits production under greenhouses, fields and orchards. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of "Farina di Basalto®" a volcanic rock extracted and produced by "Basalti Orvieto" in Italy, on the appearance and development of diseases and pests on pepper crop under greenhouse and during storage. Three treatments were applied: T0: without "Farina di Basalto®" (Control), T1: 3% of "Farina di Basalto®", T2: 1.5% of "Farina di Basalto®".Obtained results showed that the fertilizer exerted a repulsive effect against pests; mainly Thrips(Frankliniella occidentalis) and mites. A gradual decrease of thrips number was observed just after the spraying with basalte powder to reach low values. Four days after the treatment, a total disappearance of the thrips females was noted in........

Keywords: pepper crop, protection, thrips, mites, diseases, basalt

[1]. Al-Iraqi R.A.,Al-NaqibS.Q.,2006. Inert Dusts to Control Adults of Some Stored Product Insects in Stored Wheat. Rafidain Journal of Science 10: 26-33.
[2]. Alford D.V., 1991.Atlas en couleur. Ravageurs des végétaux d'ornement: Arbres-Arbustes-Fleurs. INRA Editions, Paris : 464 p.
[3]. Anonyme. 2019. Fiche technique farina di Basalto.Corroborant potentialisateur des défenses végétales. p2 [4]. Ben Mbarek K., Boujelben A., 2004.Etude du comportement des cultures de tomate (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill.) et de piment (Capsicumannuum L.) conduites en lignes simples et lignes jumelées sous serre,Tropicultura(22) : 97-103.
[5]. Black L.L., Green S.K., Hartman G.L.,Poulos J.M., 1991.Pepper Diseases: A field guide. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center. L.A., U.S.A. 98p

ABSTRACT: Slow release NPK granules were formulated with the addition of polystyrene-polycaprolan matrix and their effect on chilli (Capsicum annum L.) was tested. Chili plants were grown in-planta for 18 weeks with the dose distribution of 16 g/ plant for conventional NPK fertilizer as a control and slow release NPK bioblend PCL-PS with different doses (8, 16 and 32 g/ plant) determined by plant height, number of flowers, number of fruit and fruit weight at harvest. Bioblend PS-PCL has a good compatibility with NPK granules so it was able to reduce the release of nutrients from fertilizer. The results showed that the release rates of NPK bioblends PS-PCL and conventional NPK in distilled water media after 48 hours were 24.732% and 86.141%, respectively. There were no significant differences of the S1 dose compared.........

Keywords: fertilizer, bioblends, polystyrene, polycaprolactone, growth and yield, Capsicum

[1]. Naz, S., Anjum, M. A., & Ahmad, I. (2006). Growth of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) F1 hybrid sky line-2 in response to different ages of transplants. J Res (Sci), 17, 91-95.
[2]. Mariyono, J. (2017). Moving to commercial production: a case of intensive chili farming in Indonesia. Development in Practice, 27(8), 1103-1113.
[3]. Khan, M. S., & Raj, S. K. (2006). First report of molecular detection of an Aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) isolate infecting chilli (Capsicum annuum) in India. Plant Pathology, 55(6).
[4]. Dubey, A. K., Singh, D., Rajput, P. S., Kumar, Y., Verma, A. K., & Chandraker, S. K. (2017). Effect of NPK on plant growth, yield and quality of Capsicum (Capsicum annum L.) cv Swarna Under Shade Net Condition. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 6(3), 1085-1091.
[5]. Gregorich, E., Janzen, H. H., Helgason, B., & Ellert, B. (2015). Nitrogenous gas emissions from soils and greenhouse gas effects. In Advances in agronomy (Vol. 132, pp. 39-74). Academic Press..

ABSTRACT: Soy sauce residue (SSR) is rich in nutrients such as 20-30% crude proteins, 10-15% carbohydrates, 21-30% coarse fiber and 7-10% crude lipids and so on, and these residues are mainly disposed of using low-cost methods, such as for feeds and fertilizers which cause a lot of waste of resource, resulting serious pollution to the environment, and disrupting the ecological balance. Extrusion is thermal processing that involves the application of high heat, high pressure, and shear forces. Extrusion technology is an economical processing method, and it can achieve protein, starch, and cellulose polymer transformation directly or indirectly in a short time. Therefore, moisture content and mechanical parameters of affect the physical, chemical and nutritional quality of the extruded food product. The content of soluble dietary fiber(SDF) increased, but insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) and total dietary fiber (TDF) decreased upon extrusion cooking..........

Keywords: Soy sauce residue, Extrusion, Soluble dietary fiber, Response surface methodology

[1]. Zhao Haifeng, Wang Yaqin, Zou Yang, et al. Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol in soy sauces consumed in China[J]. Food Control, 2013, 29(1):71-75.
[2]. Chen Xiangrong, Luo Yijie, Qi Benkun, et al. Simultaneous extraction of oil and soy isoflavones from soy sauce residue using ultrasonic-assisted two-phase solvent extraction technology[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2014, 128(13):72-79.
[3]. Feng Konglong, Huang Zaocheng, Peng Bo, et al. Immobilization of Aspergillus niger lipase onto a novel macroporous acrylic resin: Stable and recyclable biocatalysis for deacidification of high-acid soy sauce residue oil[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019, 298:1-10.
[4]. Chen Pengfei, Song Hang, Wang Yan, et al. Homogeneous acetylation of hemicelluloses from soy sauce residue in imidazolium-based ionic liquid[J]. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 2015, 17(3):574-582.
[5]. Kamau Elijah Heka, Nkhata Smith G., Ayua Emmanuel Owino. Extrusion and nixtamalization conditions influence the magnitude of change in the nutrients and bioactive components of cereals and legumes[J]. Food Science and Nutrition, 2020, 8:1753-1765.