IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2 ~ MAR-APR-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ecofriendly Technologies for Disease and Pest Management in Mulberry-A Review
Country	:	India
Authors	:	N. Vijaya Kumari
	:	10.9790/2380-07220106

ABSTRACT: Mulberry belonging to the Genus Morus is extensively grown in South India where most of the sericulture industry is concentrated .Mulberry the main food sourse of silkworm Bombyx mori.L is a perennial plant. Since mulberry leaf is available throughout the year, it makes the plant prone to various diseases and pests. Various pathogens like fungi, bacteria,viruses and nematode cause diseases in mulberry. Among the pests few sap suckers and defoliators are considered to be major as they cause extensive damage to the mulberry. These diseases and pests cause around 12-25% leaf yield loss either by depletion in nutritive value or defoliation.

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[2] Geetha bai,M.,Marimadaiah,B.,Narayana Swamy,K.C.Raj gopal.(`997).An outbreak of leaf roller pest Diaphania (Margorania)pulverulentalis 9Hampson)on mulberry in Karnataka Geobios news reports.16(2):73-79.
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[4] Jagadish,K.S.,Narayana swamy,K.C.,Naika R.,Manjuntha Gowda& Shivakumar .,H.R.,(2001).Bioefficacy of certain plant based insecticides against spiraling whitefly,Aleurodicus disperses Russel infesting mulberry.In :Abstracts of Natl.Sem.on Mulberry sericulture Research in India,KSSRDI,Thalagattpura,Bangalore,India.26-28,November,p.194-195
[5] Katiyar.,R.,L.,,Yogananda,M.C.,Manjunatha,D.,Senn,A.K.,Asshen,M.M.and Datta,R.K.(1999).Role of Trichogramm chilonis (Ishii)in the suppression of field population of the Bihar hairy caterpillar,Spilosoma obliqua Walker,Indian .J.Sericulture,38:40-43.
[6] Kumar.,V.,& Chowdary,N.B.,(2001).Illeis indica –A potential biocontrol agent to check the menace of powdery mildew on mulberry.Indian Farming,51(4),32-34.

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted in the Akam plantation at Erbil city, University of Salahaddin Erbil – Iraq, during growing season of 2009- 2010 from October - May. Plants of Helichrysum bracteatum were planted in plastic pots 20. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Complete Design (RCD) in three replication and nine treatments and the data were in analyzed with the general linear model procedures in SAS, and Duncan test at level 0.05 was used for comparing the means, tow type of fertilizer used in this experiment, Urea fertilizer available Nitrogen is (46% N) and triple super phosphate available phosphate (p2o5) 45%, in different levels (0, 0.5, 1 mg/pot). Fertilizers were applied after 45 days from planting of the plants. The results showed that plant height increased significantly with increasing nitrogen up to 1 mg/pot. The highest number of flowers obtained from 1 mg/pot Phosphate and the difference was significantly comparing with other treatments. The study concluded that 0.5 mg Nitrogen/ pot is adequate for maximum fresh and dry weight of plants.

Keywords: Helichrysum bracteatum, morphological characteristics, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

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ABSTRACT:Cultural methods can be implemented to reduce the problems that have been caused by indiscriminate use of insecticides. An experiment was carried out in Makonde District, Zimbabwe to determine the ability of onion and garlic to reduce pest problem when intercropped with cabbages. A randomised complete block design was used with five treatments replicated three times. The treatments were (1) cabbage intercropped with garlic within rows, (2) cabbage intercropped with onion within rows (3) Cabbage and onion intercropped within rows (4) Cabbage and garlic intercropped within rows and (5) Sole cabbage. Data collected were on pest prevalence at physiological maturity, cabbage plants that survived at three weeks after planting (WAP), number of cabbage leaves damaged by insect pests at 6 (WAP), cabbage head diameter and yield of cabbages at physiological maturity. Intercropping cabbage significantly reduced pest prevalence, plant death after transplanting, leaf damage and increased cabbage yield compared to sole cabbage crop. However there were generally more benefits when intercropping with either garlic or onions between the rows than within the rows though not statistically different from intercropping within the cabbage rows at p<0.05.

Keywords: Allium cepa, Allium sativum, cabbage, intercrop, pest control.

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ABSTRACT:The carrot (Daucus carota L.) crop is distributed worldwide; and used as fresh vegetables, desserts, snacks or canned, frozen and dehydrated in developed countries. Carrot requires and responds favorably to both organic and inorganic fertilizer. In view of the general low level of soil fertility of the Nigerian Savannah soils and low average crop growths associated with the problem, it is more than likely that a sound fertilizer programme may be needed to increase its growth. In this regard, field experiments were conducted at two locations (Samaru and Kadawa) during the 1991/92 dry seasons to determine the effect of nitrogen.

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ABSTRACT:In Nigeria, Carrot (Daucus carota) has become common in the Northern part of the Country, where it is grown for the enlarged tap roots. It has a high nutritive value. The enlarged tap root contains large quantities of carotene which is an excellent source of vitamin A. Carrot responds favorably to both organic and inorganic fertilizers. However, most soils of the Nigerian savannah are ferrugineous tropical soils which are generally low in fertility, with very low organic matter and nitrogen contents. In addition, the long severe dry season experienced in a savanna region, further aggravated by annual bush burning, inevitably results in the depletion of the organic matter (OM) content of the soil, thus aggravating their already inherently low OM levels. As a result, these soils are incapable of sustaining crop productivity for even one growing season.

[1] H. D. Tindall, Commercial vegetable growing (Oxford university Press, London, 1983).
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[4] S. Sarkindiya, and A. I. Yakubu, Effect of Intra-row Spacing, Fertilizer Level and Period of Weeding on the Performance of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) in Sokoto Rima Valley, Sav. J. of Agric. 1 (1), 2006, 1-5
[5] Yamaguchi M, World vegetables, principles, production and nutritional values (Ellis Horward Ltd., Chichester, England, 1983, 240 – 246

ABSTRACT:Globally, agriculture is critical for food security and source of livelihood for approximately 500 million households. The small hold farmers provide food for about 70% of the world population today. The impact that climate change is predicted to have on farming is, thus, a major threat to world food security. It is against this background that this work takes a retrospective swipe to highlight the imperative need to exploit the adaptive resilient qualities offered by the rich bio-diverse indigenous crops of the Nigerian cum African agricultural landscape towards meeting the challenges posed by climate change, and the consequent loss of bio-diversity and declining crop productivity, amidst the global food crisis. It is reported that most endandered, neglected, indigenous/ "native," African crops such as Acha (Digitaria exilis), Benniseed (Sesanum indicum, L.), Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.),

[1]. O. De Schutter, Building resilence: A human rights framework for world food and nutrition security, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food to the UN General Assembly (A/HRC/9/23), 2008.
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ABSTRACT:Farmers in Rurukan, (North Sulawesi, Indonesia), have long experience with conventional agricultural practices to vegetables farming in unsuitable upland areas. So far its negative impacts have sufficient evidence and that the actual production mode may not be sustainable. A practically-holistic measures which describe the sustainability of farming system in that area and to facilitate its assessment, had been developed through the following stages: farm characterizing, identification of critical issues, propose specific indicators for sustainability and, farmers assessment. The assessment of proposed indicators was involved local farmers, and that the indicators proposed were sorted under the most relevant key issues of sustainable farming and were arranged within the hierarchical framework of Principles, Criteria, Indicators. We proposed 20 sustainability indicators which most relate to outcome measures and partly in sustainability efforts. We also identified 8 environmental topics, 7 economic topics and 5 social topics. Farmers prefer two indicators attributed to economic aspect (farm income and output price stability) as the most important for sustainability of their farm, followed by one indicator attributed to social aspect (stakeholders supporting) and then two indicators attributed to environment aspect (erosion control and pest and disease control).

Keywords: agriculture, farming system, sustainability indicators

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ABSTRACT:Citrus Silver Mites (CSM) Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) in Indonesia has been known as a major pest of tea plant, sesame and jatropha. Recently CSM was found attacking citrus plant. Plant damage caused by mites on the leaf buds are curved, curly shoots and dead ends. This condition was found in the screen house of some nurseries for several citrus varieties. Because of the damage, the control anticipation based on bioecology must be taken seriously. The study was conducted on the biology and development of CSM on three commercial citrus species that were Tangerine, Sweet Orange and Mandarin. The results showed that in general, CSM life cycle on three citrus species was not significantly different, which was about 5 days. Pre oviposition period, oviposition period, longevity of adult female, post oviposition period did not differ between the three citrus species. The fecundity of CSM on Sweet Orange was higher than that of Tangerin and Mandarin which were respectively 41.22 ; 26.22 and 29.32 eggs per female. Sex ratio was 1:4,75 on Tangerin, Sweet Oranges and the Mandarin were respectively 1:405 and 1:4.68.

Keywords : Biology, citrus species, development, Polyphagotarsonemus latus

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ABSTRACT:The study determined the crude protein content of herbage collected from Giron Masa grazing reserve, Kebbi State Nigeria. The herbage samples were collected by using 1.0m2 wooden frame (quadrant). Fresh weight of three most occurring species and remaining other species was taken by the use of spring balance for dry matter determination. Analysis of the data using SAS (1988) package indicated that LDS produces the highest DM and ERS was the least. DM yield on the other hand was highest in EDS and lowest in LRS. From the chemical analysis, highest values of 13.3% and least value of 5.6% CP was obtained in ERS and LDS respectively. The CF content was higher during the LDS (32.4%) and least in ERS (25.8%). Other parameters as ash, EE, Ca and P content were also determined. The results of the study indicated a significant effect of season on nutrient content of range herbage.

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ABSTRACT:The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) are among the last species that have been domesticated around 3000–6000 years ago. To understand relationship between genetic and phenotypic variations in camel, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers covering the coding part of genome were developed. These gene-associated SNPs can themselves be causative SNPs for traits. The main objective of this work was to identify SNPs from coding regions using high-throughput next generation sequencing.

[1]. T. Nawy, Rare variants and the power of association, Nat Methods 9, 2012, 324.
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ABSTRACT:700 Rhode Island Red (RIR) and 600 Bovans white exotic poultry breeds were maintained under intensive management by private poultry farm in Mekelle were studied for external and internal egg qualities. Weight of egg (g), length (cm) and width of egg (cm), shape index, egg shell thickness (mm) and egg shell weight (g) were studied as external egg quality traits while yolk and albumen weight (g), yolk and albumin height (mm), Haugh Unit (HU) and yolk color were recorded as internal egg quality traits of RIR and Bovans White. Among external egg quality Weight, length and width of egg of RIR was significantly higher (p<0.05) than Bovans White while shape index, egg shell thickness and egg shell weight (g) were found to be non significant. Among internal egg quality yolk and albumen weight, yolk and albumin height of RIR was significantly higher (p<0.05) than Bovans White while Haugh Unit (HU) and yolk color were found to be non significant.

Key words; RIR, Bovans White, egg quality, Mekelle

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