IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ MAY-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of Organic Manure and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Growth and Yield of Young Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Samanhudi, Ahmad Yunus, Bambang Pujiasmanto, Muji Rahayu
	:	10.9790/2380-07540105

ABSTRACT: Problems encountered in the development of herbal medicine industry is that most of the raw materials (80%) came from the forest or natural habitats and the rest (20%) of the results of traditional cultivation. Provision of raw materials still rely on the natural occurrence of genetic erosion has resulted in some important medicinal plants such as plant ginger, turmeric, kencur, and temulawak. Therefore, this research needs to be done in order to develop the cultivation of medicinal through strengthening technology to increase the production of industrial raw materials and herbal preparations. This research was conducted in the District of Wonogiri, Central Java, Indonesia. The research is focused to improve cultivation techniques of medicinal plants by using various types of organic manure (chicken, goat, and cow) combined with various doses levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) application. The purpose of this research is to gain a steady cultivation technology through the use of organic nutrients and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi so as to increase the production of ginger plants. The results showed that there is no interaction between application of the three types of organic manure (chicken, goat, and cow) with the level of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dosage on the growth and yield of the young ginger. Chicken manure, goat manure, and cow manure having the same effect in improving the growth and yield of the young ginger, on the variables of plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight, and the fresh weight of ginger rhizome. Mycorrhizal treatment at various doses (5, 10, and 15 g/plant) can increase the plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, and fresh weight of ginger rhizome, but did not affect the fresh weight and dry weight of plants.

Keywords: ginger, Zingiber officinale, organic manure, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

[1]. Duruigbo C.I., Okereke-Ejiogu, E.N., Nwokeji, E.M., Peter-Onoh, C.A., Ogwudire, V.E. and Onoh, P.A. 2013. Integrated remediation strategies for sustaining agrobiodiversity degradation in Africa. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS). 3(4): 16-23.
[2]. Egbuchua, C.N. and Enujeke, E.C. 2013. Growth and yield responses of ginger (Zingiber officinale) to three sources of organic manures in a typical rainforest zone, Nigeria. J. Hortic. For. 5(7): 109-114.
[3]. Fitter, A.H. and Hay, R.K.M. 1981. Fisiologi lingkungan tanaman. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta.
[4]. Gardner, F.P., Pearce, R.B., dan Mitchel, R.L. 1995. Fisiologi tanaman budidaya. (terjemahan). UI Press. Jakarta.
[5]. Herbert, R.B. 1989. The Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolities. 2nd ed. Chapman and Hal. New York.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Importance of Biosurfactant in Food Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Ranasalva.N , Sunil.R, Poovarasan.G
	:	10.9790/2380-07540609

ABSTRACT: Surfactants are amphiphilic compounds containing both hydrophobic (nonpolar) and hydrophilic (polar) moieties that confer ability to accumulate between fluid phases such as oil/water or air/water, reducing the surface and interfacial tensions and forming emulsions they have a broad spectrum of applications, from everyday tasks such as washing the dishes to advanced oil recovery operations. The global market for surfactants is approximately 8 million tonnes per annum with a total value of £ 7.1b. The majority of this demand is met with surfactants obtained from non-renewable oil based feedstocks. An alternative route of surfactant production exists in nature in the form of microbes capable of producing surfactants. Microbially produced biosurfactants are characterised by both their chemical composition and microbial origin and can perform many tasks for which traditional petrochemical or oleochemical surfactants are currently used. (Deleu & Paquot, 2004). Biosurfactants are a group of microbial molecules identified by their unique capabilities to interact with hydrocarbons. Biosurfactants have also found utility in fields such as environmental bioremediation, food processing and pharmaceuticals. An interesting example of a biosurfactant is the heptapeptide surfactin, a metabolite of Bacillus subtilis BBK006. Surfactin is highly surface active and exhibits antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor behaviour. The surface activity properties make surfactants one of the most important and versatile class of chemical products, used on a variety of applications in household, industry and agriculture Biosurfactants (bioemulsifiers) are a structurally diverse group of surface-active molecules synthesized by microorganisms. Biosurfactants can successfully replace synthetic surface active substances in modern ecologically safe technologies. Rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, emulsan from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and sophorolipids from Candida bombicola are some examples of microbial-derived surfactants (Mohan, Nakhla, & Yanful, 2006). When compared to conventional synthetic surfactants, the biosurfactants have some peculiar characteristics (Bognolo 1999)
• Large and complex structure

[1]. Das, P., Mukherjee, S., and Sen, R. 2008. Antimicrobial potential of a lipopeptide biosurfactant derived from a marine Bacillus circulans. J. Appl. Microbiol. 104:1675–1684.
[2]. Flasz, A., Rocha, C. A., Mosquera, B., and Sajo, C. 1998. A comparative study of the toxicity of a synthetic surfactant and one produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 55925. Med. Sci. Res. 26:181–185.
[3]. Jenkinson, H. F. and Lappin-Scott, H. M. 2001. Biofi lms adhere to stay. Trends Microbiol. 9:9–10.
[4]. Nitschke, M. and Costa, S. G. V. A. O. 2007. Biosurfactants in food industry. Trends Food Sci.Tech. 18:252–259.
[5]. Nitschke, M. and Pastore, G. M. 2003. Evaluation of agroindustrial wastes as substrates for biosurfactant production by Bacillus. Revista Biotecnologia Ciência & Desenvolvimento 31:63–67 (in Portuguese).
[6]. Nitschke, M. and Pastore, G. M. 2006. Production and properties of a surfactant obtained from Bacillus subtilis grown on cassava wastewater. Bioresource Technol. 97:336–341

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Correlation of Leaf Glucose Content with Mineral Nutrients Uptake of South African Geranium (Pelargonium Sidoides)
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Kinyua J. K. , Kinyanjui T., Gachanja A. N., Maina Jedidah M
	:	10.9790/2380-07541019

ABSTRACT: The relationships between soil nutrients uptake, leaf glucose contents, and chlorophyll contents of Pelargonium sidoides was investigated. Pelargonium sidoides is a medicinal plant grown in Kenya for export. It is used in the manufacture of drugs for lung related diseases. P. sidoides plants were selected at a field site, where the soil N, P, K and Ca contents had prior been analysed. These plants were dressed with both inorganic (Calcium Ammonium Nitrate, Triple Super Phosphate, Calcium Carbonate, Potassium Nitrate) and organic fertilizers (worm leachate) of known nutrient levels. Leaf glucose contents before and after application of the mineral nutrients were measured by colorimetry. Verification of the colorimetric results was done by high performance liquid chromatography fitted with a refractive index detector (HPLC). Predictions for nutrients in soil and plant tissues were done by DRIFT FTIR. Leaf chlorophyll measurements were done by Soil Plant Analysis Development units (SPAD). The mean glucose contents before and after each nutrients application were subjected to GENSTAT statistical software for the ANOVA and t-test to find out whether there were any significant differences between the two. The results indicated that the levels of leaf glucose increased with type and uptake of certain applied fertilizers. FTIR predictions closely matched the wet chemistry data. Uptake of calcium corresponded to the highest increase of glucose while that of worm leachate had the least effect. Change in glucose levels was evident within an hour after application, suggesting the possibility of predicting nutrients uptake within a short period. Chlorophyll content was also found to increase with nutrients uptake. All plants treated with fertilizers displayed significantly higher glucose contents in comparison to the control samples. The study opened way for real time analysis of plant status and allowed for real time interventions where necessary.
Key words: nutrients uptake, leaf glucose content, chlorophyll content, organic and inorganic fertilizers

[1]. Amaliotis D., Therios I. and Karatissiou M. (2004). Effect of nitrogen fertilization on growth leaf nutrient concentration and photosynthesis in three peach cultivars. ISHS, Acta
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[3]. Anderson J.M. and Ingram J.S.I. (1993). Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility. A handbook of methods. CAB international, Wallingford, Oxon, UK 2: 63-65
[4]. Bereznoy V. V., Riley D. S., Wassmer G. and Heger M. (2003). Efficacy of extract of Pelargonium sidoides in children with acute non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus tonsillopharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alternative therapies in health and medicine 9: 68–79.
[5]. Brady N.C. and Weil R.R. (2002). The Nature and Properties of Soils. 13th edition. Pearson Education, Inc, New Jersey 267-268.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Efficacy of fungicides and bio-pesticide against the Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causing Sclerotinia rot of Mustard
Country	:	India
Authors	:	N. K. Singh , R. B. Singh, Vikas Singh
	:	10.9790/2380-07542023

ABSTRACT: Two methods were used for evaluating of fungicides. In case of in vitro condition all the fungicides, and bio pesticide were significantly superior over control in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen Vitavax (0.1 %), Bavistin (0.1%) and Benomyl (0.1 %) each were the most effective as they completely inhibited (100%) the growth of pathogen. Whereas Neemark (0.5%) was noted as least effective bio pesticide which inhibited the growth of fungus only upto 44.44 %. Ridomyl (0.2 %) and Chlorothalonil (0.2 %) were found to be the next best in superiority in inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. The spraying of Vitavax (0.1%) at an interval of 10 days was found more effective under field condition as is evident from its corresponding yield in both the years. The next best fungicide Bavistin (0.1%) was found statistically at par with Vitavax (0.1%) in respect of reduction in disease severity and enhancement of seed yield. However, Neemark (0.5%) proved to be the least effective under field condition also. Benomyl @ 0.1% ranked 3rd in effectiveness which was significantly superior with other tested fungicides such as Indofil M-45 (0.25), Ridomyl and Chlorothalonil in respect of decreasing the disease severity but was at par in respect of seed yield.
keywords: disease, pathogen, pesticides, sclerotina sclerotorum,brassica juncea

[1]. Abdou, Y.A.M.; Fl. Sharkaway, T.A.; Osman, A.R. and Ragab, M.M. (1982). In vitro test for control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Egyptian J. Phtytopathology. 14: 87-92.
[2]. Anonymous, 2011. Statistical Year Book India. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, pp: 117.
[3]. Bliss, C.I. (1934). The method of probits. Science. 79: 38.
[4]. Chauhan, L.S., Singh, Jyoti and D.R.Chandra, 1992: In: proc. Natl. Symp. On management Microbes in Service of Mankind". Nov. 19-21,1992 at Univ. Allahabad, India. 65-66 pp (Abstr.).
[5]. Chandel, S.R.S. (1993). A hand book of Agriculture statistics. Achal Prakashan Mandir, Kanpur, pp 558 .
[6]. Ghasolia, R.P., Shivpuri, Asha and A.K. Bhargava, 2004: Sclerotinia rot of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in Rajasthan. Indian Phytopath.57: 76-79.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Standard Test to Measure Knowledge of Cotton Farmers on Health Hazards of Pesticides Usage in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh
Country	:	India
Authors	:	P. Nagarjuna Reddy, T. Lakshmi, S.V. Prasad
	:	10.9790/2380-07542429

ABSTRACT: The study aimed at determining the farmers' knowledge of the pesticides and their use on the field in Cotton. Fifty items of knowledge on helath hazards of pesticides usage of cotton were selected from a large number of item pool collected based on standard criteria and in consultation with scientists of Regional Agricultural Research Station Tirupati, Subject Matter Specialists, Master Trainers of Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University. Finally 26 items were selected after following the statistical procedures for the construction of standard knowledge test.
Keywords: Knowledge, Cotton farmers and Pesticides usage

[1]. Bloom B S, Engelhardt M, Frust E, Hill and K Rathwal D R 1956 Taxonomy of educational objectives, The cognitive domain, Orient Longmans, New York.
[2]. Garrett H E 1966 Statistics in Psychology and Education. David McKay company Inc. and Longman Group Ltd., New York.
[3]. Gonard H S 1948 Characteristics and uses of items analysis of data. Psychological monograph

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Classification and Characteristics of Soil Surrounding Lake Ecosystem as a Basic Consideration in Agrotourism Development in Linow Lake, North Sulawesi
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Diane D. Pioh, M. Luthfi Rayes, Boby Polii, Luchman Hakim
	:	10.9790/2380-07543038

ABSTRACT: The objective of the research is to identify and classify soil in an area surrounding Linow Lake, North Sulawesi for agrotourism development purposes. Result of the study confirm that lands surrounding Linow Lake can be classified into nine lands unit. The landform of these units dominated by hilly volcanic and soils were varies namely Aquic eutrudept, Humic dystrudept, Typic dystrudept, humic hapludult, Typica sulfudept and sulfic endoaquept. Soils in area surrounding Linow Lake can be classified into two orders namely Inceptisols and Ultisols. Inceptisols is characterized by cambic horizon as shown on soil profile 1,2,6 and 7. Ultisols is characterized by the existence of argillic B horizon, as shown on soil profile 4,5 and 8. The possibility for agrotourism development lies on the opportunities to plant some fruit trees, i.e. Rambutan, Lansat, Avocado, Durian, Guava, Papaya and Banana in policulture systems, or technically called agroforestry. The planting arragement and management should be meets the landcapability and suitability.
Keywords: environmental management, soil classification, lake ecosystem, tourism development

[1]. L. Hakim, Soemarno, SK. Hong, Challenges for conserving biodiversity and developing sustainable island tourism in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, Journal of Ecology and Field Biology, 35(2), 2012, 61-71.
[2]. A. Pangemanan, Maryunani, L. Hakim, B. Polii, Economic analysis of Bunaken National Park Ecotourism Area based on the carrying capacity and visitation level. Asian Transactions on Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(2), 2012, 34-40.
[3]. V.Justine, N. Bedford, M. Elliott, N. Ray, Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guide, Lonely Planet, London, 2007)
[4]. GD. Cooke, EB. Welch, S. Peterson, SA. Nichols, Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs (CRC press, 2005).
[5]. L. Hakim, C. Retnaningdyah, B. Yanuwiadi, Sunaryo, Project for Restoration of Ecosystem in Conservation Area in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, Phase I. Oktober 2010-Maret 2011 (Japan international Cooperation Agency, Jakarta, 2010).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Expression Analysis of Toll-Like Receptor2 in Bubaline Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells upon Stimulation by Bacillus Subtilis Cell Wall Peptidoglycan
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Syed Mohmad Shah , Gandham Ravi Kumar
	:	10.9790/2380-07543943

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to analyze the effect of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan on the induction of toll-like receptor2 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The cultures were stimulated with B. subtilis cell wall peptidoglycan (sPGN) at final doses of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μg/ml and incubated for 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 36 h time periods, for all the treatments. We observed that sPGN not only activates TLR2 expression in PBMCs, in a dose-and-time dependent manner, but also induces tolerance to further expression, beyond a certain concentration of the antigen, irrespective of the incubation interval. In our study, PBMCs became refractory to further stimulation by sPGN beyond 30μg/ml dose across all the incubation intervals, ranging from 3h to 36h. The highest TLR2 induction across all doses of the antigen was observed at 24h incubation interval, suggesting probably the optimum physiological response to the antigen. We also cloned and sequenced TLR2 expressed sequence tag from buffalo PBMCs and submitted the sequence to GenBank.
Keywords: Buffalo, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, peptidoglycan, TLR2, tolerance

[1]. Hirschfeld M, Weis J, Toshchakov V, Salkowski C, Cody M, Ward D, Qureshi N, Michalek S and Vogel S, Signaling by toll-like receptor 2 and 4 agonists results in differential gene expression in murine macrophages. Infect. Immun. 237 (2001) 1477-1482.
[2]. Lemaitre,B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart J and Hoffmann J, The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86 (1996) 973–983.
[3]. Nakayama K., Shu O, Shintaro T, KunihisaT, Miki K, Satoshi K, Koichi H, Yohtaroh T and Yasuo O, Involvement of IRAK-M in Peptidoglycan-induced Tolerance in Macrophages. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 279 (2004) 6629-6634.
[4]. Munoz C, Carlet J, Fitting C, Misset B, Bleriot J and Cavaillon J, Dysregulation of in vitro cytokine production by monocytes during sepsis. Clin. Investig. 88 (1991) 1747–1754.
[5]. 5. Van Deuren, M, Van der Ven-Jongekrijg J, Demacker P, Bartelink A, Van K, Dalen R, Sauerwein R, Gallati H, Vannice J, and Van der Meer J, Differential expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their inhibitors during the course of meningococcal infections. J. Infect. Dis. 169 (1994) 157–161.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Characterization and Rate of Rice Husk Application for Crop Production
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Essoka, A. N, Essienetok, E. U, Essoka, P. A, Agba, O. A
	:	10.9790/2380-07544447

ABSTRACT: To avoid environmental nuisance, mankind faces the challenge of managing the large quantities of waste produced by modern agriculture. In Nigeria, huge rice husk dumps are commonly found around rice mills. Fresh rice husk were used as manure in "fertilizing" loamy sand soil at the rate of 0, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 tonnes per hectare. The experiment was laid in a Randomized Complete Block Design in 2007 and 2008. In 2007, there was a general trend of plant height increasing from zero treatment to 35 t/ha after which fluctuations set in. The mean plant height fluctuated more in 2008 though the different rates of application were significantly different. The optimum application rate to obtain best plant height at 4 and 6 weeks after planting was obtained at 30t/ha. The optimum yield of 2.02t/ha was obtained in 2007 from fields manured with 40t/ha. In 2008, the optimum yield of 2.18 t/ha was obtained from fields manured with 35t/ha. Characterization of the rice husk showed that they were very rich in organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and the exchangeable bases especially calcium and magnesium. Where the husk pH was extremely acid (4.1), the exchangeable acidity was correspondingly high (16.8) compared to where the pH was slightly acid (6.5) with an exchangeable acidity of 0.22 cmol/kg. Some chemical properties of the soil increased ( e.g. P) after harvest i. e. more than what was found before cultivation while other properties remained similar to contents found before cultivation showing little or no depletion at the end of the cropping season. Apart from guaranteeing average yield, rice husk has the potential of leaving the soil not or slightly depleted. It is therefore a highly sustainable material for crop production and maintaining soil health.
Key words: application rate, characterization, crop yield, rice husk

[1]. Food and Agriculture Organisation. Land resources potential and constraints at region and country levels. World Soil Resources Report No. 90, (Rome,FAO), 2000.
[2]. L. Schoeneich, Deteriorating quality of ground water as a result of application of fertilizers – two case studies from Poland. National seminar on environmental pollution;(Jos, Nigeria,1992), 47-50.
[3]. M. A. N. Anikwe, Amelioration of heavy clay loam soil with rice husk and its effect on soil physical properties and maize yield. Science direct – Bioresource Technology, 74, (2) 2000, 169-173.
[4]. P. C. Nnabode, and J. S. C.Mbagwu, Physical and hydraulic changes in a typichaplustult in S. E. Nigeria amended with rice mill wastes. 3rd African Soil Science Society Conference, Ibadan, 1994.
[5]. P. A. Sanchez and R. H. Miller. Organic matter and soil fertility management in acid soil of the tropics, inXIIIth Congress of the International Society of Soil Science, Hamburg, 13-20 August, ISSS – AISS – IBG, 1986, 609-625.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Influence of polymer coating on seed and seedling quality characteristics
Country	:	India
Authors	:	N. Suma, P. Srimathi.
	:	10.9790/2380-07544850

ABSTRACT: The present study on polymer coating revealed that the seed coated with polymer @ 4 g kg-1 seed has increased the germination to 89 per cent followed by seeds coated with polymer @ 3 g kg-1 seed (87 per cent).The other parameters like root length, shoot length, drymatter production and vigour index were also higher in seeds coated with polymer @ 4 g kg-1 seed.
Keywords: polymer,coating,sesame,quality characteristics

[1]. Aravindkumar, R., V. Prakash and R.P. Singh. 1991. Influence of starch polymer on yield attributes, yield and quality of mustard (Brassica Juncea) under field conditions. Indian J. Agron., 36(4): 612-613.
[2]. Baxter, L and L. Waters Jr.1986b.Errect of hydrophilic polymer seed coating on the imbibitions , respiration and germination of sweet corn at four matric potentials. J. Amer.Soc.Hort.Sci.,111(4):517-520
[3]. Chachalis, D. and M.L. Smith. 2001. Hydrophobic polymer application reduces imbiibition rate and partially improves germination of emergence of soybean seedlings. Seed. Sci. & Technol., 29(1): 91-98.
[4]. Chikkanna, C., S. Thimmegowda, R. Paramesh and N. Devakumar. 1993. Use of hydrophilic polymer on water use efficiency of different crop under rainfed farming. Indian Agriculturist, 37(1): 39-45.
[5]. Prochaske, S. 2001. Emergence of polymer coated soybeans using a very early planting date. Ohio Agril. Res. and Dev. Center, 17(9): 19-20.
[6]. Rana, K.S, Ashok Kermar and R.C Gautan. 2001. Effect of starch polymer (Jalashakthi) on yield attributes, yield and water use efficiency of mustard under rainfed conditions. Crop Res., 22(3): 395-397.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessing the Storage Potential of Some Vegetable Products in Some Selected Areas in Kano State
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Awagu, E. F., Adedayo M. R., Olayemi F.F.
	:	10.9790/2380-07545159

ABSTRACT: A total of 112 questionnaires were randomly distributed among fruits and vegetable producers of Gazawa, Garum-mallam and Kura Local Government Areas of Kano State Nigeria. Information were obtained on the farmers storage potential of fruits and vegetables such as stages and time of harvest, harvesting and processing methods, transportation, storage conditions, packaging and storage. The bulk of farmers were made up of fairly young people. Most of the farming operations were done manually with tomato and onions produced majorly. They had highest farm capacity of 5 hectares without specified stage and time of harvest. Products were majorly sold immediately after harvest with poor processing, packaging, transporting and storage systems. Results of the survey was analyzed and presented in percentages. Obviously this project has discovered there is gross inadequacy in harvesting, handling, processing techques,storage structure for vegetable products among the farmers which therefore means low storage know- how as it was revealed by their response. Conclusively, the farmers lack general knowledge in storage technology, properly due lack of farming experience, therefore these could be responsible for the huge losses of fruits and vegetables in Kano state and the country at large. Intensified enlightenment by concerned bodies like NSPRI, ADP, and KNADA was recommended.
Keywords: Fruits, Vegetables, Farmers, storage potential, Gazawa, Garum-mallam and Kura

[1]. Dr.Jeanne Decuyperes Nutrient Charts: health alternatives (2000).Team copyright@ 2002 – 2014
[2]. Harvard School of Public Health. Home and Garden information center: http;//hgic.Clemson.edu.
[3]. Smith, A. F. (1994).The Tomatoes in America, University of Ilorin Press.
[4]. Edward, R. Farnsworth: Handbook of fermented functional foods. CRC press. Horticulture 123: VI African Symposium on Horticultural Crops.
[5]. Tindal, H.D. and Proctor, F.J. (1980). Loss Prevention of Horticultural Crops in the Tropics. Prog. Fd. Nat. Sci., vol.4, Nos.3-4, pp. 25-39.
[6]. Okanlawon, Suleiman O. Relevant crop storage technologies for North-East Zone. A paper presented at the North-East Farming System Research and Extension Workshop 8th-10th March.1999 at Lake Chad Research Institute, Maiduguri.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Performance of Rabbits Fed Different Levels of Tridax Procumbens in Cassava – Based Rations
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	T. I. Anthony, D. T. Shaahu, S. A. Ikurior
	:	10.9790/2380-07546064

ABSTRACT: Twenty – six weeks old rabbits with an average initial weight of 645 ± 49.37g were used in a 12 – week feeding trial to evaluate the performance of growing rabbits fed different levels of Tridax procumbens in cassava – based diets. The rabbits were divided into five groups with four rabbits in each group and allocated to five dietary treatments individually. Thus, each treatment had four replicates in a complete randomized design. The five test diets were formulated to contain approximately 18% crude protein and 3,000 kcal/kg metabolizable energy (ME) in which Tridax procumbens was included at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% levels for dietary treatment T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Results obtained indicate increased average daily feed intake, Average Daily Weight gain and improved feed to gain ratio (P< 0.05) in rabbits for T3 diet as compared to those on the other diets. Linear regression and co-relation analysis between the levels of Tridax procumbens inclusion indicate a significant negative relationship with average daily feed intake(r = - 0.92), the relationship was however negative but not significant when the level of Tridax procumbens was compared to average daily weight gain (r = -0.33) and feed/gain ratio (r = - 0.25). It was thus concluded that Tridax procumbent can be added in cassava-based rations for growing rabbits and performance maximized at 10% inclusion level and this level (10%) is here recommended for adoption by farmers.
Keywords: Cassava root meal, Rabbits, Tridax procumbens

[1]. Bawa, G.S. Ogundipe, S.O, Tsegbe, T.S.B. and Dagwang, I.I. (2009). Effect of cooking time on the nutritive value of lablab seed in diets of young pigs. Nig. J. Anim. Prod. Vol 26: (i) 74-84.
[2]. Apata, D.F. and Ojo, V. (2000). Efficacy of Trichoderma viride enzyme complex in broiler starter fed cowpea testa based diets. In Animal Production in the New Millennium, Changes Options. Nigerian Society for Animal Production (S.N. Uwachukwu et al. eds) 25th Annual Conf. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State 19 – 23 March, 2000, pp 23 – 133.
[3]. Oyenuga,V.A. and Opeke,L.K. (1957). The value of cereal and cassava diet for growing fattening pigs in Nigeria. Brit. J. Nutr. 15: 327 – 333. Modebe,A.M.A. (1963).Preliminary trial on the value of dried cassava for pig feeding. J.West Afri. Sci. Asso. 7:127-133.
[4]. Modebe,A.M.A. (1963).Preliminary trial on the value of dried cassava for pig feeding. J.West Afri. Sci. Asso. 7:127-133.
Performance of Rabbits Fed Different Levels of Tridax Procumbens in Cassava – Based Rations
www.iosrjournals.org 64 | Page
[5]. Adegbola, A.A. Methionine as additive to cassava as livestock feed. An Invited Paper on Workshop on Utilization of Cassava as Livestock Feed. University of Guelph, 13 – 20 April, 1977 Ontario, Canada, pp 612 – 614.
[6]. Hahn,S.K.(1988).Cassava as livestock feed in Africa. In. Proceeding of the IITA/ILCA/University of Ibadan Workshop on Potential Utilization of Cassava in Africa.,University of Ibadan 24th – 28th March 1988. Pp 3 – 4.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Detection of antimicrobial drug residues in milk marketed at different areas of Sindh province
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Abdul Samad Mangsi, Muhammad Khaskheli, Aijaz Hussain Soomro, Muhammad Ghiasuddin Shah
	:	10.9790/2380-07546569

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to screen the milk samples for drug residual contamination marketed at the vicinities of Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Sukkur, Larkana, and Karachi divisions of Sindh province. Out of total 400 samples, 49.75% were found positive for antibiotic residues, and over residual positive samples the highest percent was in the vicinity of Karachi followed by Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana and Mirpurkhas. The overall mean zone size was measured as 14.27±0.26mm in milk marketed at different areas of Sindh. Milk samples positive to antimicrobial drugs were further screened through Twin SensorBT KIT020, and found that β-lactam was highest at Larkana followed by Hyderabad, Karachi, Mirpurkhas and Sukkur. The residual limit of Tetracycline was higher in samples obtained from Hyderabad, relatively similar percent was found in milk samples from Mirpurkhas and Larkana and least in samples of Sukkur. The overall residual contamination in milk was higher (38.29%) for β-lactam than that of Tetracycline (21.14%) group. It could be concluded that indiscriminate pattern or misuse of antibiotics at various stages of milk processing may have shown the significant influence and the residual level in milk reached at the peak point.
Keywords: antimicrobial, detection, market milk, residues

[1]. F. M. Mari, Status and constraints of livestock production in Sindh province of Pakistan, International Journal of Advanced Rural Management, 1(1), 2013, 1-10.
Detection of antimicrobial drug residues in milk marketed at different areas of Sindh province
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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Design and Manufacture of Pottery Dripper for the Use of Saline Water in Irrigation Systems
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	Mohamed El-Sayed El-Hagarey
	:	10.9790/2380-07547080

ABSTRACT: Pottery dripper was designed and manufactured to allow the use of saline water in irrigation systems. In Egypt, 2 to 3 thousand million m3 of saline water are used in the irrigation of about 405 000 ha of land. The main objectives of this study are: (1) Invent a new pottery dripper to reduce saline water concentration; (2) manufacture and evaluate a pottery dripper. Pottery dripper dimensions are designed in three volumes (49, 31.4 and 16.5 cm3 ) , three nominal porosity (10 , 21 and 31%); then various types of pottery drippers (PD) are tested under three pressure heads (1, 0.75 and 0.5 bar) and three concentrations of saline groundwater (6154, 7149 and 7154 ppm), from Ras-Sudr Research Station. The main results of this study showed the following: For porosity P1 (10%) of pottery dripper, under operating pressure head 1 bar, the discharge ranged from 0.5 l/s to 1.14 l/s; under operating pressure head 0.75 bar, the discharge ranged from 0.5 l/s to 1.14 l/s; and under operating pressure head 0.5 bar, the discharge ranged from 0.2 l/s to 0.53 l/s. For porosity P2 (21%) of pottery dripper, under operating pressure head 1 bar, the discharge ranged from 1.69 l/s to 4.11 l/s; under operating pressure head 0.75 bar, the discharge ranged from 1.14 l/s to 3.06 l/s; and under operating pressure head 0.5 bar, the discharge ranged from 0.58 l/s to 1.82 l/s. For porosity P3 (31%) of PD, under operating pressure head 1 bar, the discharge ranged from 24.1/s to 37.7 l/s; under operating pressure head 0.75 bar, the discharge ranged from 16.8 l/s to 28.3 l/s; and under operating pressure head 0.5 bar, the discharge ranged from 9.5/s to 19.4 l/s. Saline water concentration decreased from 6154 ppm to 5840, 5806 and 5440ppm using the PD with porosity 10, 21 and 31% respectively. Saline water concentration decreased from 7149ppm to 7106, 7013 and 6979 ppm using the PD with porosity 10, 21 and 31% respectively; and finally saline water concentration decreased from 7863 ppm to 7846, 7778 and 7285 ppm using the PD with porosity 10, 21 and 31 % respectively,
Keywords: Pottery-dripper, Saline-Water, Drip irrigation, Design, Flow, Pressure, Porosity

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[2]. Bhatt N., B. Kanzariya , A. Motiani and B. Pandi (2013). An Experimental Investigation on Pitcher Irrigation Technique on Alkaline Soil with Saline Irrigation Water, International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT), ISSN: 2319-5967.
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[4]. Mathai M.P. and A. Simon, 4002Water diffusion through pottery discs of varying porosity, Journal of Tropical Agriculture 42 (1-2): 63-65.
[5]. Siyal A.A. S and T.H. Skaggs, (2009). Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation, Agricultural Water Management 96 (2009) : 893–904.
[6]. Vasudaven P, B. Kaphaliy, R. K. Srivastava, M. Tandon S. N. Singh and P. K. Sen, 2011, Buried clay pot irrigation using saline water, Journal of scientific & Industrial Research, Vol. 70, pp. 653-655.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of exposure time and incubation period of various sterilants and antioxidants on the in vitro morphogenesis of guava explants
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Roshan Zamir , Abdur- Rab
	:	10.9790/2380-07548186

ABSTRACT: This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various surface sterilants and antioxidants during in vitro propagation of guava (Psidium guajava L.). Different sterilants and exposure time significantly affected survival in shoot tip explants. Maximum survival response (43.3%) was observed when shoot tips were exposed to 2% NaOCl followed by 0.05 % HgCl2 and 4% CaOCl with 36.7 and 33.3 % survival respectively. Similarly 5 and 10 minutes exposure times were statistically at par with each other. The interaction between different sterilants and exposure time was non significant. As compared to soot tips explants, the effect of different sterilants on the survival of nodal explants was also significant. The highest survival response of 31.7% was shown by 0.05% HgCl2 followed by 4% CaOCl and 2% NaOCl (29.2 and 26.7%) respectively. Similarly the response of different exposure times (5 and 10 minutes) in case of nodal explants was non significant. Among all anti oxidants and incubation periods applied, dark incubation of cultures for 24 hours was effective which eliminated (34.3%) browning followed by dip of explants in 75:50 mg l-1 citric acid and ascorbic acid (31.8%) while control was inferior to all and gave 11.7% browning elimination. Similarly the effect of antioxidants on type of explants (shoot tip and nodal explants) was also significant. The highest response of 37.8 % was recorded in shoot tip explants while in nodal explants it was 14.5% only. The inter action between antioxidants and explants types was also significant. In over all, the highest browning elimination of 55% was recorded in shoot tip explants when cultures were kept in dark for 24 hours. Whereas the most inferior results were shown by control treatments where only 6.7 and 16.7% browning was eliminated in tips and nodal explants.
Key words: Guava (Psidium guajava L.); Sterilants; Antioxidants; Survival response

[1]. R. Zamir, G. S. S. Khattak, T. Mohammad, S. A. Shah, A. J. Khan, N. Ali, In vitro mutagenesis in guava (Psidium guajava L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 35, 2003, 825-828.
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[3]. M. K. Rai, P. Asthana, V. S. Jaiswal, U. Jaiswal, Biotechnological advances in guava (Psidium guajava L.): Recent developments and prospects for future research. Trees, 24, 2010, 1-12.
[4]. E. F. George, Plant propagation by tissue culture: Part 1&2. The technology, 2nd Edn. Exegenetics, Edington, UK, 1993, pp, 337-356.
[5]. S.T. Shah, R. Zamir, J. Ahmad, G. Lutfullah, In vitro regeneration of plantlets from seedlings explants of guava (Psidium guajava L.) Cv. Safeda. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40, 2008, 1195-1200.
[6]. H. Krishna, S. K. Singh, Biotechnological advances in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and their future implication in crop improvement a review. Biotechology Advances, 25, 2007, 223–243.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Assessment Of The Effects Of Time, Synthetic And Botanical Insecticides Spray Regimes On The Abundance Of Predators In Cowpea Production In Kebbi State Of Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Abdullahi Maikai Murna, Ibrahim Salihu Koko
	:	10.9790/2380-07548795

ABSTRACT: The effect of time, scouting and calendar application of neem kernel extract (nke) as a bio pesticide and commercial chemical insecticide (30g/l Cypermethrin + 250g/l Dimethoate) on the abundance of predatory insects was investigated using a farmer participatory research in Zuru local government area of Kebbi state of Nigeria.Volunteer farmers planted their favourite cowpea variety IT89KD-245-1 and the insecticides sprays carried out both on weekly (calendar) and scouting based using action threshold of 60% flower infestation/damage commenced at 50% flowering. The result showed that Dipteran predators constituted the majority of the beneficial insects caught, and were mostly Asiliidae and Syrphidae spp. predators' occurrence was mainly at the late flowering stage. Highly significant difference was found in the number of the beneficial insect between treatments. The species distribution difference between the treatments was also highly significant. Predators were less affected by neem sprays than by chemical insecticide, especially when spray frequency was decreased by scouting. Thus, neem spray as a bio pesticide applied on scouting basis is safe to the beneficial insects therefore, compatible with Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
Keywords: Botanical insecticide, Cowpea Production, Predators, Spray Regimes, Synthetic Insecticide

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[2]. CGIAR SP-IPM (2006) Biological alternatives to harmful chemical pesticides. [Online] CGIAR. IPM Brief Research NO. 4. Available from: http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/tttc/tttc-00147-en.pdf [Accessed 2nd February 2013].
[3]. Coulson, R.N. & Witter, J.A. (1984) Forest entomology ecology and management. New York, John Willey and Sons.
[4]. Verkerk, R (2001) Farmers' friends: recognition and conservation of natural enemies of vegetable pests. Bell Village, Mauritius, Preci-ex Ltd.
[5]. Tamo, M., Bottenberg, H. Arodokoun, D. & Adeoti, R. (1997) The feasibility of classsical biological control of two major cowpea insect pests. In: Singh, B. B., Mohan Raj. D. R. Dashiel K. E. & Jakai L. E. N. (eds) Advances in cowpea research. Ibadan, IITA.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	On-Farm Assessment of the Impact of Synthetic and Botanical Insecticides Spray Regimes in the Management of Maruca Vitrata in Cowpea Production in Kebbi State Of Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Abdullahi Maikai Murna, Ibrahim Salihu Koko
	:	10.9790/2380-075496102

ABSTRACT: The investigation aimed at finding alternatives or at least minimise farmers massive (10-8 times) use of broad spectrum chemical insecticides for the management of Maruca vitrata a major reproductive insect pest of cowpea in cowpea in Kebbi State of Nigeria. The experiments in RCB design were carried out in Manga village of Zuru local government area of the State using cowpea variety IT89KD-245-1. Volunteer farmers applied the insecticides (Cypermethrin + 250g/l Dimethoate and 5% neem kernel extract (nke) on both calendar (weekly) and scouting basis, using action threshold of 60% flower infestation/damage at 50% flowering stage. Larval infestation/flower damage, yield and yield components as well as economic returns of each insecticide spray regime were assessed. The result showed that neem on a calendar application provided effective control of M. vitrata larval infestation/damage. Nke scouting based application had significantly higher larval infestation/damage compared to calendar chemical insecticide application but, yield was similar. Economic returns were better using neem for control of M. vitrata than using chemical insecticide, especially if neem applications were based on scouting. Thus, neem demonstrated to be a better alternative to chemical control of M. vitrata.
Keywords: Botanical Insecticide, Cowpea Production, Maruca vitrata, On-farm, Synthetic Insecticide

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[3]. CGIAR SP-IPM (2006) Biological alternatives to harmful chemical pesticides. [Online] CGIAR. IPM Brief Research NO. 4. Available from: http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/tttc/tttc-00147-en.pdf [Accessed 2nd February 2013].
[4]. Munyua, C. N. (2003) Challenges in implementing integrated pest management (IPM) practices: implications for agricultural extension. [Online] Association for International Agricultural Extension Education 19th Annual Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina, no date. Available from:http://www.aiaee.org/attachments/article/1194/Munyua469.pdf [Accessed 2nd May 2013].
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