IOSR-JAVS   Volume-7 ~ Issue-8 ~ AUG

ABSTRACT: Center pivot modification depends on replacing the sprinkler head (sprayer) by polyethylene hoses ending by nozzles. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of Agriculture, in Shams University, to modify sprinkler pivot to work as a moving surface irrigation system. Two different nozzles shapes were selected (trapezoid and triangle) with two different hoses length (25 and 200 cm). Pilot area was divided into two halves, the first was straight furrow, while the second was furrow as well as concentrated with track of pivot wheel, and planted maize. The main objectives of this study are to modify pivot irrigation system to be more suitable to irrigate trees, and other crops under special conditions, to evaluate the modification system and to reduce the investment costs of the modified system. Results show that, operating the Movable Surface Irrigation System.(MSIS) at low pressure head (1.5 bar), water amount was decreased by (16.8%), the uniformity coefficient for triangle form was 91.6%,pulled hoses (200cm) were better than the short hoses, on the other hand, water use efficiency (WUE) with Movable Surface Irrigation System. system was (2.5 kg/m3) while it was (1.84 kg/m3) with sprinkler pivot system and the Movable Surface Irrigation System. system reduced the hazard of chemigation. The investment cost of the modified system was reduced as compared with traditional system with little energy required for the Movable Surface Irrigation System. system. There's no significant difference between the two methods of furrow on grain yield of maize.

[1]. Batty, J. C.; S. N. Hamad and J. Keller (1975).Energy inputs to irrigation. J. of Irrig. Drain. Div., ASCE, 101(IR4):293-307,USA.
[2]. Barlts,S.V.;D.M,Edwards,andP.-Wu(1987).Drip Irrigation design and evaluation based on staticaluniformityconcept. In Aduncein Irrigation (ed).D.Hillel,New York Academic Press Inc.,pp67-117.
[3]. BronerI.(2002),Center pivot irrigation system ,No.4.704.,
[4]. www.ext.colostate.edu/.
[5]. Doorenobs ,J.and W.O. Pruitt (1977).Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements .FAO Irrg.and Drain. paper24.Rome ,Italy: p 156.

ABSTRACT: Research study was carried out for two successive seasons 2012 and 2013 on seven years old (Florda prince) peach trees (Purnus perseca L. Batsch) budded on Nemagard rootstock. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, modern reclamation lands, situated Bader City, South Al-Tahrir, Al-Beharia Governate, Egypt. Peach trees were planted at 5 x 4 m in sandy soil, and were irrigated using four techniques of drip irrigation systems: Gr surfacr drip (SD) 4 l/h., Gr subsurface drip (SSD), surface micro drip (SMD) 0.5 l/h, and subsurface micro drip(SSMD) under three amount of applied water (60, 80, 100% of applied water will be called T1, T2 and T3). Fourty two experimental trees were selected of normal growth with uniform of vigor. Statistical design was split with three replicets. And results show that, The best irrigation water save is 20% for T2 under all of SMD and SSMD irrigation system, on the other hand, T1 under SMD irrigation system in all of first and second year is acceptance by irrigation water saving ratio 40%, the high gradation for CWUE under various water amounts, T1 water treatment is the higher value then T2 and T3 under various drip irrigation systems

Keywords: micro-irrigation, drip irrigation water-save, peach trees,water use efficiency, peach quality yield, Energy.

[1]. Batty, J. C. and J. keller, (1980), Energy requirement for irrigation. D. Pimentel (ed): Hbook of Energy Utilization. In Agriculture. Florida, CRC press: 35-44, USA.
[2]. Batty, J. C.; S. N. Hamad and J. Keller (1975). Energy inputs to irrigation. J. of Irri. Drain. Div., ASCE, 101(IR4):293-307.
[3]. Canakci, M., Topakci, M., Akinci, I., Ozmerzi, A., 2005. Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: case study for Antalya Region, Turkey.Energy Convers. Manag. 46 (4), 655–666.
[4]. Doorenobs, J. and W.O. Pruitt (1977). Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements .FAO Irrigation. and Drainage. Paper 24. Rome ,Italy: p 156.
[5]. Down, M. J., A. K. Turner and T. A. McMahon, (1986). On farm energy used in irrigation. Final Report No. 78/86 of a project supported by the NER. Development and demonstration Council. Melbourne Univ., Civil and Agric. Eng. Dept. 78pp, Australia

ABSTRACT: Research study was carried out for two successive seasons 2012 and 2013 on seven years old (Florda prince) peach trees (Purnus perseca L. Batsch) budded on Nemagard rootstock. The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, modern reclamation lands, situated Bader City, South Al-Tahrir, Al-Beharia Governate, Egypt. Peach trees were planted at 5 x 4 m in sandy soil, and were irrigated using four techniques of drip irrigation systems: Gr surfacr drip (SD) 4 l/h., Gr subsurface drip (SSD), surface micro drip (SMD) 0.5 l/h, and subsurface micro drip(SSMD) under three amount of applied water (60, 80, 100% of applied water will be called T1, T2 and T3). Fourty two experimental trees were selected of normal growth with uniform of vigor. Statistical design was split with three replicets. And results show that, The best irrigation water save is 20% for T2 under all of SMD and SSMD irrigation system, on the other hand, T1 under SMD irrigation system in all of first and second year is acceptance by irrigation water saving ratio 40%, the high gradation for CWUE under various water amounts, T1 water treatment is the higher value then T2 and T3 under various drip irrigation systems The mean value of EEIS higher percentage in SSMD and SMD irrigation systems than its counterpart in SSD and SD irrigation system, beside at under all of SSMD irrigation systems is increasing with water amount increasing, The average energy production under SMD and SSMD irrigation systems is higher than SD and SSD irrigation systems by 18.8%,cost of unit production unit (LE/kg) for SSMD and SMD irrigation systems are lower than SSD and SD irrigation systems by (32-38,3%) at first season and (28,7-32%) at second season approximately.

Keywords: micro-irrigation, drip irrigation water-save, peach trees,water use efficiency, peach quality yield, costs

[1]. AbdouS. H,Hegazi, El-Gindy, A. M. and Sorlini, C.(2010). M. M, Performance of Ultra-Low Rate of Trickle Irrigation. Misr J. Ag. Eng., Irrigation and drainage, 27 (2): 549- 564.
[2]. Doorenobs, J. and W.O. Pruitt (1977).Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements .FAO Irrigation. and Drainage. Paper 24.Rome ,Italy: p 156.
[3]. Elmesery. A. A. M. (2010). Water movement in soil under misro trickle irrigation system.Misr J. Ag. Eng., Irrigation and drainage, 28 (3): 590- 612
[4]. FAO (1984).Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage paper No.24.
[5]. Gilead,G.(2012) (http://www.trickle-l.com/new/archives/uldi.html

ABSTRACT: Survey and collection of the marketed orange fruit with rot symptoms were conducted in the South Western Nigeria in 2011 and 2012 respectively. Orange fruits showing rot symptoms that are displayed for sale in five different market places in five major cities in Oyo State in South Western Nigeria namely, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Saki, Ibarapa and Ibadan were collected and examined for the presence of the inducing pathogens as well as aflatoxin contamination. Fourteen pathogenic fungi were isolated from rotted orange fruits were: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Botrytis cinerea, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium oxysporium, Fusarium moniliforme, Geotrichum spp., Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium digitatum, Rhizopus stolonifer, Trichoderma viridae, Phytopthora spp and Rhizopus nigricans. A. flavus, A. niger, F. oxysporium, F. moniliforme, Geotrichum spp, P. digitatum, P. citrinum and R. nigricans respectively had the significantly (P≥0.05) highest rate of occurrence among the isolated fungi while Trichoderma viridae and Curvularia lunata were significantly (P≥0.05) least encountered in this study. Pathogenicity tests revealed that of all isolated fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporium, Rhizopus nigricans, Fusarium moloniforme, Geotrichum spp., Penicillium citrinum and Rhizopus stolonifer were highly pathogenic with the first three leading to rapid disintegration of treated fruit in 3-5 days, while the rest were moderately pathogenic with the exception of P. oxalicum and T. viride that caused the least significantly pathogenic rot of orange fruits. Quantities of aflatoxins were detected from infected orange fruits, collected from all the markets in each city in Oyo state. Keywords: Citrus sinensis, Aflatoxins, Post-Harvest Diseases, Survey.

[1]. Adisa K.A, Fajola A.O (1983). Cellulolytic enzymes associated with the soft rots of Citrus sinensis caused by Aspergillus aculeatus and Botryodiplodia theobromae. Mycopathologia 82: 23-27.
[2]. Adisa, V.A and Fajola, A.O (1982). Post harvest fruit rot of three species of Citrus in South Western Nigeria. Indian phytopath. Department of Botany, University of Ibadan 35(4):595-603.
[3]. Akinmusire, O.O (2011). Fungal Species Associated with the Spoilage of Some Edible Fruits in Maiduguri Northern Eastern Nigeria. Advances in Environmental Biology, 5(1): 157-161, 2011 ISSN 1995-0756.
[4]. Baiyewu R.A, Amusa N.A (1999) Biochemical changes in pawpaw fruits (VAR. ISOLO, JS22 and HOMESTEAD) infected with fungi Bioscience Research Communications 11(3): 257-261
[5]. Baiyewu R.U (1994). Fungi associated with fruit rot of pawpaw in southwestern Nigeria. PhD. Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria p.145.

ABSTRACT: Thirty five sweet sorghum genotypes of diverse origin were subjected to multivariate analysis. Depending on the D2 values, these were grouped in to six clusters. Cluster II was the largest and consisted of 10 genotypes and cluster VI was the least with one genotype. The inter-cluster distances were higher than the intra-cluster distances reflecting wider genetic diversity among the genotypes. Based on the D2 values, the genotypes from diverse clusters would be derived and used in the hybridization program to generate wide range of transgressive segregants for sweet sorghum improvement.

Key words: Cluster distance, genetic diversity, sweet sorghum

[1]. Allard, R.W. 1960. Principles of Plant Breeding. New York: John Willey and Sons. 485p.
[2]. Almodares, A., and Mostafafi, D.S.M. 2006. Effects of planting date and time of nitrogen application on yield and sugar content of sweet sorghum. Journal of Environmental Biology 27: 601–605.
[3]. Almodares, A., Taheri, R., and Adeli S. 2008. Stalk yield and carbohydrate composition of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars and lines at different growth stages. Journal of Malaysian Applied Biology 37: 31–36.
[4]. Bala Ravi, S., Biswas, P. K., and Ratnavathi, C.V. 1997. Genetic variability and stability for the major traits of sweet sorghum. Proceedings of first International Sweet sorghum conference, 298–300.
[5]. Elangovan, M., Kiran Babu, P., Seetharama, N and Patil J.V. 2014. Genetic diversity and heritability characters associated in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Sugar Tech 16:(2) 200-210
[6]. Goel, P., Swati Sharma, P.K., and Srivastava, K. 2005. Genetic divergence in an elite germplasm collection of wheat (Triticum spp.). Crop Improvement 32: 114–120.

ABSTRACT: The investigation was conducted with the aim of artificial induction of mutation by sodium azide (SA) to overcome the limitation of variability in black gram and to induce specific improvement without disturbing their better attributes. Seeds of two varieties of urdbean viz. KU92-1 and KU300 were treated with SA of different concentrations (0.5%,1.0%,1.5%) to determine their mutagenic sensitivity in terms of seed germination, seedling height, number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, root length, root lets number/plant etc. One part of the mutagen treated seeds as well as the control of both the varieties were sown in plastic petri dishes and grown under room temperature and other part was planted in the experimental field following randomized block design (RBD) layout to raise first mutant generation (M1). With increase in the dose of SA, germination percentage, seedling growth and number of leaves/plant etc. were decreased. Both the parental varieties differed significantly between themselves for both percentage seed germination, seedling height and most of the characters at seedling stage for SA treatments. KU300 were highly sensitive and did not germinate in all treatments under field conditions. Variances among treatments were also significantly high.

Key words: Urdbean, sodium azide, mutagen, random block design, mutant generation

[1] F.L. Fery, New opportunities in Vigna, In : Janick J, Whipkey A (eds) Trends in new crops and new uses, ASHS press, Alexandria, 2002, 424– 428.

[2] M F El-Karamay, Double purpose (Forage and seed) of mung bean production 1-effect of plant density and forage cutting date on forage and seed yields of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczck), Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 2, 2006. 162 – 165.

[3] D Munro and E.Small, Vegetables of Canada, NRC Research Press Scientific Publishing, Canada, 1997, pp. 245-247.

[4] Ali, M. and S.Kumar, Pulses production in India: Present status and future strategies, Yojana(September issue), 2006,13-15.

[5] M C Kharkwal, Induced mutations in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) III. Frequency and spectrum of viable mutations. Indian J. Genet., 59, 1999, 451–64.

ABSTRACT: The study was aimed at reporting the pest infesting the Capsicum chinense Bhut Jolokia fruits collected from Nagaland, Northeast India. The larvae present in the stored dry fruits were reared into adult in the laboratory and identified. The amount of capsaicinoids ingested by the larvae and accumulated in the adult after the pupation was estimated by UV Spectrophotometer and HPLC analysis. The pest was identified as Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) for the first time in Naga chilli. About 54.07% of fruit weight loss and 100% of fruit damage was caused by larva that reduces the fruit quality and quantity during storage. The amount of capsaicinoids ingested was 6.99 μg/mg and 2.65μg/mg in the larvae and adult respectively. The HPLC analysis confirmed the presence of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin peak in the acetonitrile extract of larvae as 71.87μg/ml and 78.37μg/ml respectively. The estimation confirmed the ingestion of capsaicin by the larvae there by reduce the quality of fruit. In practice, capsaicin was used as insect repellent but the reported species tolerate and survive the highly pungent environment. Hence the Lepidoptera infestation in Capsicum chinense has to be considered as it poses high rate of quarantine risk during storage and export.

Keywords: Capsicum chinense, Phthorimaea operculella, Micro moth, Gelechiidae, quarantine risk

[1] Csillery G, Pepper taxonomy and the botanical description of the species. Acta Agron Hung 54, 2006, 151–66.

[2] Adriana Canto-Flick, Eduardo Balam-Uc, Jerico´ Jabı`n Bello-Bello, Carlos Lecona- Guzma´n, Daniela Solı´s-Marroquı´n, Susana Avile´s-Vin˜ as, Eunice Go´mez-Uc, Guadalupe Lo´pez-Puc, and Nancy Santana-Buzzy . Capsaicinoids Content in Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) Hottest Known Cultivars. Hortscience 43(5), 2008,1344–1349.

[3] Karvy, Seasonal outlook on chili. Karvy Special Reports, (Karvy Comtrade Special Reports 2008).

[4] Spices Board India, Government of India. www.indianspices.com/, accessed on 20 March (2010).

[5] Meghvansi MK, Siddiqui S, Haneef Khan Md, Gupta VK, Vairale, MG, Gogoi HK, Lokendra Singh , Naga chilli: A potential source of capsaicinoids with broad-spectrumethnopharmacological applications, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 132(1),2010,1-14

ABSTRACT: Data from 1330 Red Sokoto goats were used to study the phenotypic correlation and relationship estimations between litter size, kidding interval, parity and body size characteristics in Red Sokoto goat. The data were collected from two areas; Saunawa and Amarzakawa villages, all in Kano State, Nigeria. The traits recorded were litter size, kidding interval, body weight and body measurements viz height-at-withers, body length and chest girth. These were taken at mating, during pregnancy, at kidding and 60 days post kidding. The data were analysed using General Linear Model of SAS. The average litter size, kidding interval, height-at-withers, body length and chest girth recorded were 1.45, 6.9 month, 67.0, 73.0, 79.0cms receptively. Litter size had positive correlation (p < 0.01) with KI, Mwt, PKwt, Kwt, 60d PKwt, HAW, BL, and CG; and KI had positive correlations (p <0.01) with Mwt, Kwt, 60d PKwt, HAW, BL and CG. There was significant effect (p < 0.01) of parity of the doe on LS, KI, Mwt, Kwt, 60d PKwt, HAW, BL and CG. Correlations between LS, KI, Mwt, HAW, BL and CG were significant (p < 0.01) and ranged between (r = 0.30) and (r = 0.93). This study indicated that body weight and measurements showed significant and positive correlations and the tendency to show some progress with progressing age and parity; these characters could be improved by conditioning the environment.

Key words: Litter size, kidding interval, body weight, body measurement, Red Sokoto goats.

[1]. Adu, I.F, and Lakpini, C.A.M. (1989). Small Ruminant System in Africa and Improvement to bring about Increased Productivity. In: Adeniji, K.O (ed) Proceeding of the Workshop on Improvement of Small ruminant in West and Central Africa. Ibadan (Nigeria) 21- 25 November, 1989. Pp 129-136.
[2]. Akpa, G.N., Duru, S.S. and Amos, T.T. (1998). Influence of Strain and Sex on Estimation of within Age group, Body weight of Nigerian Maradi goats and their Linear Body Measurements. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 75(4): 462 -467.
[3]. Akpa, G.N., Jokthan, G.E., Ogunleye, K.O and Lakpini, C.A.M. (2004). Genetic and Nongenetic Sources of Variation for Litter size, Gestation length and Sex ratio in Nigerian goats. Journal of Sustainable Tropical Agricultural Research 12:66 – 70.
[4]. Akpa, G.N., Abubakar, M.Y., Nwagu, B.I and Alphonsus, C., (2009). Genetic and Relationship Estimation of Body Weight and Morphometric Traits in Red Sokoto goats. Animal Production Research Advances. 5(4): 233-237.
[5]. Amoah, E.A. and Geleye, S. (1990). Reproduction Performance of Female Goats in South Pacific Countries. Small Ruminant Research. 34:257 – 267.

ABSTRACT: The present Studies made with gingelly to upgrade the quality of seeds based on that specific gravity using water floatation technique seeds revealed that specific gravity grading using water improved the seed quality of gingelly with respect to seed recovery and seed quality characters.

Keywords: size grading,flotation,sesame,oilseed

[1]. Agrawal, R.L. 1995. Seed Technology, Oxford and IBH. Publishing Co. PVT. Ltd., New Delhi.
[2]. Abbul – Baki, A.A. and J.D. Anderson,. 1973 Vigour determination in soybean seed by multiple criteria. Crop Sci., 13: 630-633
[3]. Balamuragan .P.,P.Srimathi and Sundaralingam . 2004. Influence of seed size on vigor and productivity of safflower. Dept of seed science and technology, Tamilnadu Agricultural University , Coimbatore.
[4]. Balamurugan, V. 2002. Nutrient management for seed yield maximization in rainfed sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cv. CO 1. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
[5]. ISTA. 1999, International Rules for Seed testing. Seed Sci. & Technol. (Supplement Rules) 27 : 25-30.
[6]. Nachimuthu, A. 1997. Studies on the influence pelleting and foliar nutrient on plant growth yield and quality of seeds of Gingelly (Sesamum indicum L.) cv. TMV3, M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore

ABSTRACT: Industrialization of horticulture sector no doubt assured economic prosperity but brought along with it a huge quantity of fruit processing waste, whose disposal in the environment caused not only extensive pollution but also the loss of natural wealth. Apple pomace is a left-over residue after apple juice extraction amounting to about 20-30 per cent of the total processed apple fruits. To utilize this waste, a study of the effect on the quality attributes of apple pomace powder prepared by two different dryers was carried. Apples were blanched to get wet apple pomace cake which was exposed to different drying air temperatures (60, 70, 80°C and solar dryer) with different tray dryer (40 , 50 g and 60g) Initial moisture content of the apple pomace was an average of 442.49 % d.b. Drying of apple pomace took place in falling rate period. Overall drying rate linearly increased with temperature and decreased with increase in tray dryer at all temperatures. In solar dryer it takes time and depends on the condition of the weather. Nutritional evaluation was done for crude fibers, fat and protein for apple pomace dried powder. The temperature of 70 °C and tray dryer of 50 g yielded the highest values of protein as well as fiber content. It was concluded that apple pomace should not be dried at temperatures more than 70 °C as at high temperature, significant reduction of protein and sugar content was observed. Medium temperature (60-70 °C) should be used for drying and quality of pomace powder is better than solar dryer. Shelf life of the apple pomace powder is long for 80oC due to very less moisture and it is very short for solar dryer due to presence of high moisture.

Keywords: Solar dryer, Tray dryer, Apple pomace, Physico-chemical study, Shelflife.

[1]. Masoodi F.A., Sharma B., Chauchan G.S (2002) Use of apple pomace as a source of dietary fibre in cakes. Plant Food Human Nutr., 2002,57,121- 128.
[2]. M. Kennedy, D. List, Y. Lu, L.Y. Foo, R.H. Newman, I.M. Sims, P.J.S. Bain, B. Halminton, G. Fenton: Apple Pomace and Products Derived from Apple Pomace: Uses, Composition and Analysis. In: Modern Methods of Plant Analysis: Analysis of Plant Waste Materials, H.F. Linskens, J.F. Jackson (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1999) pp. 75–119..
[3]. Lin K W.,and Lin H Y., (2004) Quality characteristics of Chinese-style meatballs containing bacterial cellulose (Nata). Journal of Food Science. 69: 107-111.
[4]. Kaushal, N.K., V.K. Joshi and R.C. Sharma (2002), Effect of stage of apple pomace collection and the treatment on the physical-chemical and sensory qualities of pomace papad (fruit cloth), Journal Food Science Technology, Vol. 39(4), pp. 388- 393.
[5]. Kinsella.JE(1987). Functional properties of protein: Possible relationship between structure and function in foods. Food chem. 7 (2): 275-288

ABSTRACT: One hundred and forty six inbred lines CIMMYT maize were characterized based on some morphological traits and grain yield at the experimental field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) during 2009-10 to study the maintenance and characterization of new exotic maize inbreeds. Maximum variation was found in number of grains per row, number of cobs per row, grain yield/plant, cob length (cm), ear height (cm) and plant height (cm). On the basis of D2 analysis, 146 inbred lines were grouped into 6 clusters. The inter cluster D2 values varied from 0.974 to 6.595 which exhibited medium range of diversity present in the inbred lines. It is expected that crossing of inbred lines belonging high to medium D2 values tend to produce high heterosis for yield. Development of hybrids utilizing these genotypes has the chance to obtain higher heterosis with high performing crosses. In order to achieve more heterotic partners from 146 CIMMYT (India) inbreeds were characterized for their morphological traits and kernel yield. Selfed seeds for each of the inbreeds line also maintained for future breeding works. Development of hybrids utilizing these genotypes has the chance to obtain higher heterosis with high performing crosses.

Keywords: Characterization, Cluster Analysis, Inbred Lines, Zea mays L

[1] FAOSTAT, Statistical database and data-sets of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nation, 2010. (http://faostat.fao.org/default.aspx)
[2] M. R. Rosegrant, C. Ringler, T. B. Sulser, M. Ewing, A. Palazzo, T. Zhu, Etal. Agriculture and food security under global change, 2009: Prospects for 2025/2050 (Washington, D.C.: International Food policy Research Institute).
[3] J. E. Cairns, K. Sonder, P. H. Zaidi, N. Verhulst, G. Mahuku, R. Babu, S. K. Nair, B. Das, Maize production in a changing climate: impact, adaptation and mitigation strategies. Adv. Agron. 114, 2012, 1-58.
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[5] Anderson, Edgar, L. B. William, The history of the common maize variety of the United States Corn Belt. Agricultural History 26, 1952, 2-8.

ABSTRACT: Rice (Oryza sativa L.) one of the staple food crops of 60% of world's population, suffers from different kinds of diseases caused by fungi. In the present study, five paddy samples were collected from different places of Allahabad, Varanasi, Mirzapur, Jaunpur and Chaundali District of Uttar Pradesh, in India and screened for fungal pathogens using Potato Dextrose Agar plate method. Results showed varied Disease Incidence in collected samples ranging from 56.66% to 83.33%. The variety "BPT-5204" collected from Allahabad showed a minimum DI of 56.66% whereas "Basmati-370" collected from Jaunpur showed 83.33% of maximum of total DI, followed by "Narendra-59" from Mirzapur 80%, "Sonam" from Chandauli which showed 73.33% DI and "Rupali" collected from Varanasi which showed 63.33% DI. Highest fungus frequency was recorded in rice variety Basmati-370 and lowest fungus frequency was found in BPT-5204. Seven fungal species namely Penicillium, Helminthosporium sp, Fusarium sp., Aspergillus niger; Aspergillus ochraceus, Altrnaria sp., and Aspergillus clavatus in all the five samples have been recorded.

Key word: Isolation, seed born fungi, rice varieties.

[1]. Aneja, K.R., 2001, Biochemical activities of microorganisms, Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology and Biotechnology, Newage International publishers, 157- 162.

[2]. Aluko. M. O. 1969. Relative prevalence of blast and brown leaf spot on Upland rice in Nigeria, Plant Dis. Rep. 53:875-877.

[3]. Awoderu, V. A. 1974, Rice disease in Nigeia. PANS 20:416.

[4]. Bedi, P. S.., and Dhaliwal, D. S. 1971. Spermatosphere or rice variety Native I from different states of India. India Phytopathol, 23:708-710.

[5]. Javaid, M. S., A. Wahid, M. Idrees, M. A. Gill and A. Saleem (2002). Seed mycoflora studies in rice. Pakistan J. Phytopathol. 14: 132-134.

ABSTRACT: Seeds of wheat were treated with eight locally available indigenous plants namely. Allium sativum (Garlic), Datura stramonium (Datura), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Allium cepa var. aggregatum (Onion), Carica papaya (Papaya), Zingiber officinal (Ginger), Parthenium hysterophorvus (Parthenium), and Curcuma longa (Turmeric) were evaluated. I have been collected from farmer's storages of Varanasi U.P. India. The first aim was to characterize the antifungal activities of leaf extract with acetone, methanol and water as solvents on the most frequently occurring wheat pathogens of the loose smut (Ustilago tritici) in Varanasi. Among the treated wheat seeds, the highest germination was found in 95.58 Seeds were treated with solvents 'Water' plant extracts at 5.0, 7.5, and 10% of solutions in respective plant extracts, 93.95 Seeds were treated with solvents 'Methanol' at 5.0, 7.5, and 10% of solutions in respective plant extracts than 92.20 Seeds were treated with solvents 'Acetone' at 5.0, 7.5, and 10% of solutions in respective plant extracts. Growth promoting activities of leaf extract on wheat seedling vigour was reported. Interestingly, the inoculums on naturally infected wheat seeds could be reduced with plant extract as a seed dressing biofungicide, before sowing. In this study we demonstrated the efficacy and the high control potential of leaf extract against seed-borne wheat fungi.

Key word: Seed Germination, Seed treatment, Seed borne fungi, Wheat

[1]. Agrios, G.N., 2005. Plant Pathology. 5 Editions. Academic Press, San Diego, USA.
[2]. Agrawal, R.L. 1980. Seed germination. pp. 515-518. In: Seed Technology (2nd edn.). Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India. 829 p.
[3]. Bhaduri, N., D.P. Gupta and S. Ram. 1989. Effect of vegetable oils on the ovipositional behaviour of Callosobruchus chinensis Fab. pp. 81-84. In: Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. On Bruchids and Legumes (ISBL-2), Okayama, Japan.
[4]. Chaudhury, S.D. and J.C. Mahla. 2001. Insect pests infesting stored wheat in different climatic region of Haryana. Crops Res. Hisar 2(3): 384-386.
[5]. CIMMYT. 2009. Wheat facts and future 2009. In: Dixon, J., H. Joachim, B. P. Kosina and C. Jonathan (Eds.). International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre. Mexico. 1-95p