IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-10 ~ OCT-2015

ABSTRACT: The study assessed the performance of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) rice (Oryza sativa) project phase one in Anambra and Ebonyi States of Nigeria. The population of the study included all staff of USAID rice project phase one in both states. All the 27 project staff in both states was used which formed the sample size of the study. Primary and secondary data were used to collect data for the study. The primary data were collected through validated questionnaire for project staff while the secondary data were retrieved from the project's publications and reports. Data were analyzed using percentage, mean score and factor analysis. The results of the study showed that majority of the project staff were extension agents that would transfer the rice value chain to farmers.

[1]. Centre for Financial and Management Studies (CFMS). Project appraisal and impact analysis. (SOAS, University of London, 2011). http:www.cefims.ac.uk/documents/sample-36.pdf (1)
[2]. J. Daane, J. Francis, O. Oliveros and M. Bolo. Performance indicators for agricultural innovation systems in the ACP region. Synthesis Report on International Expert Consultation Workshop held at CTA Headquarters, Wageningen, the Netherlands on 15-17 July 2009. (1)
[3]. J..J. Dart, R.J. Petheram and W. Straw. Review of evaluation in agricultural extension. Institute of Land and Food Resources, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, RIRDC Publication No. 98/136 RIRDC Project No. VCA-3A, 1998, 1-118. (1)
[4]. Asian Development Bank (ADB). Handbook for selecting performance indicators for ADB-funded projects in the PRC, 2008. http://www2.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Consultant/PRC/36656 (1)
[5]. G. Akpokodje, S.O. Lançon and O. Erenstein. Nigeria's rice economy: State of the art. Paper presented at the NISER/WARDA Nigerian Rice Economy Stakeholders Workshop, Ibadan, 8-9 November 2001. Bouake: WARDA. (1)
[6]. National Cereal Research Institute (NCRI). Training manual on rice production produced for the Presidential Initiative on Paddy Production for Abakiliki and Omor rice mills and other rice processors in south east zone of Nigeria held at Umudike, Abia State, 2004, 1-128. (1)

ABSTRACT: A overview of work done on the sweet orange decline in relation to soil and plant nutritional status in Jalna district of Maharashtra contributing to sweet orange decline, soil fertility was found one of the major constraint induced by soil pH, salinity and calcium carbonate etc. Nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, ferrous, magnese, zinc and boron were of major significance in sweet orange decline and should be a part of fertilizer application on a regular basis. Nutritional content in order of their increasing or decreasing influence on fruit yield, quality and would further help to evolve a more purposeful nutrient management and there by counter sweet orange decline effectively.

Keywords: - Sweet orange decline, soil factors, plant factors, nutritional status.

[1]. Ahlawat, V.P., Dahiya, S.S. and Yamdagni, R. (1982). Studies on the mineral status of healthy and declining trees of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck ). Prog .Hort ., 14: 126-128.
[2]. Alva, A.K., Graham, J.H. and Anderson, C.A. (1995). Soil pH and copper effects on soil young Hamlin orange trees.Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 39: pp. 481-487.
[3]. Arora, R.K., Ahlawat, V.P. and Yamdagni, R. (1985). Observations on the extent of decline in different cultivars of citrus. Haryana agric. Univ. J. Res., 25 (1): 97- 98.
[4]. Azeri, T. (1981). Decline of Satsuma mandarin orange in Turkey. J. Turkish Phytopathol., 10(1):37-43.
[5]. Dey, J.K., and Singh, D.D. (1998). Nutritional status of healthy and declining citrus ( Citrus reticulata) orchards.Indian J. agri. Sci., 68(2) : 139-143.
[6]. Dhatt, A.S., Grewal, S.P.S., Chahill, B.S. and Dhillon, D.S. (1988). Removal of N, P and K by Kinnow mandarin and Umran ber. Punjab Hort. J., 28 (3-4): 126-129.
[7]. Diware, D.V. and Kolte, S.O. (1990). Analysis of factors responsible for decline of citrus in Vidarbha region. II Role of soil, mannuring, bahar, yield, and stress period. PKV Res. J., 14(2): 119-122.

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the most frequently used agricultural diagnostic information source by extension officers, the content of information which both the extension officer would like to receive for full satisfaction on diagnostics, the formats and form the extension officers would like to receive the information and the ICT tools, channels and features which extension offers have high self- efficiency with for the development an ideal artificial intelligent system. The study was conducted in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya where the population targeted was extension officers within the county. The research design was a case study in Uasin Gishu County and a case of maize diagnostics which formed the representative area and crop for Kenya farmers respectively. All extension officers were interviewed and data obtained analyzed using SPSS.

[1]. Africa Science News Saturday, 16 November 2013 http://www.africasciencenews.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&id=596:how-to-revolutionise-kenyan-agriculture-the-greenhouse-way-&Itemid=113
[2]. Anderson, J Feder G.C 2005: Agricultural Extension, Handbook of Agricultural Economics; Agricultural Development: farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets, Volume 3
[3]. Arokoyo Tunji 2002: ICTs In The Transformation Of Agricultural Extension, The Case Of Nigeria
[4]. Chen, M. 2008, The Integration of Organization and Information Systems Modeling: A Metasystem Approach to the Generation of Group Decision Support Systems and Computer- Aided Software Engineering. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona, Tuc- son, AZ,.
[5]. Davis, F. D. 2003, "Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology", MIS Quarterly, 13(3): 319–340

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the following: commonly used sources of agricultural diagnostic information by maize farmers, content of information which farmers would like to receive for full satisfaction on diagnostics, formats and form farmers prefer to receive the information and ICT tools, channels and features which farmers have high self- efficiency. These aspects were vital for developing of an artificial intelligent system for agricultural diagnostics. The study was conducted in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya where population targeted was maize farmers. A case study design was used in Uasin Gishu County.A case of maize diagnostics formed the representative area and crop for farmers in Kenya. Ninety (90) farmers were interviewed, Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data using SPSS version 16.

[1]. Africa Science News Saturday, 16 November 2013 http://www.africasciencenews.org/en/index.php?option=com_content&id=596:how-to-revolutionise-kenyan-agriculture-the-greenhouse-way-&Itemid=113
[2]. Anderson, J Feder G.C 2005: Agricultural Extension, Handbook of Agricultural Economics; Agricultural Development: farmers, Farm Production and Farm Markets, Volume 3
[3]. Arokoyo Tunji 2002: ICTs In The Transformation Of Agricultural Extension, The Case Of Nigeria
[4]. Chen, M. 2008, The Integration of Organization and Information Systems Modeling: A Metasystem Approach to the Generation of Group Decision Support Systems and Computer- Aided Software Engineering. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of Arizona, Tuc- son, AZ,.
[5]. Davis, F. D. 2003, "Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology", MIS Quarterly, 13(3): 319–340

ABSTRACT: Recently calved 32 cross bred cows were already treated for recurrent milk fever. 94% of these cows were successfully treated with intravenous calcium 450ml and Hydroxyprogesterone 2-3gms and remaining 6% cows with second dose of Mifex 250ml.
Keywords: cows, recurrent milk fever, calcium, hydroxyprogesterone

[1] Radostits,O.M., Blood, D.C., and Gay,C.C., Veterinary Medicine (8th edition, ELBS, Bailliere Tindall, London, 1994) 1314-1316. [2] Radostits,O.M., Gay,C.C., Hinchcliff,K.W. and Constable,P.D., Veterinary Medicine (10thedn, Saunders Elsevier, London, 2006) 1627.

ABSTRACT: Cavities in old walls were most common nesting sites of Trigona iridipennis in Bengaluru region. Most of colonies had a resinous entrance tube. Inside the colony, food pots and brood cells were arranged separately. Food pots were larger than brood cells and were sealed as and when filled. Brood cells were compactly arranged and were mass provisioned with regurgitated brood food. Egg and larval cells were brown colored, while pupal cells were cream colored. Queen cells were larger than worker cells. Total period required from oviposition to adult emergence was 53.30 days comprising 5.75, 12.70, 35.30 days for egg, larvae and pupal stages, respectively. Length of this period was 2.53 times more than that of A. cerana. Marked adults of T. iridipennis had a life span ranging between 80-87 days.

[1]. DOLLIN, A. E., 1996, Nests of Australian stingless bees. North Richmond: Australian native research centre, pp.14.
[2]. HEARD, T. A., 1999, The role of stingless bees in crop pollination. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 44:183-206.
[3]. INOUE, T. AND SALMAH, S., 1984, Foraging behaviour of individual workers and foraging dynamics of colonies of three Sumatran stingless bees. In: Entomology Ecology of insect in humid tropics. pp.44-49
[4]. KSHIRSAGAR, K. K. AND CHAUVAN, R. M., 1977, Preliminary observations on oviposition behavior in Trigona (Tetragona) iridipennis Smith. Indian Bee J., 39(1-4):22-23.
[5]. POOLY, A. C. AND MICHENER, C. D., 1969, Observations on nests of stingless bees in natal (Hymenoptera:Apidae). J. Entomol. Soc., South Africa. 32: 423-430.
[6]. SALMAH, S., INOUE, T. J. AND SAKAGAMI, S. F., 1996, Incubation period and post-emergence pregmentation in the sumantion stingless bee Trigona (Heterotrigona) itama (Apidae:Meliponinae), Japanese J. Entomol., 64(2):401-411.
[7]. STARR, C. K. AND SAKAGAMI, S. F., 1987, An extraordinary concentration in the Philippines, with notes on nest structure (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Trigona spp.), Insect Sociaux, 34(2):90-107.

ABSTRACT: Comparative hepato-therapeutic effect of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Vitex doniana and Bombax buonopense in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver damage in rats were carried out using 114 albino rats. Group A with 6 rats was used as the normal control and it received normal saline and rat feed. Group B to F were given a single dose of 2.5ml/kg of CCl4 in olive oil (1:1 v/v) via intra-peritoneal cavity before treatment. Group B with 6 rats were given the CCl4 without treatment and served as negative control. Group C received standard drug (Liv.52) daily for 7 days at the dose of 4ml/kg and served as positive control. Group D and E received aqueous and methanol extract of Vitex doniana while groups F and G received aqueous and methanol extract of Bombax buonopense. Group D, E, F and G were sub-divided into 4 different groups with 6 rats each by random design method and treated with the extract for 7 days at the doses of 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. The liver function indices were determined by standard methods. In acute toxicity study no death was recorded even at 1600mg/kg doses but LD50 for the two leaf extracts were recorded at 2000 and 3000mg/kg body weight for Vitex doniana and Bombax buonopense respectively.

[1]. Aja, P. M and Onu, P. N (2011). Evaluation of transaminase activity of ethanolic extract of Fresh Ocimum basilicum in rats, Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 45:34- 40
[2]. Aja, P. M., Nwachukwu, N., Ibiam, U. A., Igwenyi, I. O., and Onu, P. N., (2014). Comparative Evaluation of Transaminases and Alkaline Phosphatase Activities in Albino Rats Administered Aqueous, Ethanolic and Methanolic Extracts of Moringa oleifera Seeds Locally Grown in Abakaliki, Nigeria, Journal of Biological and Chemical Research,31 (1):164-181.
[3]. Aja, P. M., Igwenyi, I. O., Ugwu Okechukwu, P. C., Orji, O. U and Alum, E. U., (2015). Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Effect and Liver Function Indices of Ethanol Extracts of Moringa oleifera and Cajanus cajan Leaves in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats, Global Veterinaria 14 (3): 439-447
[4]. Abdulrahman, F. I.( 2004) Studies on the chemical and pharmacological activities of the root back extract of Vitex doniana Guill and pers. (black plum). Ph.D Thesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. 1-4.
[5]. Arokiyari, K, Perinbam, P, Agastian, R, and Molian, K. (2009) Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Vitex agnuscatus. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 34:162-164.
[6]. Atawodi, S. E., Bulus, T., Ibrahim, S., Ameh, D. A., Nok, A. J., Mamman, M. and Galadima, M (2003. In vitro trypanocidal effect of methanolic extract of some Nigerian Savannah plants. Africa Journal of Biochemistry, 2(9):317-321.

ABSTRACT: Comparative antioxidant activities of aqueous and methanol leaf extracts of Vitex doniana and Bombax buonopense in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) liver damage in rats were carried out using 114 albino rats. Group A with 6 rats was used as the normal control and it received normal saline and rat feed. Group B to F were given a single dose of 2.5ml/kg of CCl4 in olive oil (1:1 v/v) via intra-peritoneal cavity before treatment. Group B with 6 rats were given the CCl4 without treatment and served as negative control. Group C received standard drug (Liv.52) daily for 7 days at the dose of 4ml/kg and served as positive control. Group D and E received aqueous and methanol extract of Vitex doniana while groups F and G received aqueous and methanol extract of Bombax buonopense.

[1]. Adedapo, A. A., Mogbojuri, M.O. and Emikpe, B. O., (2009). Safety Evaluations of the Aqueous Extract of the leaves of Moringa oleifera in rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(8): 586-591.
[2]. Aja, P. M. (2014).Comparative Evaluation of Oxidative Stress Indices in Albino Rats Administered Aqueous, Ethanol and Methanol Extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves and Seeds Locally Grown in Abakaliki, Nigeria, Journal of Biological and Chemical Research, Volume 31 (2): 1173-1186
[3]. Aja, P. M., Odeh, C. O., Uraku, A. J and Offor, C. E. (2015).Evaluation of Antioxidant
[4]. Activities of Ethanol Leaf Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus and Hyptis spicigera in Mice exposed to Plasmodium berghei. International Journal of Current Microbiology and .Applied Science, 4(2): 382-393,
[5]. Atawodi, S. E., Bulus, T., Ibrahim, S., Ameh, D. A., Nok, A. J., Mamman, M., and Galadima, M. (2003). In vitro trypanocidal effect of methanolic extract of some Nigerian Savannah plants. Africa Journal of Biochemistry, 2(9):317-321.
[6]. Chelikani, P.,Fita,I and Loewen, P.C.(2004). Diversity of structures and properties among catalases, Cellular and Molecular Life Science, 61(2): 192-208.

ABSTRACT: In India, the majority of farmers hold less than two hectares of land. These farmers generally practice subsistence farming where they need to produce a continuous, reliable and balanced supply of foods, as well as cash for basic needs and recurrent farm expenditure. Therefore, there is need to develop suitable integrated farming systems for such farmers since single crop production enterprises are subject to a high degree of risk and uncertainty because of seasonal, irregular and uncertain income and employment to the farmers. Sporadic but location specific research efforts in this regard have been encouraging (Singh, 1994; Jayanthi et.al., 1994). However, systematic farming systems work involving a larger number of farm families and comparing different types of integrated farming systems over multiple years remains rare.

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ABSTRACT: The present study was carried out of 44 animals (28, Barbari and 16 Jamunapari goats). The blood samples were collected aseptically. There were two primers (LGC1, LGC2) and two restriction enzyme (Sacll and Racl) used for study of polymorphism. Here two variant AA and AB were obtained in both populations at first locus at β-LG gene. Genotypic frequencies were AA = 0.142 AB = 0.857 in Barbari goats were observed. Genotypic frequencies were AA= 0.687 AB= 0.156 in Jamunapari goats were observed. Here, two variant AA and BB were obtained at second locus ofβ-LG gene. Genotypic frequencies of AA = 0.687 BB = 0.315 in Jamunapari goats were obtained. There were non-significantresults after chi-square test between observed and expected genotype in both populations at locus of β-LG gene..

[1]. Alexander, L. J Hayes, G Pearse, M. J. Beatlie, C.W., stewart, A.F., Willis, L.M. and Mackinalay, A.G. (1989): Complete sequence of bovine β-LG c-DNA.Nucleic Acids Research 17: 16739.
[2]. Bostein, D; White, R.L.; Skolnick, M. and Davis, R.W. (1980): Construction of genetics linkage maps in man using restriction fragment length polymorphism. Ani. J Hum. Genet. 32; 314-331.
[3]. Beakmann, J.S. and Soller, M. (1987): Molecular markers in genetic improvement of farm animals Biotechnology. 5 573-576.
[4]. Floch, G.M.,Coll,A. and Sanchez, A., (1993): Rapid communication: cloning and sequencing of the cDNA encoding goat beta-lactoglobulin. Journal of Animal Science 71: 2832.
[5]. Mitra, A.; Schlee, P.;Balakrishnan, C.R. and Pirchner, F.(1995): polymorphism at growth hormone and prolactin loci in Indian cattle and buffalo. J. Anim. Breed Genet. 112; 71-72.
[6]. Nd-Kwai- Hang K. F, (1998): Genetics polymorphism of milk protein: relationships with production traits, milk composition and technological properties. Can J. Anim. Sci. 78; 131-147.
[7]. Saperstein, D. A. and Nickerson, J. M. (.1991): Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using PCR coupled to restriction digests. Biotechniques.

ABSTRACT: The present study included eight specimens of adult bee-eater bird ( Merops orientalis) collected near the places of beekeeping of Al-Diwaniya city, open the birds and extracted the trachea for the purpose of anatomical study. The trachea in bee-eaters bird appear as long, cylindrical flexible tube and the principle basic unit consisting of the trachea arecompose of series circular cartilages which takes - C - shape,The mean length of the trachea ( 5.087± 0.21cm ) and the mean totalnumberof cartilageformingtrachea ( 64.5± 4.5 ). The diameter of tracheal cartilage rings approximately unequal where the average of diameter of trachea near connection with larynx is ( 0.3± 0.0 cm) while the middle region and the area connection between trachea and syrinx (Voice box) is ( 0.25± 0.0 cm). Keywords: Grossly, Trachea, Upper respiratory tract and Bee-eater bird ( Merops orientalis).

[1]. Cramp D C ( 1999): The birds and bees bee-eaters_ Friend or Foe. American Bee Journal. Pp: 543 - 545.
[2]. Gulati R and Kaushik H D ( 2004 ): Enemies of honeybees and their management.Agric. Rev. Vol. 25, No.3, Pp: 189 - 200
[3]. Gerrit P K and Clark L C (1972): The lung and air-sac system of the common grackle. The Auk 89: 817-825.
[4]. Rastogi S C (2007): Respiration. In: Essential of animal physiology. New Age Inter. (P) Ltd. PP. 263-285.
[5]. Pesek L (2000): The avian respiratory system. Winged Wisdom Pet Bird Magazine 1: 1-3.
[6]. Akester A R (1960): The comparative anatomy of the respiratory pathways in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus), pigeon (Columba livia) and domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos). J Anat, 94, 487-505.
[7]. King A S and Mclelland J (1984): Respiratory System. In: Birds their structure and function, 2nded, Bailiere Tindall,England, 110-144.
[8]. Dyce K M Sac W O and Wensing C J G (2010): Text book of Veterinary Anatomy.4th Edition .Saunders Elseveir.pp:799-804.

ABSTRACT: The studies were carried out during the year 2012 to examine the echoic characteristics of ovaries of pregnant buffaloes, recording the health, body condition score; and comparing the accuracy of measurement of ovaries on the basis ofultrasonography and morpho-biometry of left and right ovaries. The results showed that age of pregnant buffalos was 3.93±0.06 years, and the differences in age between experimental buffalos were non-significant (P>0.05). Ultrasonographic biometry of ovaries of pregnant buffaloes indicated that the length of right ovary was slightly greater (34.68±23.46 mm) than the length of left ovary (34.62±25.72 mm). Similarly, the width of left ovary was significantly (P<0.05) greater (18.97±13.10 mm) than the width of right ovary (12.96±2.74 mm); while circumference of left ovary was remarkably (P<0.05) higher (65.40±17.02 mm) than the circumference of right ovary (54.45±23.86 mm).

[1]. Adnan, N., G. Nabi, L.A. Lodhi, S. Ali, N. Ahmad, S. U. Rahman and M. Akhtar. 2012. Histological studies of the pregnant buffalo adenohypophysis with reference to phases of estrus cycle. Journal of Animal Science. 22 (3) :181-188.
[2]. Kachiwal, A.B., B. A. Sheikh, S. A. Sheikh, T. A. Qureshi and M. A. Memon. 2012 .Ultrasonographic Biometry of the Ovaries of Pregnant Kundhi Buffaloes. Journal of animal Science. 44 (3) 105-109.
[3]. Razzaque, W.A.A., S.K. Sahatpure, C.H. Pawshe and S.V. Kuralkar. 2009. Biometry of ovaries and follicular count in cycling and non-cycling pregnant buffalo. Journal of Animal Science. 78 (4) : 222-226.
[4]. Snedecor, G. W. and W.G. Cochran 1967. Statistical methods applied to experiments in agriculture and biology. 5th ed. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1956.
[5]. Terzano, L., G. Maria and I. Giuseppina. 2009. Ultrasonography and Reproduction in Pregnant buffalo. Journal of Meat Production. 32 (4) : 105-109.

ABSTRACT: The growth and development of Trigona iridipennis in terms of mean weight, increased gradually from first fortnight of August and reached maximum in second fortnight of September with mean of 4.53 per cent and found declined to an extent of 29.74 per cent in second fortnight of January, again colony weight was increased steadily and attained a mean growth of 35.54 per cent in second fortnight of July. The mean brood volume of tested colony declined from first fortnight of August to first fortnight of December to an extent of 57.09 per cent. Thereafter, brood volume increased to 139.25 per cent growth in second fortnight of June.

[1]. VEEN, J. W., YAN, H., ARCE, SOMMEIJER, M. J. AND BILLEN, J., 1992, Brood production of stingless bee, Melipona beecheii in relation to dry season foraging. Biology and evolution of Social Insects, pp-81-87
[2]. WILLE, A., 1983, Biology of the stingless bees. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 28:41-64

ABSTRACT: In order to investigate the management patterns and economic efficiencies of urban dairy farms, the dairy farms established in the urban areas of Karachi were studied during the year 2008. The sample comprised of 25, 15 and 11 small, medium and large size farms with average herd size of 27, 62 and 143 animals, respectively. The results indicated that the average per farm opening inventory of all assets including animals, value of shed, equipment and other utensils etc. at small, medium and large farms was Rs.2,717,000; 5,892,000 and 12,997,000 while ending inventory Rs.2,913,500; 6,461,500 and 13,635,000/farm, respectively.

[1]. Alvarez, A., J. Corral, D. Solis and J. A. Perez. 2008. Does Intensification Improve the Economic Efficiency of Dairy Farms? J. Dairy Sci. 91 : 3693-3698.
[2]. David, H. and F. Machado. 2005. Efficiency analysis with panel data: A study of Portuguese dairy farms. Review of Agricultural Economics, OxfordUniv.Press, England.
[3]. Demircan, V., T. Binici, H. Koknaroglu and A.R. Aktas. 2006. Economic analysis of different dairy farm sizes in Burdur province in Turkey. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 51 (1) : 8–17.
[4]. Dieye, P. N., G. Duteurtre, M. M. Sissokho, M. Sall and D. Dia. 2003.Peri urban milk production in Southern Senegal. Seasonality of supply and economic performances. Tropicultura Vol: 21 (3) : 142-148.
[5]. Gowda, N.K.S. and C.S. Prasad. 2005. Macro-and micro-nutrient utilization and milk production in crossbred dairy cows fed finger millet Eleusinecoracana and rice Oryza sativa straw as dry roughage source. 18 (1) : 48-53.
[6]. Hasni, M.I. 2005. Study on production and marketing patterns of milk in Quetta district (Balochistan). Thesis submitted to Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam.

ABSTRACT: Dermatophiluscongolensis is a gram-positive filamentous facultative anaerobic bacterium that infects wide range of animals and humans. Cattle farmers of a village from YSR district of Andhra Pradesh, India, consulted local veterinarian with the history of scabs in few animals, which was referred to college. We investigated the incidence. The scabs and crust formed on the skin of affected dairy cattle was preliminarily indicating Dermatophilosis infection.

[1]. A. B. Barbara, L. R. Courtney, R. M. Valerie, M. S. Eileen, A. B. Stephanie,Atypical Dermatophiluscongolensis infection in a three-year-old pony,Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 22,2010,141–143.
[2]. D.H. Lloyd - Dermatophilosis. In Infectious tropical diseases of domestic animals (G.J. Losos, ed.). Longman Scientific and Technical Publications, Harlow, Essex, United Kingdom, 1986,694-717.
[3]. M.Gebreyohannes,M.Gebresselassie,An Overview on Dermatophilosis of Animals: a Review,Journal of Animal Science Advances, 3(7),2013,337-344.
[4]. L. T.Zaria, J.D. Amin, Bacterial diseases,section IV-Dermatophilosis, 2000, 5.
[5]. M. Bryan, L. Finola, A. Marie, C. Ann, M. Dores, A Text book of Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, 2013, Second Edition.
[6]. G. W.Kaminski, I. I. Suter, Human infection with Dermatophiluscongolensis. Medical Journal of Australia, 1,1976, 443–447.
[7]. A. Aranzazu, E. Ana, T.C. Maria, T. Carlos, H. Dolores, B. Margarita, Is Infection by DermatopIhiluscongolensisUnderdiagnosed?,Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49, 2011, 449–451.
[8]. M.B. Eileen, A.J. Lydia, T.R. James, H. Fadi,Pustular Dermatitis Caused by Dermatophiluscongolensis, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45(5), 2007, 1655–1658.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, data made available in public domain by the Government of India, under the Open Government Data Initiative is analyzed using data warehouse design and data analysis techniques. A data model is developed to analyze risks in agriculture. Regression analysis and K-Means Clustering are used as analysis techniques to derive insights from the available data and identify potential risk factors.

Keywords: data warehouse, data analysis, regression analysis, K means clustering, agriculture in India, irrigation, rainfall, crop yields, Online Analytical Processing, data mining.

[1]. Government set to expand the social security net with new launch of farm and health insurancehttp://www.policybazaar.com/health-insurance/general-info/news/government-to-expand-social-security-net-with-new-launch-of-farm-health-insurance/ [2]. Government set to unveil farm and health insurance for masses: http://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/govt-set-to-unveil-farm-health-insurance-for-masses/
[3]. Moving data from Excel to SQL SERVER, Andy Brown
https://www.simple-talk.com/sql/ssis/moving-data-from-excel-to-sql-server---10-steps-to-follow/
[4]. Create a first data warehouse, Mubin Shaikh
http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/652108/Create-First-Data-WareHouse
[5]. K-Means Clustering in Orange Canvas: Orange Canvas Manual
http://user-manual.net/orange-canvas-tutorial-manual-pdf.html.

ABSTRACT: This comparative study was conducted within a selected coastal empoldered area of Bangladesh, with a view to comparing the profitability and technical efficiency of T. Aman rice growers between two locations with different level of salinity. Two unions (Pankhali and Tildunga) under polder 31 of Dacope upazila were selected to fulfill the intention of the study. It should refer that the farmers of the Pankhali union controlled saline water intrusion into the rice field by sluice gate management and followed rice-cum-golda pattern, where as the farmers of Tildunga union still practicing rice-cum-bagda with saline water. The study revealed that T. Aman rice production was profitable in both of saline water controlled and uncontrolled areas but the realistic favor viewed that economic return was reasonably in controlled area. The returns per taka investment in controlled and uncontrolled areas were 1.70 and 1.60, respectively.

1 M.C. Rahman, A.B. Siddique, M.A. Salam, M.F. Kabir and M.S. Mahamud, Farm Level Evaluation of T. Aman Rice Cultivation in Selected Saline and Non-Saline Areas of Bangladesh, IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 4(4),2013a,91-98. 2 S. Jenkins, A. Chowdhury and R. Hossain, Impact of Small Scale Coastal Embankment: A Case Study of LGED Polder, Journal of Rural Development,34 (2),2007, 35-60. 3 SRDI, Survey report, 2012, 'Soil Resource Development Institute', Brackish water station, Shatkhira, Bangladesh. 4 M.C. Rahman, A.B. Siddique, M.A.Salam, M.A. IslamandM.S. Al-faisal, Assessment of Technical Efficiency of Rice Farmers in a Selected Empoldered Area of Bangladesh, European Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10, 2013b, 102-110. 5 S. Rahman, Profit Efficiency among Bangladesh Rice Farmers, Proceedings of the International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Durban, South Africa,2003, 591-604. 6 T.S. Hyuha, B. Bashaasha, E. Nkonyaand D. Kraybill, Analysis of Profit Inefficiency in Rice Production in Eastern and Northern Uganda, African Crop Science Journal, 15(4), 2007, 243-253.

ABSTRACT: With increasing globalization, expanding agribusiness and liberalization, there is a danger that smallholder producers may find it difficult to participate effectively in the growing market economy and subsequently become marginalized. Smallholder producers need to improve the quality of their competitiveness in order to survive. Formation of farmer marketing organizations has been one of the initiatives in Kenya to supplement public and private sector initiatives to promote active involvement of smallholder farmers participation in the markets. To this moment, such institutional, macro and trade policy interventions have failed to stimulate market participation by smallholder farmers and also agricultural and rural transformations.

[1]. M Lubungu, A Chaptoo, and G Tembo, Smallholder farmers participation in Libestock Markets: The case of Zambian Farmers (No. 140902). Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural, Food and Resource economics, 2012.
[2]. E Martey, R Al-Hassan and J Kuwornu, Commercialization of smallholder agriculture in Ghana: A Tobit regression analysis. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 7(14), 2012, 2131-2141.
[3]. N M Agwu Determinants of profitability among plantain marketers in Abia State, Nigeria. The Nigerian Journal of Development Studies, 7(1): 2009, 49– 58.
[4]. AEnete and E Igbokwe, Cassava Market Participation Decision of Households in Africa. Tropicultura, 27(3): 2009, 129-136.
[5]. P Olwande, W Ogara, S Okuthe, G Muchemi, E Okoth, M Odindo, and R Adhiambo, Assessing the productivity of indigenous chickens in an extensive management system in Southern Nyanza, Kenya.Tropical Animal Health and Production.42, 2010, 283-288.
[6]. J Omiti, D Otieno, T Nyanamba and E McCullough, Factors influencing the intensity of market participation by smallholder farmers: A case study of rural and peri-urban areas of Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 3(1), 2009, 57-82.

ABSTRACT: This investigation was carried out olive trees (Olea europaea L.) cv. Manzanillo grown in El-Maghara Experiment Station, Sinai, Egypt, during 2013, 2014 seasons. Selected trees were planted at 5x5 meters apart in sandy soil, watered from wells using drip irrigation system. The trial was conducted as split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replication, sustained deficit irrigation in main plots (100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, or 50% from crop evapotranspiration (ETc) whole season, and rice straw mulching soil used (1680, 2520 and 3360 kg/f) located in the subplots, during summer months until harvest date, to compare affect on vegetative growth, flowering, yield and water used efficiency on olive trees. The results showed that vegetative growth i.e tree dimensions, shoot growth, leaf characteristics, flowering ( panicles number perfect, number of flower per panicle and perfect flower) and yield Kg/tree recorded the highest values with higher both irrigation level and mulching rate treatments.

[1]. Abouziena, H. F., Hafez, O. M., El-Metwally, I. M., Sharma, S. D., Singh, M., 2008. Comparison of weed suppression and mandarin fruit yield and quality obtained with organic mulches, synthetic mulches, cultivation, and glyphosate. HortScience. 43(3), 795-799.
[2]. Adnan Younis, Bhatti, M. Z. M, Atif Riaz; Usman Tariq, Muhammad Arfan, Muhammad Nadeem, Muhammad Ahsan. 2012. Effect of different types of mulching on growth and flowering of Freesia alba cv. Aurora. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences; 2012. 49(4):429-433
[3]. Aiachi Mezghani Moun, Sahli Ali, Grati Naziha, Gaaliche Badii, Laaribi Ibtissem. 2014. Growth, yield responses and water relations of different varieties (Olea europaea L.) cultivated under two water conditions in semi-arid conditions of Tunisia. Europen Scientitic Journal, 10 (15), 468- 498.

ABSTRACT: field trial was conducted during 2006, 2007 and 2008 cropping seasons to evaluate the effects of three groundnut varieties, four application rates of mancozeb and three intra-row spacing on cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan Savannah zone of Nigeria. The experiment was conducted on the University Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri. The varieties of groundnut used were Ex-Dakar, Sammnut 18 (RRB) and ICGV 86024.The spacing comprised 20cm (S1,) 25cm (S2) and 30cm (S3) for intra-raw spacing and a maintained 50cm of inter-row spacing whereas the fungicidal rates were 0.8 kg a.i./ha, 1.6 kg a.i./ha, 3.2 kg a.i./ha and 0 kg a.i./ha (unsprayed).

[1]. Ahmad, N., Rahim, M. and Khan, U. (2007). Evaluation of various sowing dates for groundnut varieties under agro-ecological conditions of Malakand Division. Gomal University Journal of Research, 23(2): 1- 4.
[2]. Alabi, O., Olorunju, P.E., Misari, S.M., and Boye-Goni, S.R. (1993). Management of groundnut foliar diseases in Samaru, Northern Nigeria In: Summary Proceedings of the Third ICRISAT Regional Groundnut Meeting for West Africa W.F. Ntare, and J.H.Williams (eds.) 35 – 36pp.
[3]. Alabi, O. and Olorunju, P. E. (2004). Evaluation of neem seed extract, black soap and cow dung for the control of groundnut leaf spot at Samaru, Nigeria, Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 37: 2, 123 – 127
[4]. Alkali, G. (2005). Study on the efficacy of some plant extracts on the management of Cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in Sudan Savanna region of Nigeria. An Unpublished M.Sc. Crop Protection Dissertation, Submitted to Crop Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maiduguri. Pages112.
[5]. Bdliya, B. S. and Alkali, G. (2008). Efficacy of some plant extracts in the management of Cercospora leaf spot of groundnut in the Sudan savanna of Nigeria, Archives of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 43: 5, 507 – 518.

ABSTRACT: A simple, specific and rapid spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of alfuzosin in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the diazotization and coupling reaction of alfuzosin with β-naphthol. The amino group in alfuzosin is diazotised with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid at 0°C temperature. After diazotisation, the diazonium salt is coupled with -naphthol. The orange coloured chromogen formed in the method is stable for more than 24 hours. The orange coloured chromogen is used to determine alfuzosin the spectrophotometrically.

[1]. Parfitt K., Martindale, The Complete Drug Reference, 32 nd Ed., Pharmaceutical Press, Taunton, Massachusetts, USA,Vol.1, 1999. [2]. P. Guinebault, M. Broquaire, C. Colafranceschi and J. P. Thénot, "High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Alfuzosin in Biological Fluids with Fluorimetric Detection and Large-Volume Injection," Journal of Separation Science, 29(15), 2011, 2303-2309.

[3]. M. Mona, Abdel-Moety, Y. M. Nagiba Hassen, G. Adbdel Hamid, A. Abdel- Aziz, Abdel-Aleem, Spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods for the determination of alfuzosin hydrochloride and doxazosin mesylate in drug substances and drug products, International Journal of chem tech reseach, 6(5), 2014, 2875-2886.

[4]. M. Sugumaran, Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of alfuzosin from its bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form, Journal of Indian Council Chemistry, 26(1), 2009, 47-49.

[5]. S. Ashour, M.F. Chena and R. Bayram, Spectrophotometric determination of alfuzosin HCL in pharmaceutical formulations with some sulphnephthalein dyes, International Journal of Biomedical Science, 2(3), 2006, 273-278.

ABSTRACT: The present study was aimed at pathological investigation and genomic analysis of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus from a natural outbreak of ducks in Bangladesh. Characteristics clinically signs observed were tremor of neck, head pressing on ground and diarrhoea with higher mortality. At necropsy hemorrhages and congestion were observed in upper respiratory tract, intestinal mucosa, ovarian follicles and meninges. Brush paint hemorrhages on pancreas were characteristics. Using histopathology, widespread hemorrhages was seen in parenchymatous organs. The lungs alveoli were drown with serofibrinous fluid. Focal necroses were common in pancreas and hepatocytes showed cytoplasmic vacuolation. Typing and sub-typing of the viruses was carried out by amplifying and sequencing matrix protein (M), hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes.

[1]. R.G. Webster, W.J. Bean, O.T. Gorman, T.M. Chambers, and Y. Kawaoka, Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses, Microbiological Reviews, 56, 1992, 152-179.
[2]. R.G. Webster, M.A. Yakhno, V.S. Hinshaw, W.J. Bean, and K.G. Murti, Intestinal influenza: replication and characterization of influenza viruses in ducks, Virology, 84, 1978, 268-278. [3]. V.S. Hinshaw, R.G. Webster, B.C. Easterday, and W.J. Bean, Replication of avian influenza A viruses in mammals, Infection and Immunity, 34, 1980, 354–361.
[4]. K.M. Sturm-Ramirez, D.J. Hulse, E. Govorkova, J. Humberd, P. Seiler, and P. Puthavathana, Are ducks contributing to the endemicity of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in Asia? Journal of Virology, 79, 2005, 11269–11279.
[5]. A.N. Cauthen, D.E. Swayne, S. Schultz-Cherry, M.L. Perdue, and D.L. Suarez, Continued circulation in China of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses encoding the hemagglutinin gene associated with the 1997 H5N1 outbreak in poultry and humans, Journal of Virology, 74, 2000, 6592–6599.

ABSTRACT: Manual method of seed planting, results in low seed placement, spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer which limits the size of field that can be planted. The cost price of imported planters has gone beyond the purchasing power of most of our farmers. Peasant farmers can do much to increase food production especially grains, if drudgery can be reduced or totally removed from their planting operations. To achieve the best performance from a seed planter, the above limits are to be optimized by proper design and selection of the components required on the machine to suit the needs of crops.

[1]. Kalay khan, S.C. Moses, Ashok kumar "A Survey on the Design, Fabrication and Utilization of Different Crops Planter" European Academic Research - vol. iii, July 2015.
[2]. D.N.Sharma and S. Mukesh (2010) "Farm Machinery Design Principles and Problems" Seciond revised edition Jain brothers,New Delhi
[3]. Adisa A F, Braide F. G, "Design And Development of Template Row Planter", Transnational Journal of Science and Technology August 2012 edition vol. 2, No.7
[4]. Bamgboye, A.I and Mofolasayo, A.S 2006. "Performance Evaluation of a Two-Row Okra Planter". Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Ejamal. Manuscript PM 06002. Vol.viii. July.
[5]. Kumark,K, Naaresh N.K. and Ojha, T.P. 1986. "Design, construction and Performance of a manually- operated seeding attachment for an animal drawn cultivator". Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Lalin America. Vol.17, No.2, pp.35-38.
[6]. Abubakar, "The Principle of Jab Planter in Applying Fertilizers", 1987
[7]. Adekoya, Buchel"Developed A Cam Activated Precision Punch Planter",Transnational Journal of Science1987.

ABSTRACT: Castor has been one of the major oilseed crops of Karnataka grown predominantly under rain fed situations, in an area of nineteen thousandhectare. However, these days, most of the dry land farmers in Karnataka are shifting from groundnut to castor during kharif season because of less yield and remunerative returns from groundnut due to South West Monsoon often experiences long dry spell mainly during mid or terminal stages of its' growth. As castor is an important industrial oilseed crop in India earning foreign exchange of Rs 1706.90 crores in 2010-11 and it was just Rs. 806.07 crores in 2000-01 which depicts a major percentage of foreign exchange to Indian government treasure.

[1]. Anonymous.2014, NMOOP, Frontline demonstrations on oilseeds, Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research,P.72-79.
[2]. Kumar Naik, A.H., Umamaheshwarappa, P and Hanumantha Naik, G. 2015, Economic Impact of Front Line Demonstrations on Castor (Ricinuscommunis L.) in Chitradurga districts of Karnataka.IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences 8(8):1-5.
[3]. Ramanjaneyulu, A.V., Dharma Reddy, K., Vishnuvardhan Reddy, A., Nagesh Kumar, M.V. KhayumAhammed, S., Gouri Shankar and Neelima, T.L., 2014,Upscaling and Outsclaing of Rabi Castor in Andhra Pradesh- Opportunities and Limitations, International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management,5(1):138-142

ABSTRACT: Turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria) is one of rhizome herbal plant (phytopharmaca) from genus of Zingiberaceae. Rhizome is used to precursor of traditional medicine. This resarch was conducted in Jatirejoyoso, Kepanjen subdistrct, Malang Town, above sea level in 5 months. Since January up to Mey 2015. The objective of this research to determine the optimum dosage so that get maximum growth and yield both quantity and quality. The hypothesis is the optimum dosage is among seven level of NPK dosage that researched. The tools was used are polybag with diameter 30 cm, SPAD meter, spectrophotometer, vessel, analitic balance, measurement, hoe , watering can, and camera.

[1]. Anonimous. 2002. Pasar Domestik dan Ekspor Produk Tanaman Obat. Pusat Studi Biofarmaka. IPB Bogor. p. 14.
[2]. 2010. Rhizome. http://www.tutorvista.com/biology-help. p. 5
[3]. Bermawie. N, M. Rahardjo, D. Wahyuno dan Ma'mun. 2007. Status Teknologi Budidaya dan Pasca Panen Tanaman Kunyit dan Temulawak Sebagai Penghasil Kurkumin. J Littri. 18 (6) : 84 - 99.
[4]. Delin, W and K. Larsen. 2000. Zingiberaceae. Flora of China 24: 322-377.
[5]. Departemen Pertanian. 2007. Prospek dan Arah Pengembangan Agribisnis Tanaman Obat. Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Departemen Pertanian. pp 39.
[6]. Direktorat Jendral Hortikultura, Departemen Pertanian. 2010. Statistik Produksi