IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-3 ~ MAR-2015

ABSTRACT: The Pulse beetle Callosobruchuschinensis( Linn.) is a major pest of economically important leguminous grains, such as cowpeas, lentils, green gram and black gram. The larvae bore into the pulse grain which become unsuitable for the human consumption. Proteins are the characteristic components of the tissues which play a major role in morphogenetic events. The quantitative estimation of the proteins in the fatbody, haemolymph and ovary of larvae, pupae and the adult was carried out to show their interrelationship. Anti gonadotropic action of Cleistanthin-C on Callosobruchus chinensis was studied in the fatbody, haemolymph and the ovarian proteins during the morphogenetic development.
Keywords: Callosobruchus chinensis, Cleistanthin-C, fatbody, haemolymph and ovary.

[1]. 1.Anitha, H.R., Sabita Raja, S., S.Renuka, P. Manjula(2000) : Effect of precocene-II on the protein changes in the haemolymph, fat body and ovaries of Chilopartellusduring ontogenesis. Convergence Vol. 2(1). 18 – 23
[2]. Chippendale D.M and D.Beck(1966) :Haemolymph proteins of Ostrichiaaubiable during diapause and prepupal differentiation J, Insect. Physiol 12 : 1629 -1638.
[3]. Cohen, E. (2010). Chitin biochemistry: Synthesis, hydrolysis and inhibition. Advances in Insect Physiology. 38: 5-74.
[4]. Deena Vardhini(1997) : Effect of Anti-allatotropin, precocene – II on the development of stored grain pest Triboliumconfusum Duval ( Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae ), Ph.D (Entomology) Thesis, OsmaniaUniversity.
[5]. Hagedorn, H.H. (1985) : The role of ecdyosteroids in the reproduction. In "Comprehensive Insect physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology" (ed. Kerkut, G.A and Gilbert L-I) Vol.8 pp 205-262. Pergamon press Oxford.

ABSTRACT: The effect of Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits (grains of selim) as additive on performance, carcass characteristics and economic prospects in finisher broilers was investigated. One hundred and ninety five (195) finisher broiler chicks (Arbor acres breed) were randomly allocated to five treatments with each treatment having three replicates in a completely randomized design. Properly blended grains of selim was administered through drinking water on treatments 2, 3, 4 and 5 at concentrations of 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0g per litre while chicks on treatment 1 (control) received 0.3g/litre of antibiotics (doxygen). Chicks were fed ad libitum with the same isonitrogenous and isocaloric diet containing 20% crude protein and 2905.95 Kcal/kg metabolizable energy for 28 days. Results showed no significant (P>0.05) differences among treatments in the final body weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain, total feed intake, daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Carcass characteristics and organ weights were similar (P>0.05) except in neck weight, heart weight and abdominal fat. There were no significant (P>0.05) economic differences in cost of production. Results indicate that grains of selim has growth promoting potentials, gave good carcass indices and generally lower production cost in finisher broilers.
Keywords: antibiotics, carcass, finisher broilers, growth promoter, Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits (grains of selim).

[1]. C. Orwa, A. Mutua, R. Kindt, R. Jamnadass, A. Simons, Agroforestree
[2]. Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0, 2009, World Agroforestry Centre, Kenya.
[3]. M.M. Hossain, Herbs versus drugs: Aspect World Poultry , 2009. Accessed February 14, 2015. Engormix.com/./165/po.htm
[4]. M. Yegani, T.K. Smith, S. Leeson, H.J. Boermans, Effects of feeding grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on performance and metabolism of broiler breeders, Poultry Science 85, 2006, 1541-1549.
[5]. Isikwenu JO. (2014) Xylopia aethiopica dried fruits ( Grains of selim) as additive in starter broiler production. Proc. 14th Euro. Poult. Conf. 2014; 578. Stavanger, Norway.

ABSTRACT: In the present investigation, the mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of a physical mutagen gamma rays was studied in the cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub) variety NCB-12. The seeds of cluster bean variety NCB-12 were mutagenised with the increasing doses of gamma rays 10kR, 20kR, 30kR, 40kR and 50kR. The effectiveness and efficiency was determined by accounting lethality, injury and sterility in M1 generation of mutagenised seeds and frequency and spectrum of chlorophyll mutations in M2 generation. The increasing doses of gamma rays decreased plant survival, seedling height and increased pollen sterility. Four types of chlorophyll mutants albina, xantha, chlorina and striata were screened in M2 progeny. It was observed that the frequency of mutations increased with increasing doses of mutagen. The highest mutation frequency was noticed in 50kR dose of gamma rays. The mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was decreased with increased doses of gamma rays. The highest mutagenic effectiveness was recorded 0.187 in 10kR and lowest 0.084 in 50kR dose of gamma rays. Whereas maximum mutagenic efficiency was recorded 0.231 in 10kR and minimum 0.132 in 50kR dose of gamma rays. Thus the lower doses of mutagen like gamma rays were effective and efficient than the higher doses of gamma rays in cluster bean variety NCB-12. Keywords: Cluster bean, mutagen, mutagenic effectiveness, mutagenic efficiency, mutation frequency.

[1]. Gabriyal M.L., Bini Toms and Smith Sapha, Induced Chlorophyll mutations in Black gram, Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(1), 2007, 1-3.
[2]. Singh V. P. and Pal J. P., Mutagenic effects of gamma rays and EMS on frequency of chlorophyll and macromutations in urd bean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper),. Indian Journal of Genetics, 59,1998, 203-210.
[3]. Gaul H., Mutation in Plant Breeding, Radiation Botany, 4, 1964.,155-232.
[4]. Sharma S. K., Sood Ritu and Pandy D. P., Studies on mutagen sensitivity, effectiveness and efficiency in urd bean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), Indian Journal of Genetics., 65(1),2005, 20-22.
[5]. Nilan R. A., Konazak C.K, Wagher J. and Regnalt R. R., Efficient Chemical mutagenesis, Rad. Bot., 5, 1965, 49-70.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this research is to know alternative livelihoods are desired fishing households and determine the feasibility of the technical and financial aspects.The location of this research Karanrang Island, the total sample of 66 respondents. The method of data collection used is FGD (Focus Group Discussion) and surveys. Analysis of the Data to Determine the technical feasibility will be described related natural resources, human resources (HR), business processes, and market opportunities and financial feasibility of the calculated profit, business profitability, NPV (net present value), net B / C ratio , and IRR (internal rate of return).The results showed that the desired alternative livelihoods fishing is seaweed cultivation, manufacture shredded, making cakes, floating net cages, ornamental fish farming and hydroponic plants. Based on the analysis of the feasibility of the technical and financial aspects worthy of note that the alternative livelihoods is a seaweed cultivation, manufacture shredded, making cakes and floating net cages, with the profit per year ranged up to USD 28.018 million Rp1.025.000, business profitability (R) ranges between 5.33% to 55.82%. NPV ranged between USD 2.2182 million to Rp55.739.680, net B/C ratio ranged from 1.94 to 7.17, and the IRR ranges from 65.73% to 305.64%.
Keywords: Alternative Livelihoods, Household fishermen, business feasibility, technical feasibility and financial viability.

[1]. Adriani, R. Kusumo, B. Charina, A danMukti,G.W. 2013. Gender Analysis in Family Life Fishermen in District PangandaranKudat District. Journal Social Economic of Agriculture, Vol. 2. No. April 1st. P42-53
[2]. Britton, E. 2012. Women as Agents of Wellbeing in Northern Ireland's Fishing Households. http:// www.maritimestudies journal.com P1-22
[3]. Bungin, B. 2007. Qualitative Research Methodology. Methodological Actualization to Direction Variety Variants Contemporary. PT. RajaGrafindoPersada. Jakarta
[4]. Ghozali, I. 2010. Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA). Publisher Agency Diponegoro University
[5]. Hendra, W. Irang, G danAnkiq, T. 2012. Economic Contribution Productive Women Fishermen against Family Income. Journal of Fisheries and Marine. Vol. 3 No. 3 September 2012. P.95-106

ABSTRACT: Reproductive performances of local PE goats at Lowland (<400m), Mid-land (400-700m) and Highland (>700m above sea level) were studied in East Java Province, Indonesia by evaluating the age of does at first kidding, days open period, service per conception and kidding interval. This study was conducted at three Regencies of Lumajang, Malang and Trenggalek for three different altitudes of each, with balance number of 60 animals in each location (total animal of 180).The local temperature, air relative humidity (RH) and Temperature Humidity Index (THI) were significantly different for Lowland, Mid-land and Highland areas, but no between regencies. All animals were fed with the same amount and type of forage as basal feed. The forage is collected by farmers from around home. The age of does at first kidding was significantly higher (P<0.05) at lowland for the respective areas of Lumajang, Malang and Trenggalek (17.80±1.99 month, 18.63±2.85 month and 17.55±0.64 month) than at medium areas (17.06±0.86 month, 17.13±1.14 month and 16.95±0.98 month) and highland areas (16.70±0.69 month, 16.68±0.67 month and 16.88±0.76 month).

[1]. Anonymous 2007. Department of Animal Husbandry and Fishery Regency Wonosobo. Agricultural Information Sheet Goat Farming Regency Wonosobo Agricultural Offices Indonesia
[2]. Astuti, M., A. Agus, I.G.S. Budisatria, L.M. Yusiati, and M.U.M. Anggriani. 2007. Potential, Plasma Nutfah National Livestock, Issue 1, Mould 1, Ardana Media, Yogyakarta
[3]. Devendra, C. and M. Burns. 1994. Goat Production in the Region Translated By IDK Putra Publisher ITB and etc., Udayana
[4]. Devendra, C and McLeroy, G.B. 1982. Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics
[5]. Ekpe E.D. &Christopherson R.J., 2000. Metabolic and Endocrine Responses to Cold and Fee Restriction in Ruminants. Can .J. Anim. Sci. 69: 3610-3616
[6]. Esmay ML. 1982. Principles of Animal Environment, the AVI Publishing Company, NC Westport Connecticut
[7]. Geogory, K. E. 1961, Improvement of Beef Cattle through at Breeding Method, Regional Publication 120. USDA
[8]. Hafez, E.S. E. 1993. Reproduction in Farm Animal Lea and Febiger, Philladelphia

ABSTRACT: Soil quality mainly depends on the response of soil to different land use systems and management practices, which may often modify the soil properties and hence soil productivity. The important soil quality indicators were investigated under different land use systems of Dimoria Tribal Belt of Assam. In total 7 stations were selected. One station each from bamboo grooves, teak plantation, rubber plantation, shifting cultivation, orange orchard, low land rice field and natural forest were selected. The findings of this study revealed that the soil texture varied in all the land use types. Soil moisture percentage ranged from 16.1% to 24.31% in different land use systems and it was found highest in bamboo plantation. The soil was strongly acidic to moderately acidic with pH ranging from 5.2 to 6.26 in all the land use systems. The average OM content was highest in bamboo grooves and lowest in teak plantation. The available potassium and nitrate nitrogen was found higher in rice-cultivated land than in compared to other land use systems. While the natural forest had relatively higher amount of available phosphorus.

Keywords: Land use system, Physico-chemical properties, Soil organic carbon, Soil quality.

[1] R. Lal, J. Kimble, R.F Follent, Stewart, B.A, World Soils As A Source Or Sink For Radiatively Active Gases, In: Lal, R., And Stewart, B.A. (Ed) Soil Management And Greenhouse Effect, Pp1-8 Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fl, Usa, 1995.
[2] J.M. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, A. Mcguire, W. Peterjohn, K. Newkirk, Global Change And Its Effects On Soil Organic Carbon Stocks. In: Dahlem Conference Proceedings, John Wiley And Sons, New York, 1995, Pp 175–189.
[3] E.A. Davidson, S.E. Trumbore, R. Amundson, Biochemistry: Soil Warming And Organic Carbon Content. Nature 408, 2000, Pp 789-790
[4] Post, W.M., Peng, T.H., Emanuel, W.R., King, A.W., Dale, V.H. And Angelis, D. L. 1990. The Global Carbon Cycle. Am. Sci. 78, Pp 310–326.
[5] K. Paustian, G.P. Robertson, E.T. Elliott, Management Impacts On Carbon Storage And Gas Fluxes (Co2, Ch4) In Mid-Latitudes Cropland In: Soils And Global Change. (Eds. R. Lal Et Al.) Advances In Soil Sciences, Crc Press. Boca Raton, Fl, 1995, Pp 69–83.

ABSTRACT: Broomrape (Orobanche foetida Poir.) is an holoparasite that attacks crop legumes in Tunisia mainly faba bean which limits seriously crop cultivation and causes severe damage in several important regions of the North-West of the country. The use of molecular markers may give good appreciation of genetic diversity in parasite populations. For this purpose, 35 specimens of O. foetida representing five populations collected respectively on Vicia faba, Cicer arietinum, Medicago scutellata, Vicia sativa and Vicia narbonensis were studied. Analysis of the genetic variability was assessed through the use of 10 RAPD markers. Among the markers used, 7 provided good electrophoretic profiles therefore they were selected for the analysis of genetic diversity of the broomrape samples studied. A total of 75 alleles were detected at the seven RAPD regions with an average of 10.71 alleles per locus. The dendrogram obtained using the Dice coefficient allowed us to distinguish unambiguously all the specimens of O. foetida studied except 2 which belong to the same parasite population infesting common vetch (Vicia sativa). Significant genetic differentiation among O. foetida populations was detected; diversity was attributed to differences among individuals within populations and among populations. The need of availability of good markers which could give a higher degree of resolution for discriminating closely related germplasm, could be useful to better understand the structure of populations and to well identify parasitic groups.

Keywords: Orobanche foetida, Populations, Genetic diversity, RAPD markers, legumes, Tunisia.

[1]. M. Kharrat, and M.H. Halila, Orobanche species on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) inTunisia: problems and management, in A.H Pieterse, J.A.C. Verkleij, and S.J. Borg (Ed.),Biology and management of orobanche,(Proceeding of the 3rd International Workshop on orobanche and related striga research, Amsterdam , 1993) 639-643.
[2]. C. Parker, and C.R. Riches,Parasitic weeds of the world: Biology and control, In CAB International, Wallingford, UK 1993) 332 pp.
[3]. J.A.C. Verkleij, and A.H. Pieterse, Genetic variability of orobanche (broomrape) and Striga (Witchweed) in relation to host specificity, in: Borg, S.J. (Ed.), Biology and Management of Orobanche, (Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Orobanche and Related Striga Research, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1994) 67-79.
[4]. M C Vaz Patto, R Diaz-Ruiz, Z. Satovic, B. Roman, A. J. Pujadas-Salva ,D. Rubiales, Genetic diversity of Moroccan populations of Orobanche foetida: evolving from parasitising wild hosts to crop plants,Weed Research, 48 (2), 2008, 179-186.
[5]. I. Paran, D. Gidoni, and R Jacobsohn, Variation between and within broomrape (Orobanche) species revealed by RAPD markers, Heredity, 78,1997, 68 –74.
[6]. B. Roman, D. Rubiales, A.M. Torres, J.I. Cubero, Z. Satovic, Genetic diversity in Orobanche crenata populations from southern Spain, Theor Appl Genet, 103, 2001, 1108-1114.

ABSTRACT: Utilization of whole eggs and egg yolks of different avian requires evaluation of key parameters.Internal egg quality parameters such as albumen weight and yolk weight are very important considering the nutritional and cholesterol content for human consumption (Sparks, 2006).The present study evaluated morphometric parameters among the five eggs from the selected domesticated avian species in Nigeria namely the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), turkey (Meleagrisgallopavo), Muscovy (Moschatacairina), Japanase quail (Coturmix japonica) and Guinea fowl (Numidameleagris) .The aim of the study is to explore and document the morphometric potentials of the different avian species in providing scientific information for their efficient usage in industries and research purposes. The morphometric parameters of the eggs of different domesticated avian species are rarely documented hence the limitations in their usage and competition on the chicken egg alone for both consumption and industrial uses. The heaviest of all the eggs was that of turkey 69.22g but the weight was significantly different from that of Guinea fowl 38.52g and Quail 9.91g. The trend in the egg length was similar as the length of guinea fowl and quail were significantly different from each other and all other 3 eggs samples were statistically similar.

[1]. Dudusola,I.O.,(2012). Comparative evaluation of internal and external qualities of eggs from quail and guinea fowl. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences .3(3) :296 –299.
[2]. Emilia M., Monika S. and Magdalena K.,(2014).Morphology and chemical composition of turkey eggs.Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1:10
[3]. Etuk I.F., Ojewole G.S., Abasiekong S.F., Amaefule K.U., &Etuk E.B., (2010). Egg quality of Muscovy ducks reared under different management systems in the humid tropics. International Research Journal of Plant Science. 1(5) :112-115.
[4]. Fajemilehin S.O.K., 2008 Predicting post-broken traits using the pre-broken traits as regressors in the eggs of helmeted guinea fowl. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3, (8): 578-580.
[5]. Farooq, M., Mian, M.A. Ali, M., Durranim F.R., Asquar, A. &Muqarrab, A.K. ,(2001). Egg traits of Fayoumi bird under subtropical conditions. Journal of Agriulture17: 141-145.
[6]. Ihsan T. T., (2012).Effects of Storage Temperature and Length on Egg Quality Parameters of Laying Hen. Journal of Animal Scientist, 1(2): 32-36.

ABSTRACT: The focus of this paper is on cotton production and supply trend estimation that deals with the response of cotton supply to price changes in the cotton market in Zamfara State, Nigeria. In the linear function, the explanatory powers for R2 and 𝑅 2 were 28.50% and 14.20% of the supply of cotton in the domestic market respectively which were explained by the explanatory variables between the periods under consideration. For the Yt-1, Pt-1 and Pc, showing the t-values of (0.95), (-0.35) and (-0.91) respectively were not significant at 1% level of significance. The semi-log and double-log showed that the coefficients indicating the t-values of (1.30), (-0.49), (-0.77) and (1.23), (-0.60), (-0.84) respectively were not significant at 1% level of significance. The R2 for semi-log and double-log functions were 31.70% and 33.6% respectively. The R2 was quite below average. Therefore, the response of cotton supply to price changes in the domestic markets in the study area was inelastic and unsatisfactory

Keywords: Response, cotton, supply, price changes, cotton market, Zamfara State.

[1]. Batterham, R. (2000). The Chance to Change. Discussion Paper by the Chief Scientist Camberra, African Summit, Abuja, Nigeria.
[2]. Central Bank of Nigeria(CBN)(2012). Estimated Output of Major Agricultural Commodities. Annual Report.
[3]. Idem, N .U .A. (1999). Cotton Production in Nigeria. Baraka Press and Publishers Ltd. Kaduna.
[4]. Manyong, V. M., Ikpi, A., Olayemi, J. K., Yusuf, S.A., Omonona, B.T., Okoruwa, V. and. Idachaba, F.S. (2005). Agriculture in Nigeria: Identifying Opportunities for Increased Commercialization and Investment. IITA., Ibadan, Nigeria, Pp. 159.
[5]. National Bureau of Statistics ( NBS).(2011). Nigeria Gross Domestic Product at 1990 Constant Basic Prices.
[6]. National Population Commision (NPC), (2006). ,Population Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Analytical Report at the National Population commission, Abuja, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT: Le présent travail traite une partie des données de l'essai expérimental qu'on a réalisé dans le cadre du diagnostic de l'irrigation des cultures maraîchères avec l'eau usée au niveau de la zone urbaine et périurbaine de la ville de Meknès au Maroc. Son objectif essentiel est de comparer les productivités végétales des types d'eau d'irrigation préparés à partir d'eau usée épurée par différents matériaux de filtration à savoir le sable de mer, le charbon du bois et l'argile. Le résultat principal de ce travail montre que les plantes de la culture étudiée réalisent le même niveau de production en matière sèche totale lorsqu'elles sont irriguées avec l'eau usée épurée par chacun desdits matériaux de filtration. En conséquence, L'optimisation du choix des matériaux de filtration reste tributaire à sa disponibilité, à sa capacité d'abaisser la pollution d'eau usée au niveau des normes requises en irrigation agricole et à son coût d'investissement.

[1]. Lahmami D., Messaoudi L., Messaoudi Z., Diagnostics Socio-Economique Et Environnemental De L'irrigation Des Cultures Maraichères Avec Les Eaux Usées Non Traitées : Cas De La Zone Urbaine Et Périurbaine De La Ville De Meknès Au Maroc, Sciences Lib Editions Mersenne, 5 (2013) 130212.
[2]. Karrouch L., Chahlaoui A., Bio-Evaluation De La Qualité Des Eaux De L'oued Boufkrane (Meknès Maroc), Biomatec 3 (2009) 617.
[3]. Tremel S. A., Feix I., Contamination Des Sols Transferts Des Sols Vers Les Plantes (Edition ADEM, 2005, France)
[4]. Hillel D., L'eau Et Le Sol Principe Et Processus Physique (Collection PEDASUP 5, 1988, Belgique)
[5]. Nivault N., Schwartzblod L., Waste Water Treatement By Infiltration Percolation On Sand: Result In Ben Sergo, Morrcco, Wat. Sci. Tech. 27 (9), 1993, Pp 55-91
[6]. Lahmami D., Messaoudi L., Messaoudi Z., Effet De L'irrigation Avec L'eau Usée Sur La Production De La Coriandre, Ijesi, Vol 4 Issue 1 (January 2015) PP.57-63.

ABSTRACT: Antibiotics resistance in faecalE. coli isolates were retrospectively analysed from April to July 2014. Isolates originated from clinically healthy food animals like goat, local fowls and broiler birds. Serial dilution was done on the faecal samples and plated on Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar and incubated overnight.The isolates were identified and characterized using standard microbiological methods. The isolated E. coli was screened for antimicrobial resistance profile using disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. The antibiotics tested were ampicillin (10mcg), gentamycin (10mcg), streptomycin (30mcg), oxytetracycline (30mcg), cephalothin (10mcg) and ciprofloxacin (10mcg). Six (6) different antibiotics resistance profiles were observed, with each isolate showing resistance rate of 57.1% ampicillin, 41.7% to gentamycin and streptomycin, 25.0% to cephalothin, 16.7% to oxytetracylin and 3.6% to ciprofloxacin. The frequency of resistance showed that the E.coilisolates was higher in local fowland goat compared to broiler. The significant public health concern observed in this study is that multidrug resistant commensalE.coilare found in food animals and can be transmitted to man through food chain.

Key Words: antibiotics resistance, Escherichia coli, food animals, public health concern and faecal samples.

[1]. Acar, J.F and Moulin, G (2006).Antimicrobial resistance at farm level. Revue Scientifiqueet Technique (International office of Epizootics). 26(2): 775- 792.
[2]. Akwar H.T, Poppe C.J, Wilson R.J, Josh W, Dayue S, Scott A.M (2008).Prevalence and Patterns of Antimicrobial Resistance of fecalEscherichia coli among pig on 47 farrow-to-Finishes Farm with Different In-feed Medication Policies in Ontario Columbia. Can. J. Vet. Res., 72 (20: 195-201.
[3]. Amaechi, N (20141). A survey on antibiotic usage pigs and poultry birds in Abia State, Nigeria. Journal of Medical Research: C. Microbiology and Pathology.vol. 14. Issue 5 version1.0: 11 – 17.
[4]. Amaechi, N (20142). Correlation between the use of antimicrobials and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in poultry and pig farms.Global Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Health Sciences. Vol. 3(3): 50- 54.
[5]. Amaechi, N., Abbey, S.D and Achi, O.K (2015). Plasmid profile and antimicrobial resistance ratings of Escherichia coli isolates from pigs and poultry birds in Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 4(2): 834 – 842.
[6]. Aminor, R.I and Mackie, R.I(2007). Evolution and ecologyof antibiotics resistance genes.FEEMS microbial.Microbial letter. 271: 146 – 161.

ABSTRACT: Milk is a food that inherently favours microbial growth and due to its characteristics several precautions must be taken to prevent contamination in its production, processing and consumption, which are routinely subject to changes. This study was carried out to evaluate microbial quality of raw cow milk taken at different sampling points from Amaokwe, Obioma and obinagu, all in Udi L.G.A of Enugu State between Septembers to November 2014. The samples were serially diluted and inoculated using the streaking technique. Overall mean heterotrophic count, coliform count; yeast and mould count of milk produced in the study area were 1.25 x 103 - 8.0 3 x 102 cfu/ml, 3.17 x 103 - 2.87 x 103cfu/ml, and 1.87 x 103 -0.90 x 102cfu/ml, respectively. Amongst the organisms isolated, Bacillus Spp, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus Spp had the highest frequency of occurrence (3). Only one species of Rhizopus was isolated. Raw milk collected from the dairy farm at Obinagu had the highest number of isolates (6). High heterotrophic, coliform and yeast and mould count obtained in this work is an indication of poor sanitary condition and this call for scrupulous hygienic measures during the handling of milk and its product.

Keywords: Milk, Contamination, Microbial Evaluation, Fungi, Coliform and Heterotrophic.

[1]. Afif, A., Faid,M., Chigr.,F and Najimi, M (2008). Survey of the microbial quality of the raw cow milk in the Tadla area of Morocco.Int. J. Dairy Technol., 61: 340- 346.
[2]. Amaral, L. A., Rossi, J. O. D., Nader Filho, A., Ferreria, F. L. A. and Barros, L. S. S. (2003). Ocorreneia de Staphylococcus spp. Emaguautilizadaempropriedadesleiteiras do estadodesaopoulo. ArquivoBrasileiro de medicinaveternaria e zootenia. 55 (5): 620 – 623.
[3]. Arcuri, E. F., Brito, M. A. V. P., Brito, J. R. F., Pinto, S. M., Angelo, F. F. and Souza, G. N. (2006).QualidadeMicrobiologicadoleiterefrigeradonasfazen das. ArquivoBrasileiro de MedicinaVeterianaria e Zooteenis. 58 (3): 440 – 446.
[4]. Bekele, G. and Bayileyegn, M. (2000).Bacteriological quality of raw cow's milk from four dairy farms and a milk collection center in and around Addis Ababa.Berl.Much.Tierazti.Wsehr. 113: 275 – 278.
[5]. Berg JCT (1986). Dairy Technology in the Tropics and Subtropics.Pudoc Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands. ISBN 90-220-0927-0
[6]. Bille PG, Vovor MN, Goreseb J and Keya EL (2000).Evaluating the possibility of adding value to goat's milk by producing yoghurt usinglow cost technology method for rural Namibia.The J. Food Tech in Africa. 5: 130-144.

ABSTRACT: A study was carried out to evaluate the suitability of soils of two mapping units formed on coastal plain sand and shale parent materials in South-eastern Nigeria for the cropping of Maize, Oil Palm, Cassava, Cashew and Upland rice. The soils at the order level were classified as Inceptisols and at the series level were classified as Ahiara series. The soils of mapping unit 1 were rated as highly suitable (S1) for upland rice, cashew and cassava but moderately suitable (S2) for oil palm and maize. Soils of mapping unit 2 were rated as were rated as highly suitable (S1) cassava but moderately suitable (S2) for upland rice, cashew, oil palm and maize. Keywords: Land- Suitability, Evaluation, Mapping unit, Inceptisols, Parent –Material

[1]. Akamigbo, F.O.R. Land capability classification as a tool for effective land use policy. In: Proceedings of the national seminar on land use policy for Nigeria held at Ibadan, July 19-23, 1999.pg 13-25
[2]. Fasina, A. S., and Ogunkunle, A. O.. Land quality and crop yield: An experience with maize in southern Nigeria. In: Agboola, A. A. (ed.) Proceedings of 3rd African Soil Science Society Conference. Vol. 28, 1995; 539-549.
[3]. Okusami, T.A.. Soil Survey for Soil Conservation: Soil morphology and potential land use on selected Soils in the humid rainforests of Nigeria. In proceedings of the 16th Annual Confce. of the Soil Science Soc. of Nig. held in Minna, Niger State. 1988. 27th – 30th Nov.
[4]. Fasina, A.S. Land use and land quality in selected areas of Lagos State. Thesis University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. Ph.D. 1997 [5]. Stevenson M. and Lee H. (2001). Indicators of sustainability as a tool in agricultural development: partitioning scientific and participatory processes. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology 8:57-65.