IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-4 ~ APRIL-2015

ABSTRACT: An acceptable pedha was prepared using khoa from standardized buffalo milk added with 15 parts of red pumpkin pulp into 85 part khoa and sugar was mixed @ 30 % by weight of khoa. The moisture range between 14.50 to 29.00, fat-22.00 to 17.00, protein-14.80 to 12.10, ash-2.32 to 2.90 and total solid-85.33 to 71.28 per cent, respectively. On an average the elephant foot yam pedha was found to be the overall acceptability score for T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 8.0, 8.37, 8.75 and 8.12, respectively. The cost of production of final product as 260, 258, 252 and 246 Rs / Kg for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively

Keyword: Pedha, Buffalo milk, Khoa, Elephant foot yam, Chemical and Sensory parameters .

[1]. Anonymous, Laboratory manual. Methods of analysis of moisture in milk and milk products. Milk Industry foundation, Washington,1959.
[2]. Banerjee, A. K,. Process for commercial production. In: Dairy India. 5th Edn. Published by P.R.Gupta,New Delhi,1997: 387.
[3]. Ghule, B.K, Studies on Prepration of Ash Gourd Pedha, Mastoral diss MKV, Parbhani, 2012.
[4]. Gupta,S.K, Sensory evaluation in food industry. Indian Dairyman, 28 (8): 1976, 293- 295.
[5]. IS:1224,.Determination of fat by Gerber's method (part-II) Indian Standard Institutuion, Manak Bhavan, New Delhi,1977.

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted body weight of 848 Khillar individuals were collected by taking actual measurements of each individual. The results obtained from this investigation found that the body weight in Khillar cattle at 0 to 3 months, 4 to 12 months, 13 to 24 months, 25 to 36 months , breeding bull and more than 36 months age were as 39.93 + 0.28, 81.72 + 2.07, 127.99 + 0.98, 175.34 + 1.68, 309.24 + 1.78 and 232.27 + 3.13 kg, respectively. In Khillar White colour was predominant (85.96℅), followed by Gray (10.02℅) and Reddish at shoulder (4.02℅).

Keywords: khillar, cattle, body weight, colour pattern, age.

[1]. Gokhale, S.B., Bhagat, R.L., Singh, P.K. and Singh Gurmej 2009. Morpho-metric characteristic and utility pattern of Khillar cattle in breed tract. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 79 (1) : 47-51.
[2]. Harvey, W.R.1990. Least Squares Analysis of Data With Unequal Subclass Numbers, Agricultural Research Service, United State, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
[3]. Jadhav, B. A. 2010. Phenotypic Characterization of Khillar Cattle on Field Scale in Their Breeding Tract. M.Sc. Thesis submitted to M.A.U., Parbhani, Maharashtra, India.
[4]. Johnson,D.W.1940.Minn.Aft.Sta.Ext.Folder:70
[5]. Mahanta, K.C. 1961. Breeds of Livestock. A Text book of an introduction to Animal Husbandry : 6-26.

ABSTRACT: This study designed to improve the burger products utilizing treatment of the raw meat from the traditional market at the evening (5: pm) were display on air without chilling. Beef topside cuts 6 Kg were purchased from traditional market in the evening at 5 p.m. and divided into four groups 1.5 kg for each group , (A) using by hot water 80oC washing the surface of cuts, (B) washing by citric acid 1%, (C) washing by citric acid 2% and (D) control (without treatment). The burger product was selected for the experiment because of its sensitivity to contamination and spoilage. The products were analyzed for microbial effects before and after storage, the results obtained total bacterial count and coliform count (Log10 cfu/g) of the various treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05) before and after storage. The analysis for detection of Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., yeast and mold at the begging and at the end of 5 weeks of frozen storage at -18oC was performed. Sensory attributes of burger treatments as assessed by panelist included colour, flavour tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability and were not significantly different (P<0.05).

[1]. Abbar, F.M.; Mohammad, Tahir, M. (1989). Beef casing and finished beef sausages as a source of Salmonella in Iraq Journal of Food Protection Vol. 52 NO. 4 pages 254-255.
[2]. Aberle, E.D.; Forrest, J.C.; Gerrard, D.E.; Mills, E.W.; Hedrick, H.B.; Judge, M.D. and Markel, R.A. (2001). Principles of meat science ed. 4 kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, printed in the United States of America.
[3]. Abugroun, H.A.; Cousin, M.A. and Judge, M.D. (1993). Extended shelf life of un-refrigerated prerigor cooked meat, J. Meat Sci.
[4]. Adam Y.S. I: and Abugroun H.A. (2010). Effect of Sudanese Marketing Condition on Quality Attributes of Meat Products Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 9 (12): 1149-1156
[5]. Anderson, M./E.; Huff, H.E.; Naumann, H.D.; Marshall, R.T.; Damare, J.M.; Pratt, M. and Johnston, R. (1987). Evaluation of an automated beef carcass washing and sanitizing system under production conditions. Journal of Food Protection, 50: 562-566.

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the traditional meat cooking methods, beef topside cuts were used in the experiment and divided into four groups, and four different cooking methods were done. A-roosting, B-frying, C-boiling, and D- Babiker (1981) methods as a control method which is used as one of cooking loss % methods in meat. Sample prepared from cooked meat for meat chemical analysis. Protein, moisture, fat, and ash content % were determined. Cooking loss (%) and cooking time were determined and there were significantly different (p<0.05), and no difference in cooking loss (%). The sensory attributes for cooked meat were assessed by panelists and conducted color, flavor, tenderness and juiciness with significantly different (p<0.05) in flavor were panelists prefer the frying cooked meat.

Keywords: meat, cooking methods, evaluation.

[1]. Aberle, E.D.; Forrest, J.C.; Gerrard, D.E.; Mills, E.W.; Hedrick, H.B.; Judge, M.D. and Markel, R.A. (2001). Principles of meat science ed. 4 kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, printed in the United States of America.
[2]. Akoh, C.C. (1998). Fat replacers. J Food Technology, 52: 47-53.
[3]. AOAC (1980). Official methods of analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (ed. W. Harwitz), 13th edition. Washington, D.C.
[4]. Babiker, s.A. (1981). Accelerated processing of beef in relation to ambient temperature. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Nottingham, England.
[5]. Babdji, A. S., Froning, G. W., & Ngoka, D. A. (1982). The effect of short-termtum bling and salting on the quality of turkey breast muscle. Poultry Science, 61, 300–303. 30
[6]. Brotsky, E. (1979). Automatic injection of chicken parts with polyphosphate. Poultry Science, 55, 653–660.

ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to evaluate the burger products processed from camel meat. Burger products were processed from various amount of meat (camel and beef) as mixing and divided into four groups. A (100% camel meat). B (75% camel meat, 25% beef). C (50% camel meat 50% beef).and D (100% beef meat) as a control group. Samples were prepared for analysis after processing. Chemically crud protein content (%) were not significantly different (p>0.05) among burger treatments, ash, fat and moisture content (%) also were not significantly differences. Determined the pH value for burger treatments, cooking loss and were not significantly differences among burger products. There were no differences in microbial growth assessed by total microbial count between camel and beef meat were used in processing burger. The sensory attributes conducted, flavor, color, juiciness, tenderness and overall acceptability were not differences.

Keyword: camel meat, Beef, Burger, processing, Quality attributes.

[1]. Abdelhadi , O.M.A. Babiker , S.A. Picard , B. Jurie C., Jailler , R. Hocquette , J.F. Faye B. (2012) Effect of season on contractile and metabolic properties of desert camel muscle (Camelus dromedarius) . Meat Science, 90 139-144.
[2]. Adam, Y. S. I. and Abugroun, H. A. (2010). Effect of Sudanese Marketing Condition on Quality Attributes of Meat Products. P. J. of Nutrition 9 (12): 1149-1156, 2010
[3]. Babiker, S. A., & Yousif, O. Kh. (1990). Chemical composition and quality of camel meat. Meat Science, 27(4), 283–287.
[4]. Delgado, E. J., Rubio, M. S., Iturbe, F. A., Mendez, R. D., Cassis, L., & Rosiles, R. (2005). Composition and quality of Mexican and imported retail beef in Mexico. Meat Science, 69, 465–471
[5]. Elgasim, E. A., & Alkanhal, M. A. (1992). Proximate composition, amino acids and inorganic mineral content of Arabian camel meat. Food Chemistry, 45, 1–4.
[6]. Farid, A. (1991). Carcass physical and chemical composition of three fat-tail breeds of sheep. Meat Science, 29, 109–120.
[7]. Hocquette, J. F., Gondret, F., Baéza, E., Médale, F., Jurie, C., & Pethick, D. W. (2010). Intramuscular fat content in meat-producing animals: development, genetic and nutritional control, identification of putative markers. Animal, 4, 303–319.

ABSTRACT: The research was carried out to assess the profitability of lowland rice production in Katcha Local Government Area of Niger State, Nigeria. Two districts where rice production is mostly predominant were purposively selected out of which ten villages were randomly selected and 200 rice producers were randomly selected based on the proportion of rice farmers in each selected village. Descriptive statistics andfarm budgetary model [FMB] were used to analyse the data. The result of descriptive statistics indicated that 86% of lowland rice farmers were between the ages of 20-50 years. Majority of the farmers were literate with long experience of rice production .Farm Budgetary Model [FBM] shows that the average total revenue is greater than total cost of lowland rice production which indicates profit from lowland rice farmers . The average total revenue was N44400 while average total cost was N21765.7. The major problem encountered by the farmers include flooding immediately after transplanting the seedlings from river Gbako which is the main source of water to the rice farms.

Keywords: Rice, Production, profitability,

[1]. Alimi, T (2001) "Resource use efficiency in food crop production in Oyo state of Nigeria. journal of Agriculture and Environment, 1(1): 1-7
[2]. Akade T. (2002)an overview of Nigerian Rice Economy.
[3]. Adeola, R. G., O.O. Adebayor and G.O. Oyelere (2008). Effects of the Federal Government Special rice programs on rice yield and farmers income in Oyo State.Internatiopnal journal ofAgricultural Economics and Rural Development,1(1);1-6.
[4]. Baba, K. M. (1998) "Economics of Resource Use in Irrigated Agriculture: A case Study of Pumps System in Western zone of the Bauchi State Agricultural Development Programme" Unpublished M. Sc Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, A.B.U. Zaria.
[5]. Central Bank of Nigeria (2003) " Statistical Bulletin" 7(2):64-1421

ABSTRACT: The study was carried out to assess the microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of palm oil sold in 5 major markets (Rumuokoro, Choba, Oil mill, Mile 1, Mile 3) within Port Harcourt metropolis. A total of 50 samples were collected from the five different markets in sterile bottles. The bacterial and fungal loads were obtained by standard plate count method and isolates were tentatively identified based on their cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Physicochemical parameters such as; free fatty acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, relative density and pH values were also determined using standard protocols..

[1]. Bora, L. and M.C, Kalita (2007). Production and Optimization of Thermostable lipase from thermophilic Bacillus sp. LBN4. Internet Journal of Microbiology Churchill, Livingstone. 507-546
[2]. Barnett H.L and Hunter, B. B. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, 1972; Pp 62 – 63
[3]. Chabiri, S.A., Hati, S.S.,Dimari, G.A. and Ogugbuaja, V.O.(2009). Comparative Quality Assessment of Branded and Unbranded Edible Vegetable Oils in Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology,10(2):927-934.
[4]. Cheesbrough, M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries part 2 Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 2000; Pp 290-320.
[5]. Egan H, Kirk RS, Sawyer R (1981). Pearson's Chemical Analysis of Food. 8th ed. New York, Churchill, Livingstone. 507-546
[6]. Ekpa OD, Ekpe UJ (1996). Effect of coconut oil concentration on themelting point profile and free fatty acid formation of palm oil. Nig. J.Chem. Res. 8:12

ABSTRACT: Organic farming has gained momentum to improve the soil productivity and sustainable yield in various crops. The information on organic farming was limited in cropping system and the study was conducted on organic farming in cropping system at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, Karnataka state from 2003-04 to 2013-14 to develop the organic farming packages for system based high value crops. The experiment comprise of eight treatments.Among all the treatments, the T1- 50% recommended NPK + 50% N as FYM + inorganic sources of micro-nutrients as per soil test(10 kg ZnSO4/ha) has given maximum system equivalent yield (SEY) of 5.22-10.57t/ha/yr after third year of conversion period followed by T6-T2 + bio fertilizer containing N and P carriers and 4 year conversion period followed similar trend.

[1]. Anonymous2010. Agricultural Statistics at a glance-2010. Directorate of Economics andStatistics,Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Karnataka. pp 1-10.
[2]. Achieng, J. O., Ouma, G., Odhiambo, G and Muyekho, F, 2010. Effect of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on maize production on Alfisols and Ultisols in Kakamega, western Kenya. Agric. Biol. J. N. Am., 2010, 1(4): 430-439
[3]. Ahmed, P., Deka Medhi and Singh, A.K. (2006) Effect of organic and inorganic sources of Nitrogen on Ammonia volatilization and yield of transplanted rice. J. I. Soc. Soil Sci., 54 (3): 348-350.
[4]. Gunri, S.K., Pal, S.K. and Choudhury, A. (2004) Effect of integrated nitrogen application and spacing on yield of rice in foot hill soils of West Bengal. I.J. Agron, 49 (4): 248-251.
[5]. Henao, J. and Baan ante, C. 2006. Agricultural Production and Soil Nutrient Mining in Africa: Implications for resource conservation and policy development. IFDC Tech. Bull. Muscle Shoals, AL. USA.

ABSTRACT: For proper growth of any plants various physiological and physiochemical factors are responsible like: soil moisture, atmospheric temperature, humidity, sunlight, pH of soil, nutrient and chemical balance of soil. Biologically, these parameters are in direct relation with the process of photosynthesis, which effects the total overall growth of the plant. An Attempt has been made to develop an automated system which can measure different agricultural process parameters (like temperature, soil moisture, sunlight intensity, humidity, chemical contents etc.) and control using PID controller these parameters can be remotely monitored and control. With the help of MATLAB interfaced with NI LABVIEW, virtual designs of the real time processes are simulated.

Keywords: DAQ ,labVIEW, Matlab, multi-sensor system, SIT..

[1]. C. Yamarthy, K. Pharas, A. Schultz, and S. McNamara, "Pneumatic Pumping of Liquids Using Thermal Transpiration for Lab-on-a-Chip Applications," in Proceedings International IEEE Sensors Conference, New Zeland, 2009, pp. 1931-1934.
[2]. "Introduction to Closed-Loop Control" Copyright 2004 Kilowatt Classroom, LLC. Web. 09 Apr. 2011. http://www.scribd.com/doc/50124836/ClosedLoopControl.http://sccatalog.honeywell.com/pdbdownload/images/awm3150v.pdf
[3]. Pharas, K.; McNamara, S.; "Bi-directional gas pump driven by a thermoelectric material," Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), 2010 IEEE 23rd International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1103-1106, 24-28 Jan.2010 http://www.tetech.com/temodules/graphs/CH-38-1.0- 0.8.pdf
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ABSTRACT: The study was conducted to evaluate the quality of groundnut oil sold in the five major markets in Port Harcourt River state, Nigeria. Samples were collected from Rumuokoro market, Choba market, Mile 1 market, Mile 3 market and Oil mill market. Microbial quality such as; Total heterotrophic bacterial load(THBC),Total Heterotrophic Fungal count(THFC) Total lipid utilizing bacterial and fungal counts (TLUB and (TLUF) , Total coliform count as ,well as physicochemical qualities such as; iodine number, relative density, pH, peroxide value and free fatty acid(ffa) content were investigated by standard methods.

[1]. Barnett H.L and Hunter, B. B. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, 1972; Pp 62 – 63
[2]. Chabiri, S.A., Hati, S.S.,Dimari, G.A. and Ogugbuaja, V.O.(2009). Comparative Quality Assessment of Branded and Unbranded Edible Vegetable Oils in Nigeria. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology,10(2):927-934.
[3]. Cheesbrough, M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries part 2 Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 2000; Pp 290-320.
[4]. Codex A., 1992 Programme mixte sur les norms alimentaires FAO Rome.
[5]. Deutheux, B.,(2004): Utilisation de l'huile de palme comme combustible dans les moteurs diesels. Travaux de fin d'etude pp.31-33.
[6]. Egan H, Kirk RS, and Sawyer R (1981). Pearson's Chemical Analysis ofFood. 8th ed. New York, Churchill, Livingstone. 507-546
[7]. Ekpa OD,and Ekpe UJ (1996). Effect of coconut oil concentration on the melting point profile and free fatty acid formation of palm oil. Nig. J.Chem. Res. 8:12

ABSTRACT: The unstable crude oil market, and associated dwindling revenue derived from Nigeria's crude oil sale, has made it imperative to look towards other sources of foreign exchange earnings. The agricultural sector was a major contributor to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the pre-oil boom era. However, the contribution of agriculture has dropped from about 64% in the 1960s to less than 40% in 2012. In order to chart a course for the redevelopment of the agricultural sector, and a higher contribution to the National GDP in Nigeria, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats) analysis will be helpful. This analysis will help in developing a strategic plan to make the agricultural sector remain competitive. This paper examines the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats of the Nigerian agricultural sector.

[1]. Adedipe, B. (2004). The Impact of Oil on Nigeria's Policy formulation. Paper presented at a conference on Nigeria: Maximizing Pro-poor growth… organized by overseas Development Institute in conjunction with Nigeria Economic Summit Group, June 16th – 17th.
[2]. CIA (2008) CIA—World Factbook http://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-worldfactbook/print/ni.html
[3]. Ezirim Aloy Chinedu, Okeke C. Titus and Ebiriga O. Thaddeus (2010). Achieving Vision 2020 in Nigeria: A Review of the Economic and Market-Oriented Business Reforms. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa .Volume 12, No.4: 58-71
[4]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (FRN). (1996). Socio-economic Profile of Nigeria. Abuja: Federal Office of Statistics
[5]. Manyong, V.M., A. Ikpi, J.K. Olayemi, S.A. Yusuf, B.T. Omonona, V. Okoruwa, and F.S. Idachaba. 2005. Agriculture in Nigeria: identifying opportunities for increased commercialization and investment. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria. 159p.
[6]. Nuga, B.O. 1998. Characterization and classification of Ajibode soils. MSc. Thesis, University of Ibadan. 72pp.

ABSTRACT: The growth and survival of Clarias anguillaris(Ca), Heterobranchus(Hb) fry and their reciprocal hybrids fed locally formulated diet (42.5% Crude protein) at 5% body weight for 56 days was studied in two different culture units (concrete ponds and circular plastic tanks). Fry were fed twice daily at 8:00hours and 18:00hours. Under the concrete ponds, results showed that final mean weight was higher in the pure breed Hb♀ x Hb♂ (9.20±0.42g), followed by Ca♀xHb♂ (7.20 ±0.62g) and Hb♀xCa♂ (6.70 ±0.64g). Ca♀xCa♂ had the least final mean weight (4.91±0.88g). The hybrid Ca♀xHb♂ had the highest survival rate (66.70±0.40%), followed by Hb♀xCa♂ and Ca♀xCa♂ (50.00±0.80% and 50.00±0.84%). However, Hb♀ x Hb♂ had the least survival rate (38.30±1.62%). Under the plastic tanks, the hybrid Ca♀x Hb♂ had the best final mean weight (3.10±0.08g), followed by Hb♀xHb♂ (2.43 ±0.10g) and Ca♀xCa♂ (1.71 ±0.14g). Hb♀xCa♂ had the least final mean weight (1.50±0.16g). Survival rate was higher (52.30±0.41%) at Ca♀xHb♂, followed by Hb♀xCa♂ (48.20±0.46%) and Ca♀xCa♂ (40.00 ±0.48%). The lowest survival rate was recorded at Hb♀xHb♂ (31.80±0.82%).

Keywords: Growth, survival, Clarias anguillaris, Heterobranchus bidorsalis, Hybrids.

[1]. Adewolu, M.A., Ogunsanmi, A.O. and Yunusa, A. (2008). Studies on Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of Two Clariid Catfish and their Hybrid Reared Under Different Systems. European Journal of Scienctific Research 23: 252-260.
[2]. Diyaware, M.Y. and Onyia, L.U. (2014). Growth and Survival of Intergeneric Hybrids of Clarias anguillaris and Heterobranchus bidorsalis in Semi-Arid Zone of Nigeria. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 9(5):398-406.
[3]. Oladosu, G.A., Ayinla, A.O., Adeyemo, A.A., Yakubu, A.F. and Ajani, A.A. (1993). A Comparative Study of the Reproductive Capacity of the African Catfish Species Heterobranchus bidorsalis (Geoffroy), Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) and their Hybrid Heteroclarias. African Regional Aquaculture Centre Technical Paper, No. 92, Pp 1-5
[4]. Nwadukwe, F.O., Ayinla, A.O. and Abby-Kalio, N.J. (1993). Effects of Various Doses of Acetone Dried Powdered Carp Pituitary Extract and Seasons of Hatchery Propagation of Heterobranchus longifilis (Val. 1840) (Pisces: Clariidae). Journal Aquaculture Tropics, 8: 333-340
[5]. Nwadukwe, F.O. (1995). Hatchery Production of Five Hybrid Groups by Artificial Hybridization of Clarias gariepinus (B) and Heterobranchus longifilis (Val.) (Clariidae) Using Dry Powdered Carp Pituitary Hormone. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics 10:1-11
[6]. Nlewadim, A.A. and Madu, O. (2005). Growth Response and Survival of F1 Hybrid Fry of Heterobranchus longifilis and Clarias gariepinus Reared in Glass Aquaria and Plastic Basins. In: Proc. Of 19th Annual Conference of FISON at Ilorin, 29th Nov-3rd Dec. 2004. Pp. 334-340

ABSTRACT: The present study was undertaken in Davanagere district of Bhadra commandin Karnataka with sample size of 120 respondents from 12 villages. Data was collected regarding farming systems adopted by the farmers and the economics of all farming systems with the help of pre structured and pretested interview schedule. It was found that cent percent respondents had adopted agriculture and dairy farming followed by vegetables cultivation (45.00%) and vermicomposting (30.83%).Integration of agriculture+dairy+banana+vegetables+sheep rearing+poultry+vermicomposting+foragecrop+banana was found beneficial on the basis of B:C ratio combination of complementary enterprises. Keywords: b:c, complementary andeconomics

[1]. Balusamy, M., Shanugham, P.M. and Bhaskaran, R. (2003). Mixed farming an ideal farming. Intensive agriculture 41(11-12):20-25.
[2]. Channabasavanna, A. S., Biradar, D. P., Prabhudev, K. N. & Mahabhaleswar Hegde. (2009). Development of profitable integrated farming system model for small and mediumfarmers of Tungabhadra project area of Karnataka. Karnataka Journal of Agric. Sci., 22(1), pp. 25-27.
[3]. Gill, M.S. (2004). Methodologies for farming system approach- A case study. In: Proceedings of National Symposium on Alternative Farming Systems held at PDCSR, Modipuram, 16-18 September 2004, pp. 95-108.
[4]. Gill, M.S., Singh, J.P. and Gangwar, K.S. (2009). Integrated Farming System and Agriculture Sustainability. Indian Journal of Agronomy 54 (2):128-139.
[5]. Korikanthimath, V.S and Manjunath, B.L. (2004).Resource use efficiency in Integrated farming Systems. In Proceeding of the Symposium on Alternative Farming Systems; Enhanced income and employment generation options for small and marginal farmers, PDCSR, Modipuram, pp.109-118.
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ABSTRACT: Continuous growing of rice –rice monocropping over the years and excessive dependence on chemical fertilizers alone has led to decrease in soil fertlity and productivity. A long term field study was initiated in 1989 at Agricultural Research Station, Kathalagere, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore to study the effect of combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield, fertility status and uptake pattern of nutrients in rice-maize cropping system. The results of 5 years (2008-09 to 2012-13) of the experiment revealed that treatments receiving both organic and inorganic fertilizers in kharif season, followed by only inorganic fertilizers during summer season have improved the soil fertility level. Higher rice grain yields were observed in kharif season in T9 by receiving 25 per cent "N" through paddy straw and 75 per cent NPK through inorganic fertilizers, while least was obtained in control.

[1]. Ahmed, P., Deka Medhi. and Singh, A.K.,2006 , Effect of organic and inorganic sources of Nitrogen on Ammonia volatilization and yield of transplanted rice. J. I. Soci. Soil Sci., 54 (3): 348-350.
[2]. Ayoub, A.T., 1999, Fertilizer and environment. Nutrient.Cyclic. Agroecosy. 55,117-121.
[3]. Barkar,R., Herdt,R.W.and Rose,B.,1985, The rice economy in Asia. John Hopkins Press, Resources for the future, Washington DC.
[4]. Becker, M., Ladha,J.K. and Ali, M.,1995,Green manure technology :potential usage,limiataion : a case study for low land rice. Pl. and soil.174, 181-194
[5]. Basumantary, A. and Talukdar, M.C., 1998, Long term effect of integrated nutrient supply on soil properties in an Inceptisol of Assam. Ory., 35: 43-46.
[6]. Garrity, D.P.and Flinn, J.C., 1998, Farm-level management systems for green manure crop in Asian rice environment .In: Green manures in rice Farming: proceedings of the symposium on the role of green manures in rice farming systems. IRRI, Manila, Philippines, May 25-29, 1987, pp.383-418