IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-8 ~ AUG-2015

ABSTRACT: Mulberry crop is considered as only food for the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.which is commercially exploited. It is a perennial, evergreen, luxuriant crop cultivated in all types of soils, both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. The crop is prone to depredation of diverse organisms, because of its fast growth and green foliage throughout the year, in varying proportions either for space, food or both. So far, over 300 insect and non-insect species of pests are known to infest mulberry in varying intensities during different stages of the crop and seasons.

[1]. BANDYOPADHYAY, U. K. AND SANTHAKUMAR, M.V., 2000, Indian Silk, 39(7): 10-12.
[2]. BENCHAMIN, K. A., VENKATARAMANA, P., THIMMA NAIK, S. AND SANATH KUMAR, Y. N., 1997, Pest and disease occurrence in mulberry and silkworm : A survey. Indian Silk, 36(2): 27-32.
[3]. BRYNE, D. N, BELLOWS, T. S., PARELLA, M. P., 1990, Whiteflies in agricultural system In: Whiteflies - their bionomics, pest status and management. (Eds. Gerling, D and Wimborne) U.K. Intercept, 227-261.
[4]. DEVAIAH, M. C. AND KOTIKAL, Y. K., 1983, Incidence of thrips on mulberry, Morus alba L. under Dharwad conditions. Natl. Sem. Silk Res. Dev., Central Silk Board, Bangalore, p: 101.
[5]. GOVINDAIAH, GUPTA, V. P., SHARMA, D. D., RAJADURAI, S. AND NISHITHA NAIK, 2005, Mulberry crop protection, Central silk board,pp:311-326.
[6]. HEMALATHA AND SHREE, M. P., 2008, Analysis of the trend of infestation by sap suckers in mulberry (Morus Spp.) crop system. Indian J. Seric., 47 (1): 130-132.

ABSTRACT: As a major sector, agriculture continues to be the life line for millions of farmers in Bihar; India. Change in the production and productivity in the field of agriculture being possible in Bihar due to a massive diversion from the traditional agriculture to new commercial agriculture. As urbanization in the state is still very poor, nearly 90 per cent of the population lives in rural areas. The State of Bihar is also lagging behind the national average On all socio-economic indicators like per capita income, average size of operational holding, per capita cultivated land, percentage of villages electrified, road length per thousand sq km, per capita deposit, per capita bank credit, credit deposit ratio, male-female literacy , and life expectancy etc. Bihar is considered to be at the bottom. State of Bihar and mostly its North region have flood effected area thats why farmers live at this place became poor due to crops affected by floods .

1]. Adisa A F, Braide F. G, "Design And Development of Template Row Planter", Transnational Journal of Science and Technology August 2012 edition vol. 2, No.7
[2]. Anonymous, 2013. State of Indian Agriculture 2012-13.
[3]. Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi, http://164.100.47.132/paperlaidfiles/ AGRICULTURE/State%20of%20Indian%20Agriculture%20 2012-13%20 (English)%20 with%20cover.pdf, 221 p.
[4]. Alam A and G Singh. 2004. Status and Future needs of farm mechanization agro-processing in India. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal.
[5]. Ali Nawab. 2005. Technology for an Effective Water Management in Agriculture and Diet. Paper presented in the Theme Session of the 39th Annual Convention of ISAE held at ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad -500 030, March 9-11, 2005.
[6]. Ali Nawab. 2004. Food Processing Industry in India Status and the Future Tend. Lecture Note. Technical Session, Food and Bioprocess Engineering (FBPE) of the International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Agriculture and Food Engineering, 14-17 December, 2004 at IIT, Kahragpur- 721 302, West Bengal, India.

ABSTRACT: The sugar palm (Arenga pinnata Merr.) is one of the emerging important economic plants in South East Asia, producing sugar, fibers, wood, starch and fruit. The main product of this plant is the sap containing 10 to 15 percent sucrose produced by tapping from the stalk male inflorescence. The question investigated here is whether the tapping practice changes the carbohydrate metabolic balance (source sink balance) of the palm. The research was using two trees. The first tree was used to measure the starch content and the second one to measure the sugar production.

[1]. W.T.M. Smits, Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merrill. In: M. Flach, F. Rumawas (Eds), Prosea: Plant resources of South-East Asia 9: Plants yielding non-seed carbohydrates. (Bogor, Indonesia, 1996) 53-59.
[2]. J. Pontoh, Analytical methods for chemical composition of sugar palm sap and palm sugar. Proc. Indonesian Seminar on Sugar Palm: Sugar palm for food and alternative renewable energy. Balikpapan 26-27 September 2012, 66-72.
[3]. H. Lantemona, A.L. Abadi, A. Rachmansyah, and J. Pontoh, Impact of altitude and seasons to volume, brix content, and chemical composition of aren sap in North Sulawesi. IOSR J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol Food Tech. 4 2014, 42-48.
[4]. J. Dransfield,and J.P. Mogea, The flowering behavior of arenga (Palmae: Caryotoideae). Bot. J. of the Linnean Soc. 88, 1984, 1-10.
[5]. I. Mialet-Serra, A. Clement, N. Sonderegger, O. Roupsard, C. Jourdan, J. Labouisse, and M. Dingkuhn, Assimilate storage in vegetative organs of coconuts (Cocos nucifera L.) Exp Agric 41, 2005, 1-14.

ABSTRACT: Cold plasma is described as a new and safe method for pest control. This work aims to evaluate the effect of cold plasma on the fine structure of the male reproductive system in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. One-day-old unmated males were exposed to cold plasma waves for 1 or 2 minutes at a distance of 5 cm. Normal and treated male testes were examined under SEM in the high vacuum mode after one day and seven days of treatment. The histological structure of normal testes showed that they consist of approximately 96 series of follicles. Each follicle has a large number of spermatogonia lying external to the zones of spermatocytes, which divide to form spermatids.

[1]. Abraham VA, Mahmood AS, Faleiro JRA, Abo zuhairah RA, Vidyasagar PS. 1998. An integrated management of red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv.—A key pest of date palm in the Middle East. Sultan Qaboos Univ J Sci Res Agric. Sci 3: 77-83.
[2]. Abd El-Aziz MF, Mahmoud EA, El-Aragi GaM. 2014. Non thermal plasma for control of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). J Stored Prod Res (in press). DOI: 10.1016/j.jspr.2014.03.002
[3]. Agarwal A, Prabakaran SA, Said TM. 2005. Prevention of oxidative stress injury to sperm. J Androl 26: 654–660.
[4]. Aitken RJ, Ryan AL, Baker MA, McLaughlin EA. 2004. Redox activity associated with the maturation and capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa. Free Radic Biol Med 36:994–1010.
[5]. Al-Ayedh HY, and Rasool KG. 2010. Sex ratio and the role of mild relative humidity in mating behaviour of red date palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliv. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) gamma-irradiated adults. J Appl Entom 134: 157-162.
[6]. Al-Taweel AA, Fox DP. 1983. Germ cell differentiation and kinetics in the testis of Dermestes (Coleoptera). Cytologia 48: 605-620.

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to determine the morphometry of the testes, the epididymides, and the sperm or spermatid reserves of the adult Anak 2000 broiler breeder cocks. Ten adult cocks were sacrificed following ten weeks of semen profile analysis. Their left and right testes as well as left and right epididymides were carefully excised and used for the study. The testicular and epididymal lengths and weights were taken. Testicular and epididymal sperm/spermatid reserves were also determined. The mean length and weight of the left and right testes were 5.60 ± 0.28 cm, and 5.42 ± 0.30 cm, and 21.93 ± 2.14 g and 21.27 ± 1.97 g, respectively. The mean length and weight of the left and right epididymides were 4.58 ± 0.29 cm and 4.40 ± 0.23 cm, and 1.03 ± 0.15 g and 1.19 ± 0.18 g, respectively. The mean left and right testicular, and left and right epididymal reserves were 82.18 ± 8.49 x 109/g testis and 76.47 ± 8.92 x 109/g testis, and 1.63 ± 0.28 x109/g epididymis and 1.99 ± 0.31 x109/g epididymis, respectively.

[1]. M.J.G. Gage and R.P. Freckleton, Relative testis size and sperm morphometry across mammals: No evidence for an association between sperm competition and sperm length. Proceedings of Biological Sciences, 22, 2003, 625-632.
[2]. I.H. Umeda, H. Hayakawa, S. Kamiya, and Y. Tanabe, Novel lighting systems stimulating gonadal development and expediting sexual maturity of male and female chickens, American Journal of Animal Science, 6, 1992, 127-132.
[3]. L.M. Penfold, D.E. Wildt, T.L. Herzog, W. Lynch, L. Ware, S.E. Derrickson, and S.L. Monfort, Seasonal patterns of LH, testosterone and semen quality in the Northern Pintail duck, Reproductive Fertility and Development, 12, 2000, 229-235.
[4]. M. Lisowski, and J. Bednarczyk, Effects of tamoxifen dose and nutrition schem during growth on stimulation of the reproductive system in Cornish breed cocks, Folia biologica (Krakow), 53, 2005, 1-6.
[5]. H. Romero-Sanchez, P.W. Plumstead and J. Brake, Feeding broiler breeder males. 1. Effect of feeding program and dietary crude protein during rearing on body weight and fertility of broiler breeder males, Poultry Science, 86, 2007, 168-174.

ABSTRACT: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an excellent salvage procedure for debilitating conditions that included osteoarthritis, hip luxation, femoral head and neck fracture and revision of femoral head ostectomy providing excellent hip joint function. Six dogs with clinical condition of hip dysplasia with luxation (three), severe osteoarthritis (two) and hip luxation (one) weighing 30 kg b.wt were subjected for THA. The animals were premedicated with glycopyrrolate @ 0.002 mg/kg body weight and 20 minutes later xylazine hydrochloride @ 1 mg/kg body weight i/m and anesthesia was induced with propofol @ 5 mg / kg b.wt i/v and maintained under isoflurane anaesthesia. The animals were preoxygenated 20 minutes prior to surgery with particular considering bone cement implantation syndrome.

[1]. Brinker, W.O., D.L. Piermattei and G.L. Flo. 1990. Hand Book of Small Animal Orthopaedics and Fracture Management. 2 nd edn. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. pp. 341-377.
[2]. Cross, A.R., S.M. Newell, J.N. Chambers, K.B. Shultz and P.S. Kubilis. 2000. Acetabular component orientation as an indicator of implant luxation in cemented total hip arthroplasty. Vet. Surg., 29: 517-523.
[3]. Denny, H.R. and S.J. Butterworth. 2000. A Guide to Canine and Feline Orthopaedic Surgery. 4th edn., Blackwell Sciences Ltd., London. pp: 455-494.
[4]. Donaldson, A.J., H.E. Thomson, N.J. Harper and N.W. Kenny. 2009. Bone cement implantation syndrome. Br. J. Anaesth., 102 (1): 12-22.
[5]. Dyce, J., E.R. Wisner, Q. Wang and M.L. Olmstead. 2000. Evaluation of risk factor for luxation after total hip replacement in dogs. Vet. Surg., 29: 524-532.

ABSTRACT: The African Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (AILV) agricultural sub-sector in Kenya has in recent times gained considerable prominence and attention. A diverse number of studies have underpinned the role it can play in improving the economic standing of smallholders, while playing an imperative nutritional role in the diets of many consumers. Stemming from increased awareness on the rise of various lifestyle illnesses and crusaders championing for healthy eating habits, the demand of AILV, as healthier dietary alternatives, has been gradually on the rise.

[1] Alene, A. D., Manyong, V. M., Omanya, G., Mignouma, H. D., Bokanga, M. and Odhiambo, G. (2008). Smallholder Market Participation under Transactions Costs: Maize Supply And Fertilizer Demand in Kenya. Journal of Food Policy, 33: 318-28.
[2] Barret, C. B. (2009). Smallholder Market Participation: Concepts and Evidence from Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of Food Policy, 33: 299-317.
[3] Goetz, S. J. (1992). A Selectivity Model of Household Food Marketing Behaviour in Sub Saharan Africa. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74 (2): 444-452.
[4] Makhura, M. T (2001). Overcoming Transaction Costs Barriers to Market Participation of Smallholder Farmers in the Northern Province of South Africa. A PhD Dissertation Submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences of University of Pretoria, Pretoria: 182.

ABSTRACT: Fish egg quality is the ability of the egg to be fertilized and subsequently develop into a normal embryo. While sperm quality can be defined as its ability to successfully fertilize an egg and subsequently allow the development of a normal embryo. Presently there is a concern about the quality of eggs and milt collected for breeding, therefore the evaluation of egg and milt quality is essential so as to increase the efficiency of artificial fertilization. Studies have shown that qualitative parameters of the milt (sperm motility, sperm lobe length, milt volume and count) and egg can be influenced by several factors such as feeding regime, environmental factors, quality of the feed, variations between individual, age, weight, length of the fish, season of the year, stress, pollutant, fungi, and bacteria, uptake of nutritive and genetic materials, physiochemical properties of water (pH, salinity and temperature and dissolve oxygen).

[1]. Abowei, J.F.N. And Ekubo. A.T. (2011). Some Principles and Requirements in Fish Nutrition, Department of Biological Science, and Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Niger Delta University, Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology 2(4): 163-178
[2]. Adeparusi, E.O., Dada A.A., and Alale O.V., (2010). Effects of Medicinal Plant (Kigelia Africana) on Sperm Quality of African Catfish Clarias Gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Broodstock Journal of Agricultural science 2 (1): 791-795
[3]. Adedeji, O.S., Farimi, G.O., Ameen, S.A. and Olayemi, J.B. (2006). Effects of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) as growth promoter in Broiler Chicks from day old to four weeks old. Journal of Animal Vet nary Advance. 5(3): 191-193.
[4]. Agnèse, J.F.; Otémé,Z. J.; Gilles, S., (1995). Effects of domestication on genetic variability, fertility, survival and growth rate in a tropical siluriform: Heterobranchu longifilis Valenciennes1840. Aquaculture, 131, 197-204.
[5]. Alavi, S. M. H.; Linhart, O.; Coward, K.; Rodina, M., (2008): Fish Spermatology Implications for Aquaculture Management. Fish Spermatology. pp 397-460. Alavi S. M. H.; Cosson, J.J.; Coward, K.; Rafiee, G. eds. Alpha Science international Ltd, Oxford ISBN 978-1-84265-369-2.

ABSTRACT: Slaughter/polutry meat industry is growing tremendously. Presently broiler animal ( which includes buffalo/ goat ..etc.) are slaughtered by small and medium sized retailers and the waste like intestinal material, skin, undigested feed materials generated from the slaughter is a problem for the operators and handling and disposing. Normally such waste unutilized and thrown out along with municipal waste, which attracts flies and insects, and produce unpleasant or off smell, thus creates bio-security problems. Further, during dump process, such waste creates more heat and odors problem also. Composting is a natural process by which the beneficial microorganisms decompose the organic waste quickly and generate heat which helps to eliminate pathogens. Compost is produced through the activity of aerobic micro-organisms.

[1]. Bharathy N, Sakthivadivu R, Sivakumar K, Ramesh Saravanakumar V (2012): "Disposal and Utilization of Broiler Slaughter waste by Composting," Vet World 5(6):359-361, doi:10.5455/vetworld.2012.359-361.
[2]. Balsundaran,M Haseena, A. (2008): "Development of microbial inoculants for aerobic composting" KFRI 390/03, ISSN 0970-8103.
[3]. Eneji, A. E., Yamamoto, S., Honna, T and Ishiguro, A. 2001. Physicochemical changes in livestock feces during composting. Common Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32: 477-489.
[4]. Balasundaran, M .(1999):" Chemistry and Process of Composting". In: M. Balasundaran,
[5]. J.K. Sharma, and K.C. Chacko (eds.), Compost for Container Seedling Production in Forest Nurseries. Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Thrissur. pp 31-36.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the Growth rate of agricultural sector in India decelerated because of the declining production efficiency, lack of access to institutional credit, high cost of inputs and unfavourable market conditions. Modern agriculture is a costly affair and to manage agricultural practices on commercial basis, Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme is one of the key products developed to improve the farmer's accessibility to bank credit, simplify credit delivery mechanism and provide more flexibility in use of credit. The study has been conducted in Hailakandi District of Assam with the prime objective to make an analysis on the performance of institutional agricultural credit for the development of agriculture and allied activities in the district. This paper also highlights the physical and financial performance of Kisan Credit Card scheme in Hailakandi District of Assam. The study indicates that despite continuous efforts for mobilisation of finance to this sector, there exist a substantial gap between the requirement of credit and supply of agricultural credit.

[1]. Dhar, P.K (1999): "Indian Economy", New Delhi, Kalyani Publications, 13th enlarged edition.
[2]. Reserve Bank of India (2010-11): Annual Report.
[3]. Singh, Gurmeet (2009): "Need and Nature of Rural Credit in India", Kurukshetra (A Journal of Rural Development), Volume No.58, No.1.
[4]. NABARD (2011): Potential Linked Credit Plan, Hailakandi District of Assam.
[5]. NABARD (2012): Potential Linked Credit Plan, Hailakandi District of Assam, 2012-13 to 2016-17 with specific reference to 2013-14.
[6]. Rajkonwar, A.B and Neog, Jibon (2008): "Role of Scheduled Banks in the Development of Agricultural Entrepreneurship in Karbi Anglong District of Assam", DGCCS‟s Journal of Commerce, Volume No.V, No.1.

ABSTRACT: The study xamine the resource use efficiency in onion production among participating and participating farmers in Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project. Multi stage sampling technique was used in the study in which Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project and six villages in the project area were purposively selected, In each village 10 onion producers each among participating and nonparticipating farmers were selected using simple random sampling technique, making a total sample size of 120 respondents, however two nonparticipation farmers were unable to return their questionnaire making the sample size to be 118 respondents. The data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics andproduction function models. The result of the analysis revealed that majorityof participating farmers (56.57%) and non-participating farmers (58.63%) had only one contact with extension agents in a cropping season..

[1]. Aminu, A. (2009). Framework for Agricultural market Analysis: Theories and Applications.Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria PP.42-43
[2]. Alabi, O. O. and Adebayo, C. O. (2008). Cost structure of Onion (Allium cepa) Production in Zaria Local Government Area of Kaduna state, Nigeria. In: Umeh, J. C., Obinne C.P. and Lawal, W. (eds) Prospect and Challenges of Adding Value to Agricultural Products. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual National Conference of Farm Management Association of Nigeria (FAMAN) held at University of Agriculture, Markudi, 8th – 11th September,
[3]. Baba, K.M and M.A Wando (1998). Impact of membership of Fadama User Association on resources use, crop yield and farm Income: A case Study of two Local Government areas in Niger state, Nigeria Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7:B1-41.
[4]. FMWR (2005) Federal Ministry of Water Resource, HadejiaJama are River Basin Development Authorities, Hadejia Valley Irrigation Project (HVIP) Phase1 stage, Brief Situation Report, Aim Consultants Report. 25pp

ABSTRACT: A 90 day growth performance study was carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding varying levels of an agricultural industrial by- products based diet on performance of feedlot Bunaji bulls. A total of six bulls, aged two years and weighing 118 kg on the average were allotted to three treatments (T1, T2 and T3) and fed the experimental diet at one, two and three percent of body weight daily while forages of elephant grass and water were fed ad libitum. The experimental diet was formulated using palm kernel cake, brewers dried grain, maize offal bone ash and table salt. Results obtained at the end of the study for supplement intake, forage intake, total feed intake, daily water intake and feed conversion ratio for T1,T2 and T3 were: 1.36, 1.48 and 2.62 kg; 17.15, 17.02 and 16.81 kg; 18.51, 18.51 and 19.43 kg; 0.83, 0.90 and 1.06 kg; 10.63, 11.17 and 11.16 kg, and 22.30, 20.11 and 18.33 respectively.

[1]. P.A.Onwualu (2011). Enhancing competitiveness of the Nigerian Livestock sub sector through improved value addition on the industry value chain. Paper presented at 16th Annual Conference of Animal Science Association of Nigeria. 24pgs.
[2]. M.B. Olayiwole (1982). Cattle feedlot operation in Nigeria. In: Beef production in Nigeria. Proceedings of National Conference on Beef production.1982, 310-337
[3]. P.O'Kiely. Intake, growth and feed conversion efficiency of finishing beef cattle offered diets based on triticale, maize or grass silages, or ad libitum concentrate. Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research, 2011 50: 189-2011
[4]. Y. Bozkurt. Seasonal performance of different breeds of feedlot beef cattle grown under the Mediterranean conditions. Bulgarian iournal of Agricultural Science 18(3) 2012, 443-445
[5]. P.N. Angelo, O.R. Roberto, H.B. Renata, M.F.B. Sarah, A.N. Ernanai, L.S. Corvino and F.B. Gomes. Animal performance, feeding behaviour and carcass traits of feedlot cattle fed diet with agro-industrial by-products as fat source. Journal of Agricultural Science 2014, 6 (6) ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916-970 published by Canadian Centre of Science and Education 54-65

ABSTRACT: The blow flies (Calliphoridae) and flesh flies (Sarcophagidae) are among the first wave of faunal sucession on human and animal cadavers.Thus, their immature stages are used to estimate the post mortem interval (PMI).The larval development might vary seasonally.A study was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonal variation on develoment of immature stages (larvae and pupa) of Sarcophaga (Parasarcophaga) albiceps on carcass of Gallus gallus (n=3)..

[1]. J.H.Byrd and J.L.Castner (editors), Forensic Entomology: The utility of Arthopods in Legal Investigations:2eds (CRC press,FL: Boca Raton,2009).
[2]. B.C.Nandi, The Fauna of India and Adjacent countries: Diptera::Sarcophagidae: vol-X (Z.S.I.press, Kol:New Alipore,2002).
[3]. D.D.Mercedes, D.E.Hardy, A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental region, Suborder Brachycera through Division Aschiza, Suborder Cyclorrahapha Vol-II,(The University Press of Hawaii,Honolulu,1977).
[4]. R.Senior-White, D.Aubertin, J.Smar, The fauna of British India, including the remainder of theOriental region, Diptera. Family Calliphoridae.: Vol. VI. (Taylor and Francis, London,1940).
[5]. Flesh flies (Diptera:Sarcophagidae).2014.Electronic reference. Retrived from http://sarcophagidae.myspecies.info/.
[6]. Y.Roskov,T.Kunze, L.Paglinawan, T.Orrell, D.Nicolson, A.Culham, N.Bailly,P.Kirk,T.Bourgoin,G.Baillargeon, F.Hernandez, A.De Wever, eds (2013). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 15th August 2015. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col/. Species 2000: Reading, UK.

ABSTRACT: Hiriyur is one of the major castor growing taluk in Chitradurga districts of Karnataka. 85 frontline demonstrations (FLDs) were conducted by Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Hiriyur in Chitradurga district of Karnataka from 2012-13 to 2014-15 to demonstrate the improved castor production technologies suitable for eco –system. An attempt was made to analyze the impact of demonstrations in vertical and lateral spread of the technologies and the resultant improvement in yield and income of the castor growers. Eighty –five FLD and the corresponding non- FLD castor growers were selected through proportionate random sampling procedure.

[1]. Anonymous 2008. Research Review Report (2002-03 To 2006 07). AICRP On Castor. Agricultural Research Station. Mandor, Jodhapur. Rajasthan.
[2]. Anonymous 2015. Annual Castor Report. Indian Institute Of Oilseeds Research, Hyderbad-500 030.
[3]. Damodaram, T And Hegde, D.M., 2010. Oilseeds Situation- A Statistical Compendium. Directorate Of Oilseeds Research, Hyderbad-500 030.
[4]. Padmaiah, M., Venkatkumar, R., Iswar Singh, S., Solanki And Sarad, C. 2012. Castor (Ricinus Communis L.) Frontline Demonstrations In Jodhapur District Of Rajasthan: An Impact Study. J. Oilseeds Research., 29 (1): 84-88

ABSTRACT: The performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of grazing Bunaji bulls fed an agro industrial by products based diet at varying levels for 90 days were evaluated in this study. Twelve, two year old bulls, weighing 117.83 kg on the average were allotted to four treatments of three bulls each and fed 1.5, 1.0 and 0.5 kg of the supplement daily before grazing ( treatments 1, 2 and 3 coded T1, T2 and T3) while the last group (T4) was grazed without being fed the supplement. The supplemental diet was formulated using palm kernel cake, brewers dried grain, maize offal, bone ash and table salt..

[1]. M.S. Kallah. Field methods for measuring primary productivity of pastures. In: Forage production and management in Nigeria. A training manual (Ed. J.O. Gefu and J.T. Amodu). A training workshop by National Animal Production Research Institute, Shika, ABU Zaria and Federal ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, October, 2004.
[2]. D. Norris, J. Macala, J. Makore and B. Mosimanyana. Feedlot performance of various breed groups of cattle fed low to high levels of roughage. Livestock Research for Rural Development 14 (6) 2002 Retrieved June 23, 2015 from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd/norr 146.htm
[3]. D. Asizua, D. Mpairwe, F. kabu, D. Mutetikka, and J. Madsen. Growth and slaughter characteristics of Ankole cattle and its Boran and Friesian crossbreds. South African Journal of Animal Science 39 (supplement 1), 2009, 81-85
[4]. J.L. Beaty, R.C. Cochran, B.A Lintzenich, E.S. Vanzant,, J.L. Morril, R.T. Brandt, and D.E.Johnson. Effect of frequency of supplementation and protein concentration in supplements on performance and digestion characteristics of beef cattle consuming low quality forages. Journal of Animal Science. 72 (9), 1994, 2475 -2486.
[5]. C.G. Farmer, R.C.,Cochran, D.D. Simms, C.A. Klevesahl, T.A.Wickersham, and D.C.Johnson. The effects of several supplementation frequencies on forage use and the performance of beef cattle consuming dormant tall grass prairie forage. Journal of Animal Science 79 (9), 2001(Abstract)