Version-2 (June-2016)
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Anti-Arthritic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Lawsonia Inermis in Freund ҆S Adjuvant Induced Arthritic Rats |
| Country | : | Iraq |
| Authors | : | Mariam Abdul Hussein Kadhem |
ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to investigate anti-arthritic activity of Lawsonia Inermis Linn in wistar rats . the anti-arthritic activity of ethanolic extract of Lawsonia Inermis Linn (EELI) was studied against Freund ҆ s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) induced arthritis in rats. The (EELI) was administered at the doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg body weight orally for 21 days after the injection of (FCA) in the rats right hind paw. The parameters assessed were paw diameter , body weight changes, haematological parameters like ( RBC, WBC, Hb, ESR), biochemical parameters like ( SGPT, SGOT, ALP, TP), histopathology and radiology of hind legs..........
[1]. Kalpesh R.P.; Patil. C.R.; Ramchandra, B.; Jadha.;V.; Vallabh, M.; Prabhakar, P.(2011). Bartogenic acid isolated from fruits of Barringtoniacemosa Roxb. ( Lecythidaceae). Evidence –Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
[2]. Tak, P.P.(2008). Best Practice and Research Clinical Rheumatology.22(2) :311-323.
[3]. Caporali, R.; Bobbio, F.; Filippini, M.; Gorla, R.; Marchesoni, A.; Giulio, E.; Sarzi-puttini, P. (2009). Autoimmunity Reviews. 8(3):274-280.
[4]. Burke, A.; Smyth, E.; Fitzgerald, GA. (2006). analgesic- antipyretic agents: pharmacotherapy of gout. In: Brunton, L.L.; Lazo,J.S.; Parker,K.L.(Eds.), Goodman and Gilmans the pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. (2006).McGraw Hill, New York.
[5]. Rao,j.k.; Mihaliak,K.; Kroenke, K.; Bradely,J.; Tierney, W.M.; Weinberger,M. (1999). Use of complementary therapies for arthritis among patients of rheumatologist. Ann internal Med. (3):409-416.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Effect of Biofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Sunflower Comparison in Indolybian Natural Condition |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Sana Abdaslam || (Dr.)E.P. Lal || Chandra Kishore Singh |
ABSTRACT: The experiment was conducted at the Department of Biological Sciences, SHIATS, Allahabad and Botany Department, faculty of Science (Zintan), University of El-JabalWl-Gharby, Libya during year 2013-15. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). There were eleventh treatments including control replicated 3 times in which several fertilizer application control (FYM @ 2.51 t/ha, Vermicompost @ 2.5 t/kg, Trichodermaharizanum @10g/kg), In the view of present investigation.........
Keyword: Sunflower, biofertilizers, FYM, Vermicompost and Trichodermaharizanum,
[1]. Sharma, K.N. and Nandeo, K.N. (1999). Effect of biofertilizer and phosphorus on N,P,K content, uptake and grain quality of soybean and nutrients status of soil. Crop Res. (Hissar), 42 (2) : 323-328.
[2]. Singh, B. and Pareek, R.G (2004) Effect of P and biofertilizer on growth and yield of blackgram.Indian Journal of Pulses Research.16(1): 31-33.
[3]. Savalgi, V. P. and Savalgi, V., (1991).Effect of Azospirillumbrasilense and earthworm cast on seed treatments in sorghum. J. Maharashtra Agric. Univ., 16 : 107-108.
[4]. Ram, G., Patel, J. K., choure, N. K. and Choudhary, K. K., (1992). Single and combined effect of bio, organic and inorganic fertilizers on yield of sunflower and soil properties under rainfed conditions. Adv. Pl. Sci., 5(1) : 161-167.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Criticality Assessment in Agricultural Environment with Varying Level of Intensification – A Study in Nayagram Block of West Medinipur, West Bengal |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Subir Kumar Moyra || Dr. Sukla Hazra |
ABSTRACT: To fulfill the dream of providing food to all, pressure on agricultural field are increasing day by day. Despite several flaws our farmers still follow the foot print of Green Revolution for increasing the level of agricultural intensification. Often the intensification of agricultural practices done by some unplanned anthropogenic interference like, application of chemical manure, use of pesticide and insecticide, exploitation of ground water, expansion of agricultural area, method of cropping etc. leads to serious criticality in agricultural environment. Such type of assessment not only helps to understand the dynamic relation between agricultural intensification and environment but also to identify the level of criticality set by internal agricultural practice..........
Keyword: Apposite agricultural density (AAD), agriculture suitability map (ASM), DIP, intensification, criticality
[1]. D.D. Sharma, and N.Ram, Environmental implication of landuse / landcover changes in Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. Geographical Review of India, vol. 71, no. 3, 2009, 287-296.
[2]. T.M. Lilliesand, and R.W. Kiefer, Remote Sens¬ing and Image Interpretation, 4th Edition, Jhon Wiley and Sons, New York, 1999.
[3]. S. K. Moyra, and S. Hazra, Discrimination of Suitable Agricultural Area from Landsat TM Satellite Image by Assimilation of Tasseled Cap and Weighted Overlay, International journal of research and scientific innovation, vol. 3, 2016, 19-23.
[4]. W.G. Rees, Physical principles of remote sensing, 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press,2001, 269.
[5]. A Bannari, D. Mori, and E. Bonn, A review of vegetation indices, Remote Sensing Reviews, vol. 13, 1995, 95–120.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Histological Followed the Sexual Cycle of the Mediterranean Sardine Sardina Pilchardus (Walbaum 1792) Fished in Golf Annaba Northeast of Algeria. |
| Country | : | Algeria |
| Authors | : | Saoudi Hani || Saoudi Amel || Bencheikhmeryem khadidja || Aoun Leila |
ABSTRACT: The study of reproduction of Sardina pilchardus was performed on the basis of samples coming from commercial landings at the port of Annaba, eastern Algeria (Mediterranean Sea) during the period from March 2012 to February 2013.The report somatic and gonadal condition factor (K) are negatively correlated. K showed high values during the sexual resting phase and low values during the breeding season. The average size of first maturity (L50) was achieved in 15.0 ± 0.31 cm and 17.5 ± 0.35 cm respectively in males and females.Les variations....
Keyword: Gulf of Annaba, Sardina pilchardus, spawning, size at first sexual maturity
[1]. A. Bedairia and A. B. Djebar, A preliminary analysis of the state of exploitation of the sardine, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792), in the gulf of Annaba, East Algerian, Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(2), 2009, 89-99.
[2]. C. Mozzi, and A. Duo. Croissance et âge des sardines de la haute Adriatique, débarquées à Chioggia, Italie, Proc Gen Fish CounMédit , 5,1959, 105–112.
[3]. J. P. Quignard, and F. Kartas. Observation sur la sardine (Sardina pilchardus, Walbaum, 1792) (poisson, Téléostéen) des côtes tunisiennes durant l'hiver 1973–1974 (Caractères numériques; relation taille–poids; état sexuel). Rapp. CIEM.23(8), 1976, 21–25.
[4]. CECAF, s. Garcia. Distribution, migration and spawning of the main fish resources in the northern cecaf area, project for the development of fisheries, in the eastern central atlantic, cecaf/ecaf series 82/25(en),maps n°02 int/81/014, dakar, fao/rome, Italy,1978
[5]. D.Guerault. La croissance linéaire de la sardine du golfe de Gascogne, Ses variations à long terme. CIEM.C. M./H., 40, 1980, 1–9.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | An Inventory of Animal and Tractor Drawn Seed- Fertilizer Applicators Available in Kano State of Nigeria |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Ibrahim Muhammad Binni || S. C. Moses || Kalay Khan || Ashok Kumar |
ABSTRACT: This study earned out an inventory of existing planting equipment available in Kano State. The inventory was conducted by visits to relevant agricultural research institute,i.e Sankara Nigerian Limited, International Institutes for Tropical Agriculture(IITA), Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority(KNARDA),Ministry of Agriculture kano,Kano State. and some selected local governments in Kano state. The Local governments selected include Kura,Minjibir and Bunkure Local government areas of Kano State. Questionnaires were used in obtaining the necessary information from the farmers in the selected Local Government. The adoption criteria used in the determination of the adoptability of seed-fertilizer applicators obtained by the inventory are:.........
Keyword: Animal drawn seed-fertilizer applicator, Tractor drawn seed-fertilizer applicator, Planting, Adoption Index, Adoption Criteria.
[1]. Akeredolu-Ale, E.O. The underdevelopment of indigenous enterpreneurs in nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University press, 1975.
[2]. Federal Department of Agriculture. Fertilizer use report series number I. Zaria: Department of Agronomy ABU Zaria, 1980.
[3]. Ibrahim, A. "An inventory of manual and Animal-drawn planters available for adoption." B.Eng.Thesis, Northern Nigeria, 2011.
[4]. Nura, S.A. "Survey of rice parboiling practice in Kura ." B.Eng.Thesis, Kano, 2008.
[5]. Oni, K. C. "Adoption of appropriate Agricultural Technologies for Comercial Arable Crops Farming in Nigeria." Workshop on Commercial Farming of Arable Crops in Nigeria. Organised by Nigerian Agricultural, Cooperative and Rural Development Bank Ltd, Illorin, June 16th - 18th, 2009.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Aspergillosis in Turkeys: A Review |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Nneoma Okwara |
ABSTRACT: Aspergillosis is a disease of mammals and birds produced caused by the growth of the fungus Aspergillus in the tissues of the body. It is a major respiratory disease of poultry including turkeys. The disease is mostly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus but other species have also been incriminated in the disease. It can lead to significant economic losses particularly in turkey production. Aspergillosis in turkeys can be transmitted through the inhalation of infective spores of the...........
[1]. Okoye J.O.A., Gugnani H.C. and Okeke C.N. (1989). Pulmonary infections due to Aspergillus flavus in turkey poults and goslings. Mycoses, vol. 32, no. 7, pp 336-339.
[2]. The Merck Veterinary Manual for Veterinary Professionals. 1998. Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection in Poultry. 8th edition. Pp 1977.
[3]. Tell, L.A. (2005). Aspergillosis in mammals and birds: impact in veterinary medicine. Medical Mycology, 43: S71–S73.
[4]. Beernaert L.A., Pasmas F., Van Waeyemberghe L., Haesebrouck F. and Martel A. (2010). Aspergillus infections in birds: a review. Avian Pathol. Oct; 39 (5): 325-31. DOI; 10.1080/03079457.2010. 506210.
[5]. Morris, M.P. and Fletcher, O.J. (1988). Disease prevalence in Georgia turkey flocks in 1986. Avian Diseases, 32: 404–406.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Determination of some Selected Engineering Properties of Bambara Nut (Vigna Subterranea) Related to Design of Processing Machines |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Orhevba, B.A || Adejumo, B.A || Julius, O. P. |
ABSTRACT: Bambara nut (Vigna subterranea (L) Verdc) is a major source of vegetable protein in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this study was to determine some selected Engineering properties of Bambara nut. Fresh Bambara nuts were bought from Kure market, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. The pods were cleaned and sorted, and the pods manually cracked using stone to hit the pods on a flat concrete surface. The unharmed nuts were then selected and oven dried and the moisture content determined and calculated to be 14.05%. This study was carried out under approved standard laboratory conditions using standard engineering methods and instruments............
Keywords: Crude Protein, Groundnut oil, Physicochemical Properties, Proximate Composition, Storage Period
[1]. Alhassan, G.A and Egbe, M.O. (2013) Participatory Rural Appraisal of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L.) Verdc.) Production in Southern Guinea Savanna of N igeria, 1(2): 64-71. Science and Education Centre of North AmericaAlozie, Y., M.I. Akpanabiatu, E.U. Eyong, I.B. Umoh and G. Alozie, 2009. Amino acid composition of Dioscorea dumetorum varieties. Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 103-105.
[2]. Altuntas et al., (2005) Altuntaş, E., Özgöz, E. and Taşer, Ö.F. 2005. Some physical properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graceum L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering 71(1): 37-43
[3]. ASABE standard S352.2, (2007) Moisture measurement- Un-ground grain and seeds, ASABE standards, pp 650
[4]. Bamshaiye, O.M, Adegbola, J.A and Bamishaiye, E.I. (2011). Bambara groundnut: an Under - Utilized Nut in Africa. Advances in Agricultural Biotechnology, 1(1):60-72
[5]. Chandrasekar V, Viswanathan R (1999). Physical and thermal properties of coffee. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 73: 227 - 234
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Relation between Age at First Semen Freezing of Holstein Friesian Crossbred Bulls and its Field Fertility |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | S.B.Gokhale || R.L.Bhagat || N. L. Phadke |
ABSTRACT: Effect of age of bull on semen quality parameters is studied and widely reported however few reports are available on field fertility status in relation to age at first semen freezing of the crossbred bulls. A study, under ICAR sponsored field progeny testing programme, on 43 Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls of ¾ exotic inheritance, whose semen was produced and used during the period of 8 years (January 2008 to November 2015) to carry out 16,112 Artificial Inseminations(A.I.s) on9,434crossbreed animals across 18 cattle development centres in Pune, Ahmednagar and Satara districts of Western Maharashtra, was carried out to determine the effect of age of bulls at first semen freezing on the conception rate at rural level............
Keywords: Exotic inheritance Holstein Friesian crossbred bulls, field animals, conception rate, first semen freezing age of bulls.
[1] Anzar M, Farooq U, Mirza M A, Shahab M and Ahmad N. 2003. Factors affecting the efficiency of artificial insemination in cattle and buffalo in Punjab Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal. 23 (3): 106-113.
[2] Bhagat R L and Gokhale S B 1999. Factors Affecting Conception Rate in Cows under Field Conditions. Indian Journal of .Dairy Science 52 (5):298-302.
[3] Bhagat R L, Gokhale S B, Gokhale R B, Pande A B and Karbade V G. 2009. Reproduction attributes affecting conception rate in crossbred cattle. International journal of Tropical Agriculture. 27 (1-2): 169-172.
[4] Bhagat R L, Gokhale S B, Pande A B and Phadke N L. 2008. Socio-economic factors influencing conception rate in cattle under field conditions. Indian Veterinary Journal. 85: 416-418.
[5] Gunasekaran M, Singh Chanran and Gupta A K. 2008. Effect of Estrus Behaviour on Fertility in Crossbred Cattle. Indian Vet. Journal 85: 159-16313
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Gas Chromatographic Monitoring and Quantification of the Estrus -Specific Pheromone Compounds in Female Murrah Buffalo Urine |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Muniasamy Samuthirapandi || Velayuthaprabhu Shanmugam || Govindaraju Archunan |
ABSTRACT: The objective of this work is to quantify the estrus-specific volatiles in the urine of murrah buffalo, Bubalua bubalis. Using the gas chromatographic analysis the estrus-specific volatiles such as 4-methylphenol and 9-octadecenoic acid was quantified. The level of estrus- specific volatiles 4 – methyl phenol was ranged from 2 ppm to 5 ppm and 9 – octadecenoic acid was ranged from 5 ppm to 10 ppm during the estrus phase of female buffalo.
Keywords: Buffalo, Estrus, Gas Chromatography, Quantification, Volatiles
[1]. E.S. Albone, Mammalian semio-chemistry. (Wiley-Interscience Chiehester ,1984) 226.
[2]. G Archunan, Vertebrate pheromones and their biological importance, Journal of Experimental Zoology 12, 2009, 239-241.
[3]. G.Archunan, S. Rajanarayanan, and K Karthikeyan, Cattle Pheromones, in Carla Mucignat-Caretta(Ed.), Neurobiology of Chemical Communication, (US: Taylor & Francis, 2014) 461.
[4]. R Selvaraj, G Archunan. Role of male scent glands in improving poison bait acceptance in female rats, Rattus norvegicus. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 40, 2002, 53-57.
[5]. S Achiraman, and G. Archunan 3-Ethyl-2, 7-dimethyl octane, a testosterone dependent unique urinary sex pheromone in male mouse (Mus musculus). Animal Reprod. Sci., 87(1), 2005, 151-161.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Status of Anaemia, Semen and Ejaculate Charateristics in Experimental Trypanosomosis Infections in Yankassa Rams After Berenil, Novidium and Samorin Treatment |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Osue H. O. || Abenga J. N. || Lawani F. A. G. || Falope O. || David K. M. || Ezebuiro O. G. C. || Akinwale O. P. || Edeghere H. I. |
ABSTRACT: Forty eight out of 52 matured Yankassa rams were shared into 3 groups A, B and C of 16 animals each and remaining 4 rams served as uninfected and untreated control (group D). The groups A-C were infected with about 1x106 of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax, respectively. The experimental groups A-C were subdivided into Berenil, Novidium and Samorin treatment subgroups (a-c). T. congolense had sub-acute course of infection than the others, hence, there was no late treatment. Anaemia measured as red blood cell (RBC) counts was more severe in T. vivax followed by T. congolense and T. brucei brucei. After treatment, Samorin had increased percentage RBC counts and body weight gain............
Keywords: Anaemia, Ejaculate characteristics, Rams, Semen, Trypanosoma species, Trypanocides.
[1]. V.O Anosa (1988). Haematology and biochemical changes in human and animal trypanosomiasis part I. Revue D'élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 41: 65 – 78.
[2]. A. Joshua (1988). Drug resistance in recent isolates of T. brucei and T. congolense. Revue D'élevage et de Médecine Vétérinaire des Pays Tropicaux, 41(4): 359 – 364.
[3]. D. Ogwu, C.O. Njoku and D.I.K Osori (1986). Effects of experimental T. vivax infection on pregnancy and fertility of heifers. Theriogenology, 25(3): 383 – 398
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Performance Evaluation of Manually Operated Paddy Drum Seeder in Puddled field |
| Country | : | India |
| Authors | : | Uday Veer Singh || Devesh Kumar || Dr. S. C. Moses |
ABSTRACT: Direct seeding and transplanting are the two methods of planting rice. The traditional method followed by many years in Allahabad district is transplanting of seeding raised in nursery. Transplanting method involves seedbed preparation, nursery growing, care of seeding in nursery, uprooting of seeding, hauling and transplanting operations. The preparation of seedbed and sowing are done 30 days before planting. The rice farmers practicing transplanting are facing problems like shortage of labour during peak time, hike in labour charges, small and fragmented land holdings etc. Direct seeding is becoming increasingly popular now days in India............
[1] Anonymous (1993). IS test code for sowing equipment. Bureau of Indian Standard (IS- 6316).
[2] Anonymous (1983). RNAM test codes & procedure for farm machinery. Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery. Bangkok, pp15-71.
[3] Chavan Sumait P. and Shwetambari M. Palkar (2010). Performance evaluation of paddy drum seeder. International Journal of agricultural Engineering. Vol.3 No.2, 279-287.
[4] Devnani, R. S., Tayade, N. H., Thakare, S. K., Nikhade, J. S. (2010). Development and performance evaluation of manually pull type two row rice seeder for wet seedbed condition in India. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering; 2010. 3: 2, 306-311.
[5] Gupta C.P. and Herwanto Totak (1992). Design and development of direct paddy seeder. Agriculture mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America 23 (1) 23-27
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | The Aqueous Extracts of the Nigella sativa Melanin: Experimental in Vivo Test and in Vitro HEp-2 Cell Lines Cytotoxicity Effects |
| Country | : | Saudi Arabia |
| Authors | : | Omar A. Al-Tayib || Adil M. Haseeb || Kamal E. El-Tahir || Maha H. Idriss |
ABSTRACT: Medicinal plants have emerged as a promising source of novel therapeutic agent due to their higher structural diversity and potency as compared to standard synthetic chemistry. Recently, melanin pigments had been discovered and thus extracted from the Nigella sativa L. (N. sativa) seed coats, however, the natural protective role of the melanin in the different cell life had been well known. Melanins from Nigella used for several therapeutic activities and thus cytotoxic evaluation for this new extract derived from plant for therapeutic issues immensely need to be well investigated............
Keywords: Melanin; N. sativa seeds; HEp-2 Cells; Extract; Cytotoxicity
[1]. O. Akerele, Summary of WHO Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines Herbal Gram, 22, 1993, 13–28.
[2]. K. Arora, and J. Kaur, Antimicrobial activity of spices. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 12, 1999, 257–262.
[3]. World Health Organization. (2007). WHO guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. Geneva: WHO. Pp: 4–6.
[4]. M. Lahlou, The success of natural products in drug discovery. Pharmacol Pharma, 4, 2013, 17–31.
[5]. M. Salem, Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L seed. International Journal of immunopharmacology 5, 2005, 1749–1770.
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| Paper Type | : | Research Paper |
| Title | : | Serum Enzymes and Histopathology of Rabbit Bucks fed Diets Supplemented with Allium sativum (Garlic) |
| Country | : | Nigeria |
| Authors | : | Shinkut, M. || Rekwot, P. I. || Nwannenna, I, A. || Sambo, S. J || Bugau,J. S. || Haruna, M. J. |
ABSTRACT: This study was designed to evaluate the effects of crude Allium sativum in diets of rabbit bucks on serum enzymes and histopathology. Twenty one (21) 10±2 months old, 1.8±0.2 kg average body weight rabbit bucks were used for this study. These bucks were allowed to acclimatize for 49 days (for at least one spermatogenic cycle) before they were randomly divided into 3 groups of 7 bucks each. Group A served as control, group B and C received 2.5% and 5.0% garlic in diets respectively for a period of 62 days. On the last day of the study, 3mls of blood was collected through the marginal ear venepuncture from each buck into a non EDTA sample bottle for serum enzymes assay...........
Keywords: Serum Enzymes, Histopathology, Rabbit Buck, Diets, Allium sativum
[1] Abdulmalik, M. E. (1994). Rabbit production. In: Okaiyeto, P. O., Ndubuisi, A. H. and Okoh, A. E. (editors). Advanced Animal Husbandry Practices for Subject Matter Specialists in the ADPs. Training Manual for FACU/NAPRI, Workshop, Zaria, 13-17 December, 1994.
[2] Aduku, A. O. and Olukosi, J. O. (1990). Rabbit Management in the Tropics: Production, Processing, Utilization, Marketing, Economics, Practical training, Research and Future Prospects, Living Book Services, G.U. Publications, Abuja.
[3] Ajala, A. A. (1990). A note on rabbit feeding in the traditional farming system of Nigeria (Oyo State) and implication for extension activities. Journal of Applied Rabbit Research, 12: 280-282.
[4] Ajala, M. K. and Balogun, J. K. (2004). Economics of rabbit production in Zaria, Kaduna State. Tropical Journal of Animal Science, 7(1): 1-10.
[5] Al-Bekairi, A. M., Shah, A. H. and Qureshi, S. (1990). Effects of Allium sativum on epididymal spermatozoa, estradiol-treated mice and general toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 29(2): 117-125.