iosr-JDMS   Volume-14 ~ Issue-2 ~ February-2015

Abstract: Estimation of ketone bodies in urine detects the presence of toxin of C. diphtheria. It is also seen in Diphtheritic myocarditis as the toxin causes lysis of myocardial cells. Clinical diphtheria is on rise worldwide today and leads to the development of complicated diphtheria. Whenever clinical diphtheriae is diagnosed, there is a definite need for further laboratory evidence of elevated ketone body levels in the urine samples as it indicates the presence of toxin. It is also one of the laboratory prognostic parameter of complicated diphtheria especially in diphtheritic myocarditis. This study was done on all cases of Clinical diphtheria admitted at Sir Ronald Ross Institute of Tropical and Communicable Diseases (SRRITCD), Hyderabad which is an Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) network hospital from January 2008 to December 2013.

[1]. Government of India, Annual Report 2012. Ministry of Health.
[2]. Park K. Park's Text Book of Preventive and Social Medicine. 16th Edition, 2000; 125-128.
[3]. Center for disease control and prevention(CDC24/7) A-Z index, May14, 2013.
[4]. MDHC vaccine -preventable disease Investigation guidelines - Diphtheria Revised 2013.
[5]. Dan L. Longo, Anthony Fauci etal,. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th edition, 2012.
[6]. Gordon C. cook, Alimuddin I Zumla Philadelphia, Manson's Tropical Diseases , 2003, page 1609-1613.
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Abstract: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Is A Chronic Condition Often Associated With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS) (Urinary Frequency, Urgency, A Weak And Intermittent Stream, Needing To Strain, A Sense Of Incomplete Emptying And Nocturia[1]). The Severity Of BPH-Related Luts Appears To Depend, At Least in Part, On Smooth Muscle Tone in The Prostate And Bladder Neck, Which is Mediated By Α1a-Adrenoceptors. Silodosin, A New Α1a- Adr. Selective Antagonist, Has Been Reported To Be Effective For Both Storage And Voiding Symptoms in BPH Patients [2]. This Study Include Assessment Of The Efficacy Of Silodosin On American Urological Association Symptoms Score (AUA) [3], Quality Of Life (QoL) And Post Void Residual Urine And Side Effects Of Silodosin.. In This Study The Majority Of Patients Were Above 56 Years (85%).There Were 54.54% And 42.85% reductions in Obstructive & Irritative AUA-SS respectively(Total-50%) with Significant Improvement In QoL (51.11%) And In Post Void Residual Urine. The Major Adverse Effects were Retrograde Ejaculation(20%) &Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (15%).We Concluded That Silodosin is Effective For Both Storage And Voiding Symptoms In BPH Patients with Less Cardiovascular Side Effects. Keywords: AUA Symptom Score, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, LUTS , Postvoid Urine, Quality Of Life Retrograde Ejaculation.

[1]. BPH and male LUTS, clinical evidence 2011; 08: 1801
[2]. Rapaflo (silodosin) [Package insert]. Corona, CA: Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009
[3]. AUA Practice Guidelines Committee on management of BPH (2003). Chapter 1: Diagnosis and treatment J Urol. 2003; 170:530–547.
[4]. Silodosin in the treatment of BPH by Maxime Rossi, Thierry R., Drug design, development and therapy 2010-4: 291-297.
[5]. Descazeaud A, Rubin MA, et al. BPH gene expression profile associated to prostate volume. Diagn Mol Pathol. 2008; 17:207–213.
[6]. Arnold EP. Tamsulosin in men with confirmed bladder outlet obstruction: a clinical and urodynamic analysis from a single center in New Zealand. BJU Int. 2001; 87:24–31.
[7]. Schwinn DA, Roehrborn CG. α1-AR subtypes and LUTS. Int J Urol. 2008;15:139–193.

Abstract: Conversion disorders comprise many clinical pictures, including hysterical mutism.Hystericalmutism has emerged as a clinical entity that remains difficult to diagnose, and whose treatment is poorly codified. Hysterical mutism is a disorder of the vocal function without changing the integrity of the body, resulting in loss of voice. Identified at all times, hysterical mutism entered the medical field in the late nineteenth century, under the direction of Jean-Martin Charcot.Since then, although the disorder has emerged as a clinical entity, it remains little known.

[1]. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders,fifthedition:Conversion disorder.
[2]. Schuster JP ,MouchabacS,LestratY,Limosin F:Hysterical mutism,Encephalale.2011 oct;37(5):339-44.doi:10.1016/J.encep.2010.12.006.Epub 2011 feb 2

Abstract: Background: The most common lesion of the gallbladder is chronic cholecystitis with cholelithiasis but occasionally some rare lesions can also occur. Aims And Objectives: To assess the frequency of gallbladder lesions and to study their nature, age and sex prevalence Materials And Methods: The biopsy material received from June 2012 to May 2013 received in the department of pathology at our college were studied and data of gallbladder lesions were analyzed.

[1]. BarlettDL(2000).Gallbladder cancer.Semin Surg Oncol,19,145-55.
[2]. R.Thamil selvi on 78 cholecystectomies.Tropical gastroenterology 2012:33(1):39-44.
[3]. Pandey M, Pathak AK, Gautam A,Aryya NC,Shukla VK(2001).Carcinoma of the gallbladder:a retrospective review of 99 cases.Digest Dis and sci,46,1145-51.
[4]. SK Mathur et al on 330 cases Tropical Gastroenterology 2012;33(1):39–44 .
[5]. Khanna R et al Histological changes in gall bladder due to stone disease. I Indian J Surg.2006;68:201–4.4
[6]. Weedon D.Diseases of the gallbladder.In :MacSween RMN,Anthony PP ,Burt AD,et al,eds. Pathology of the liver ,third edition.New York :Churchill livingstone,1994:513-534

Abstract: The paper explored the consequences involved with the practice of traditional birth attendants and maternal mortality. In developing countries, most childbirth occurs at home and is not assisted by skilled attendants. This situation increases the risk of mortality for both mother and child with severe maternal and neonatal health complications. Maternal mortality is high in most African countries, particularly in rural areas where access to formal health care is limited. Physical distance and financial limitations are two major constraints that prevent community members from accessing, using trained attendants and institutional deliveries. Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) provide basic health care, support and advice during and after pregnancy/childbirth in rural communities. Traditional birth attendants are predominantly in rural, remote and other medically underserved areas. TBAs may not receive formal education and training in health care provision, and there are no specific professional requisites such as certification or licensing. Due to lack of education with some TBAs, the way they attend to delivery is risky for women and their babies, leading to poor health outcomes and even death. The paper suggests that since TBAs have made great impact in the rural communities, their roles cannot be abolished or overlooked therefore effective measures to train and improve their skills and define their roles is necessary. There should be integration and collaboration with the health sector to supervise and monitor their activities.

Keywords: Maternal mortality, Traditional birth attendants, rural communities, Pregnant women..

[1]. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2012). Maternal mortality estimate 2012. Retrieved 21 August, 2014 from http://www.unfpa.org/public/home/mothersmmestimate2012.

[2]. World Health Organization. (2014). Available data by the World Health Organisation. In International Business Times, vol.3, 5-7.

[3]. South West Magazine. (2014). By our reporter on July, South West Magazine Specials.

[4]. Basavanthappa, B.T. (2008). Community health nursing. New Delhi. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) LTD.

[5]. World Health Organisation. (2010). Classifying Health Workers. Geneva.

[6]. World Health Organization. (1992). Traditional Birth Attendants: a joint WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF statement. Geneva:

[7]. Mrisho, M., Schellenberg, J.A., Mushi, A.K., Obrist, B., Mshinda, H., Tanner, M., & Schellenberg, D. (2007). Factors affecting home delivery in rural Tanzania. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 12(7):862-872.

Abstract: A cross sectional study was conducted among children between 10-15 years of age attending government schools in Dibrugarh town, Assam, India to find out the prevalence of refractive error among them. A total of 600 students were taken up for study and relevant information was collected in a pre-designed and pretested questionnaire. Children were first screened in their respective schools and those with VA<6/6 were taken for further examination to OutPatient Department of Department of Ophthalmology, Assam Medical College and Hospital. Data was tabulated in MS Excel 2007 and analyzed by SPSS 20. Chi-square/ Fisher Exact test has been used to find the significance of study parameters on categorical scale between two or more groups. In this study 8.8% of the study population had refractive error, boys (51%) more than girls (49%). Myopia (7.17%) was the most common refractive error followed by astigmatism (2.17%) and hypermetropia (1.50%). These data show that vision screening in school children in developing countries is useful in early detection of refractive errors and thereby prevent development of amblyopia and visual disability.

Keywords: visual acquity, refractive error, school children.

[1]. W.H.O. Data on Blindness throughout the World. W.H.O Chronicle 1979; Vol. 33, No. 718,275
[2]. GP Kantha, Sonam Sethi. Prevalence of refractive errors in school children (12–17 years) of Ahmedabad city. Indian Journal of Community Medicine 1987; 24 (4).
[3]. Khurana A.K.et al 1984: Ocular morbidity among school children in Rohtak city: I. J.P.H; vol XXVIII, No- 4.
[4]. Chaturvedi Sanjay, Agarwal et al. 1999: Pattern and distribution of ocular morbidity in primary school children of rural Delhi: Asia Pac J Public Hea1th. 1999; 11(1): 30-3.
[5]. Dandona R, Dandona L,Sivas M et al. Refractive error in children in a rural population in India.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:615-622
[6]. Das A,Dutta H,Bhaduri G, De Sarkar A, Sarkar K,Bannerjee M. A study on refractive errors among school children in Kolkata; J Indian Med Assoc.2007 April;105(4):169-72 77: 1075-1079.

Abstract: Background: Pregnancy induced hypertension is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pregnant woman. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia, Sepsis and Haemorrhage are the prime killers in pregnancy. Aim: The aim of the study is to assess the antepartum severity and complications of preeclampsia by estimating liver enzymes and proteinuria. Materials And Methods: The study comprises of 60, third trimester pregnant women, among those 24 were clinically diagnosed as Preeclamptic cases, 16 were Eclamptic cases and 20 were Normotensive antenatal controls. Liver enzymes and 24 hrs proteinuria levels were estimated and compared in them. Statistical Analysis: Results were analysed using epi info 3.5.4 by students t-test

[1]. Dipti Mohapatra, Manasi Behera "Relevance of variation of liver function tests in pregnancy induced hypertension
IJPBS 2013:4(1):(B) 570- 4.
[2]. Manjusha Sajith etal., Incidence of pregnancy induced hypertension and prescription pattern of antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy.
IJPSR 2014;5(4):163-70.
[3]. Jun Zhang, Jonathan Zeisler, Maureen C.Hatch, Gertrud Berkowitz Epidemiology of pregnancy induced hypertension " Epidemiol Rev 1997;19(2):218-32.
[4]. Cole, Laurence A. "HCG and Hyperglycosylated HCG in the Establishment and Evolution of Hemochorial placentation " Journal of Reproductive Immunology. 82.2(2009):112-8.
[5]. Martin JN Jr, Rinehart BK,, May WL, Magann EF, Terrone DA, Blake PG(June 1999). The spectrum of severe preeclampsia : comparativre analysis by HELLP syndrome classification" Am J obstet Gynecol 180(6 pt 1): 1373-84. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(99)70022-0.PMID 10368474.

Abstract: Objective: This study was done to evaluate if nursing mothers of infants with rickets have vitamin D deficiency, and to evaluate the relationship between maternal vitamin D levels and Hypocalcemic seisures in infants with rickets. Material And Methods: This study was conducted from July 2014 to December 2014 at G. B Pant Children hospital which is tertiary care hospital and is associated hospital of government medical college Srinagar India. Infants were included in this study if they were breastfed and presented with any of the following criteria: delayed motor milestones or delayed teething, were found to have specific rachitic signs, or presented with Hypocalcemic seisures. We checked serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase, 25 hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D] and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in both infants and their mothers. Out of 64 infants who met clinical criteria for rickets, 20 (31%) of breastfed infants had vitamin D deficiency while as 32 (50%) of infants had vitamin D insufficiency. Fifty two (81%) mothers had vitamin D deficiency ( 25(OH) D <20 ng dl-1). Mothers of 18 infants who presented with Hypocalcemic seisures had severe vitamin D deficiency, ( P=0.005).

[1]. Holicks MF, Mac Laughlin JA, Doppelt SH. Regulation of cutaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in man. Skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science. 1998;211:590-3.
[2]. Kamno M, Tsugawa N, Suhara Y, Wada A, Mori T, Murata K, et al. Quantification of fat-soluble vitamins in human breast milk by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007;859:192-200.
[3]. Specker BL. Do North American women need supplemental vitamin D during pregnancy or lactation? Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59:484S.
[4]. Wagner C. Rickets: emerging from obscurity. Am Fam Physician. 2006;74:561–2.
[5]. Ward LM, Gaboury I, Ladhani M, Zlotkin S. Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada. CMAJ. 2007;177:161–6.

Abstract: Here are the two cases reported with the vaginal abnormalities and delivered normally. After delivery surgical repair of vaginal septum done under general anaesthesia. After 6 weeks of delivery, they were followed at Gynaec Clinic and they were subjected to imaging techniques i.e., 3D U/S, HSG & Hysteroscopy. No associated uterine anomalies detected. Both the mother & the baby were doing well. The management of the cases is discussed.

Keywords: Longitudinal vaginal septum, Mullerian duct, transverse vaginal septum. Vaginal abnormality & vaginal delivery.

[1]. Antoni Henriques de Franca Neto Bianca, " Intrapartum diagnosis and treatment of longitudinal vaginal septum" case reports in obstetrics and gynaecology vol 2014.
[2]. Peeti Nisture, Niranjan N Chavan, "Vaginal delivery in a case of longitudinal vaginal septum – an interesting case report" Bombay hospital journal, vol 51, no 2, 2009.
[3]. Blanton EN, Rouse DJ, "Trial of labor in women with transverse vaginal septum". Obstet Gynaecol, 101, (5 pt 2) 2003.
[4]. Yusuf Ustun, Yaprak Engin Ustun, :"A case of transverse vaginal septum diagnosed during labor"
[5]. B Haddad, C Louis, "Longitudinal vaginal septum a retrospective study of 202 cases" European journal of obstetrics and gynaecology and reproductive biology vol 74 pp 197-199, 1997.

Abstract: Porokeratosis is a specific disorder of keratinization that has five major clinical types and shows a characteristic cornoid lamella on histopathology. Giant porokeratosis is considered to be a morphological variant of porokeratosis of mibelli. Malignant degeneration has been described in all forms of porokeratosis but highest risk is associated with linear and giant porokeratosis . We report a case of giant porokeratosis with squamous cell carcinomas in 55yr old female patient. To the best of our knowledge this is the largest giant porokeratosis ever reported measuring 62×48cm with two large squamous cell carcinomas.

Keywords: Cornoid lamellae, Giant porokeratosis of Mibelli, Malignant degeneration, Squamous cell carcinoma, Ultraviolet Radiation.

[1]. Ehsani AH, Shakoei S, Ranjabar M. Giant Porkeratosis of Mibelli with Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Indian J Dermatology Venereology Leprology 2014; 80: 96-7
[2]. Rifaioglu EN, Ozyalvacli G. Follicular Porokeratosis at Alae nasi; A case report and short review of literture. Indian J Dermatology 2014; 59: 398-400
[3]. Mohanan Saritha, Rashmi Kumari, Devinder Thappa, Nachiappa G. Rajesh, Surendra Kumar Verma. Benign giant cutaneous horn formed by giant Porokeratosis of Mibelli with dysplasia . Indian J Dermatology Venereology Leprology 2013; 79: 433-35
[4]. Ray Chaudary T, Valsamma DP. Giant Porokeratosis, . Indian J Dermatology Venereology Leprology 2011; 77: 601-2
[5]. Sarma N, Boler AK, Bhattachrya SR. Familial Disseminated plaque type Porokeratosis with multiple horns and Squamous cell carcinoma involving anal skin; Indian J Dermatology Venereology Leprology 2009; 75: 551

Abstract: Distal femoral cortical irregularity (DFCI) is a benign bony condition presenting with either an irregular appearance or a focal lysis within the posterior cortex of the distal femur. Many cases are confused with malignant lesions. Most of the lesions are found at the attachment of the head of the medial gastrocnemius muscle which can be visualized using different imaging techniques. We report a case of a DFCI in a 12-year old boy. The diagnosis was based on MRI. Patient is being followed up for 1 year.

Keywords: benign fibroosseous lesions, cortical desmoids, distal femoral cortical defect, fibrous cortical defects, gastrocnemius.

[1]. Simon H. Medial distal metaphyseal femoral irregularity in children. Radiology 1968 ; 90 : 258.
[2]. Dunham WK, Marcus NW et al. Developmental defects of the distal femoral metaphysis. J Bone Joint Surg 1980 ; 62-A, 801-806.
[3]. Caffey J. On fibrous defects in cortical walls of growing tubular bones: their radiologic appearance, structure, prevalence, natural course, and diagnostic significance. Adv Pediatr 1955; 7:13–51
[4]. Brant WE, Helms CA. Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999:969–971
[5]. Betsy M, Kupersmith LM, Springfield DS. Metaphyseal fibrous defects. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2004; 12:89–95

Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder among women of reproduc-tive age and is a leading cause of infertility. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia play a key role in pa-thophysiology of PCOS . Recognition of hyperinsulinemia has led to the intervention of Insulin sensitizing drugs to play a key role in the management of PCOS . Hence the present study was undertook to measure the efficacy,and safety of insulin sensitizing drug metformin in reversing the metabolic and endocrine distur-bances in fifty women with polycystic ovarian disease. Metformin 500 mg thrice daily was given until the cysts disappeared which was taken as the end point of the study. Follicular studies were done to check the effect of metformin on ovulation . Significance was tested by paired t test and p value calculated .Metformin was found effective in regressing polycystic changes in ovary,regularization of menustral cycles and improving ovulatory cycles . The present showed that metformin has a beneficial role in effective management of PCOS.

Keywords: Metformin, PCOS.

[1]. Kollmann M, Martins WP, Raine-Fenning N (2014)"Terms and thresholds for the ultrasound evaluation of the ovaries in women with hyperandrogenic anovulation". Hum. Reprod. Update 20 (3): 463-4. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu005. PMID 24516084.

[2]. "USMLE-Rx". MedIQ Learning, LLC. 2014. Stein-Leventhal syndrome, also known as polycystic overy syndrome (PCOS), is a disorder characterized by hirsutism, obesity, and amenorrhea because of luteinizing hormone-resistant cystic ovaries.

[3]. Burghen GA, Givens JR, kitabchi AE, correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovarian disease. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;50:113-16.

[4]. Velaque E.M.,Acosta, A .and Mendoza, S.G(1997) Menstrual cyclicity after metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome .obstet.Gynecol., 90,392-395.
[5]. Glueck C.J,Wang P, Fontaine R, Tracy T,sieve- Smith L.(1999).Metformin – induced resumption of normal menses in 39 of 43 (91%) previously amenorrheic women with polycystic ovary syndrome.Metabolism ,48,511-519 The cholesterol center ,jewish hospital ,Cincinnati,OH 45229,USA.

Abstract: The hematological parameters in a newborn are distinctly different from the normal adult values. NRBCs are immature RBCs normally seen in the peripheral blood of neonatesupto 5th day of life. At birth 3 to 10 NRBCs per 100 WBCs are present. Premature birth and foetal hypoxia can cause the number to increase. NRBC count in umbilical venous blood of neonates has been reported as a possible marker of perinatal asphyxia. Leukocytosis refers to an increase in the total number of WBCs due to any cause. Thrombocytopenia can be a marker of an underlying disease as well as an obvious risk factor for hemorrhage.

Keywords: Neonates, NRBC's, Peripheral smear, Thrombocytopenia

1]. Wintrobe, M.M. Blood ,Pure and Eloquent, New York : McGraw-Hill 1980:1-31
[2]. Wintrobe ,M.M . A simple and accurate hematocrit. J Lab clin Med 1929;15: 287-289.
[3]. Mattoth,y., Zatzov,R., Varsano, L., Postnatal changes in some red cell parameters. ActaPaediatr 1971; 60: 317-323.
[4]. Fisher, J.W. Erythropoietin: physiology and pharmacology update. Exp Blood med 2003; 228:1-14.
[5]. Stephenson, J.R., Axelrad, A.A., Mcleod, D.L.,Shreeve, M.M. Induction of colonies of hemoglobin –synthesizing cells by erythropoietin in vitro. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 1971; 68: 1542-1546.

Abstract: Fractures around implants are generally termed as peri implant fractures and those around joint replacement prosthesis as peri prosthetic fractures. Management of a secondary fracture with an implant in situ is always difficult because of the limited availability of implants and limited exposure. Here we report 20 cases of Peri-implant fractures which were managed successfully (95%) without disturbing the primary implant in situ by placing an additional distal femoral locking plate and fixing with unicortical locking screws over a period of 3 years.

[1]. Dhar SA, Halwai MA, Wani MI, Butt MF: Operative management of a subtrochantericfracture in severe osteoporosis. A case report. Cases J 2008, 1:193.
[2]. Egol, Kenneth A. MD; Kubiak, Erik N. MD; Fulkerson, Eric MD; Kummer, Frederick J. PhD; Koval, Kenneth J. MD. Biomechanics of Locked Plates and Screws .Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma: September 2004 - Volume 18 - Issue 8 - pp 488-493.
[3]. Bucholz, Robert W, Heckman,James D, Court-Brown, Charles M. Periprosthetic Fractures. In William M. Ricci,George J. Haidukewych .ed . Rockwood and Green's Fractures In Adults, 7th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010:555-557.
[4]. T F Wisniewski MD PhD(orth) Treatment of traumatic conditions of the femur using the Huckstep nail East and Central African Journal of Surgery,Vol. 2, No. I: pg 26 – 30.
[5]. Bucholz RW, Ross SE, Lawrence KL. Fatigue fracture of the interlocking nail in the treatment of fractures of the distal part of the femoral shaft. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987;69:1391–9.

Abstract: Abdominal lymphangiomas are uncommon benign cystic tumors of the lymphatic system. Retroperitoneal lymphangiomas are even rarer accounting for 1% of all lymphangiomas. They can cause diagnostic dilemmas with other retroperitoneal cystic masses. This report describes a rare case of retroperitoneal mass in a 16year-old male patient who presented with acute abdomen. Imaging revealed a large multiloculated cystic mass with enhancing septations occupying the retroperitoneum. Extirpation of tumor mass was done successfully.Histopathology revealeda benign cystic lymphangioma.

Keywords: Retroperitoneum, Giant Cystic Lymphangioma

[1]. Konen O, Rathaus V, Dlugy E, Freud E, Kessler A, Shapiro M, et al. Childhood abdominal cystic lymphangioma. PediatrRadiol 2002;32:88-94.
[2]. Bhavsar T, Saeed-Vafa D, Harbison S, Inniss S. Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma in an adult: A case report and review of the literature. World J GastrointestPathophysiol 2010; 1(5):171-176.
[3]. Hauser H, Mischinger HJ, Beham A, Berger A, CerwenkaH, Razmara J, Fruhwirth H, Werkgartner G. Cystic retroperitoneallymphangiomas in adults. Eur J SurgOncol 1997; 23:322-326.
[4]. Enzinger FM, Weis SW. Tumors of lymph vessels. In: SoftTissue Tumors. St. Louis: Mosby-Years Book, 1995: 679-700.
[5]. Ho M, Lee CC, Lin TY. Prenatal diagnosis of abdominal lymphangioma.Ultrasound ObstetGynecol 2002; 20: 205-206

Abstract: Giant cell tumour (GCT) is a benign but locally aggressive tumour. It commonly involves the epiphyseometaphyseal end of long bones. GCT rarely involves small bones of hand and foot. GCT of talus bone is a rare entity and very few cases were reported in literature so far. We report about one 20 year old male presented with pain right ankle for one year and swelling of right ankle for nine month with restriction of movement of right ankle and subtalar joint. Plain radiographs and computerized tomography scan (CT) and biopsy of talus bone suggested a diagnosis of giant cell tumour.

Keywords: Giant cell tumour, bone neoplasm, talus, biopsy.

[1]. Jaffe HL, Lichtenstein L, Partis RB. Giant cell tumour of bone: Its pathological appearance, grading, supposed variants and treatment. Arch Path 1940 30: 993-1031.
[2]. Stoker DJ; Bone tumours: General characteristics benign lesions. In Grainger RG, Allison DJ editors; Diagnostic Radiology: a Textbook of Medical Imaging. 3rd edition, New York: Churchill Livingston, 1997: 629-1660.
[3]. Campanacci M, Baldini N, Boriani S, Sudanese A;Giant cell tumour of bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am., 1987; 69(1): 106-114.
[4]. Wold LE, Swee RG.Giant cell tumour of the small bones of the hand and feet. Semin Diagn Pathol 1984 1: 173-184.
[5]. Carrasco CH, Murray JA. Giant cell tumours. OrthopClin North Am., 1989; 20(3): 395-405.

Abstract: Background -The finite element method is a powerful and popular method in analyzing stress in endodontically treated teeth restored with post restorations. Endodontically treated teeth are commonly reinforced with posts, but there is lack of scientific evidence to support this practice. Because of the large variability of the results obtained from in vitro studies, an increasing number of investigations of dowel-restored teeth are based on finite element (FE) analysis. Aims- This article critically analyzes the concerned topics related to the stress pattern in teeth restored with dowel retained restorations using FEA. Methods-A systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE, databases was completed (from 2000 to 2014). Single or combined key words were used to obtain the most possible comprehensive list of articles. Checking the references of the relevant obtained sources completed the review along with a manual search to locate related articles on the topic. In vitro (computer-based finite element, and photoelastic stress analysis studies) investigations related to the topic were included. Results- Many factors influence the stress patterns around post restored teeth.

[1]. Farah JW, Craig RG, Sikarskie DC. Photoelastic and finite element analysis of a restored axisymmtric first molar. J Biomech 1973; 6:511-20.
[2]. Thresher RW, Saito GE. The stress analysis of human teeth. J Biomech 1973; 6:443-9.
[3]. Geng JP, Tan Kesan BC, Liu GR. Application of finite element analysis in implant dentistry: A Review of literature. J Prosthet Dent 2001; 85:585-98.
[4]. R Courant. Varitional method for the solution of problems of equilibrium and vibration. Bull Am Math Soc1943; 49:1-23.
[5]. MJ Turner, RW Clough, HC Mactinand, J Topp. Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex structures. Aeronaut Science 1956; 23:805-23.
[6]. Davy DT, Dilley GL, Krejci RF. Determination of stress patterns in root filled teeth incorporating various dowel designs. J Dent Res 1981; 60:1301-10.