iosr-JDMS   Volume-18 ~ Issue-10 ~ October-2019

Abstract: One of the most dreaded complications of liver cirrhosis is oesophageal varices which is a result of portal hypertension. It carries a very high risk of mortality (20 to 35%).The risk of developing oesophageal varices in cirrhotic patients over their life time amounts to about 5 to 15 percent per year and the rate of progression from small to large varices amounts to 8 percent per year. Therefore early identification and grading of varices remains the foremost step for risk assessment and thereby prevention of mortality. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy remains the gold standard test for identification of varices.Endoscopy being invasive, costly,with increased risk of infection and bleeding there is a need for some reliable non invasive predictors for oesophageal varices which are cost effective

Key Words: Right lobe of liver,Albumin,Oesophageal varices

[1]. Merli M, Nicolini G, Angeloni S, Rinaldi V, De Santis A, Merkel C, Attili AF, Riggio O. Incidence and natural history of small esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol. 2003; 38:266-272.
[2]. Nevens F, Bustami R, Scheys I, Lesare E, Fevery J. Variceal pressure is a factor predicting the risk of a rst variceal bleeding: a prospective cohort study in cirrhotic patients. Hepatology. 1998; 27:15-19.
[3]. Merkel C, Zoli M, Siringo S, van Buuren H, Magalotti D, Angeli P, et al.
[4]. Prognostic indicators of risk for rst variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a multicenter study in 711 patients to validate and improve the North Italian Endoscopic Club (NIEC) index. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 2915-2920.
[5]. D"Amico G, L Pagliaro. -e clinical course of portal hypertension in liver.

Abstract: Over the past 10 years, catheter radiofrequency ablation (CRA) has played an important role as an alternative treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Antral pulmonary vein (LV) ablation is the most common strategy in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation (AF) [4]. However, the individual success rate of this approach is relatively better in patients with paroxysmal form than with persistent [6,10,11, 14]. The inconsistency of the results indicates a difference in the underlying mechanisms of the AF [10]. The early theories of the AF take the leading position in the trigger mechanism. However, the duration of arrhythmia leads to corresponding changes in the substrate, which promotes the persistent form of AF [11]. As a result, there is a need for additional

Key Words: atrial fibrillation, zones of complex fractional activity, left atrial remodeling.

[1]. Callans D J., Gerstenfeld E. P., Dixit S. et al. Efficacy of repeat pulmonary vein isolation procedures in patients with recurrent atrial fibrillation // J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. - 2004. - V.15. - P. 1050-1055.
[2]. Calo L., Lamberti F., Loricchio M. L. et al. Left atrial ablation versus biatrial ablation for persistent and permanent atrial fibrillation: a prospective and randomized study // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2006. - V.47. - P. 2504 -2512.
[3]. Cappato R., Calkins H. , Chen S.A. et al. Prevalence and causes of fatal outcome in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2009. - V.53(19). - P. 1798-1803.
[4]. Cappatto R, Calkins H, Chen Set al. Updated worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation// Circ. Arr.Electroph. - 2010. - V.3. - P. 32 - 38.
[5]. Chen M. S., Marrouche N. F., Khaykin Y. et al. Pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with impaired systolic function // J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. - 2004. - V.43. - P. 1004 -1009.

Abstract: Introduction: Child's community includes a number of places- playgrounds, gardens, fields, ponds, rivers or waste dumps, but their relative importance depends on a child's way of life. Accidents are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. An accident can be defined as an unexpected, unplanned occurrence of an event which usually produced unintended injury, death or property damage. Injuries cause almost 40% deaths among 1-4 year old children and three times more deaths than the next leading cause, Accidental death in children particularly during playing, while flying kites, fall from the terrace, injury from sharp objects, injury from fire crackers particularly during the festive seasons, improper use of electrically operated toys, sharp toys, scissors.........

Key Words: Assessment, Effectiveness, Planned teaching program, Knowledge, Foreign body aspiration, Mothers Toddlers Urban, Community.

[1]. V.P. Chaudhari, R.K. Srivastava, M. Moitra& V.K. Desai: Risk of domestic accidents among under five children. The Internet Journal of Family Practice. 2009 Volume 7 Number Available from;http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-family-practice/volume-7-number-1/risk-of-domestic-accidents-among-under-five-children.html.
[2]. Ravinder K. Gupta*, Ritu Gupta**Home Related Accidents During Infancy. *Adval Pediatric Clinic, NaiBasti, Jammu Cantt. & Department of **Physiology, Govt. Medical College, Jammu (J&K). Vol. 6 No. 2, April-June 2004.
[3]. Accidents to Children. Conducted in U.K. Registered Charity No: 207823. Available. from; http://www.rospa.com/ homesafety/adviceandinformation/childsafety/accident-to-children.U.K.
[4]. Siddarth. Improving the quality of care for children. Indian Pediatrics. 2002. 39: Pp 41-7.
[5]. Steven W. Heim, karen L. Maughan, Foreign Bodies in the Ear, Nose, and Throat. University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia Am Fam Physician. 2007 Oct 15;76(8): Pp 1185-1189. Available from; http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1015/p1185.html

Abstract: Pregnancy is a period of reproduction during which several physiological changes that occur in hematological parameters. Pregnancy is characterized by an increase in white blood cell counts mainly neutrophils. This neutrophilia is attributed to physiological stress and it is known to increase with gestational age. While humoral immunity is unaltered in pregnancy, cell mediated immunity is depressed. It is important to note that leucocytosis even with a mild left shift and some toxic granulations may not necessarily indicate an infection in pregnant women. Objective: To study the normal changes that occur to red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, platelets among pregnant women and compare it with within three........

Key Words: Neutrophilia, toxic changes, hematological parameters

[1]. Costantine MM. Physiologic and pharmacokinetic changes in pregnancy. Front pharmacol 2014;5:65.
[2]. Kraemer K, Zimmermann MB (Eds.). Nutritional Anemia. Basel, Switzerland: Sight and Life Press, 2007.
[3]. Paidas MJ, Hossain N, Shamsi TS, Rodger MA, Langhoff-Roos J, Lockwood CJ (Eds.). Hematologic changes in pregnancy. In: Hemostasis and Thrombosis in Obstetrics & Gynecology. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. pp. 1–11.
[4]. Welt, Corrine K., et al. "Female Reproductive Physiology Background Reading".
[5]. Prisco D, Ciuti G, Falciani M. Hemostatic changes in normal pregnancy. Hematol Meet Rep 2009;1(10):1–5.

Abstract: Pregnant women in developing countries have an increased risk for pregnancy-related complications and death and the infants of these mothers have an increased risk for complications during birth or shortly after delivery. However, many of the complications are preventable with appropriate antenatal care (ANC). Antenatal care is a key strategy to improve maternal and infant health. This study was proposed to explore the awareness, attitude, practice of the new antenatal care guidelines among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics (ANC) in Surulere area of Lagos State........

Key Words: Knowledge ,Practice,New Antenatal Care Guidelines

[1]. Adeniyi, F., and Erhabor, S. J. (2015). Assessment of quality of antenatal care service in Nigeria: evidence from a population-based survey. Reproductive health, 12:88.
[2]. Amanpreet, K., J., Jagdeep S., A., Harpreet K., K., PriyankaD., J.,Vikram K., R., and Gupta O. (2018) Knowledge and practices regarding antenatal careamong mothers of infants in an urban area of Amritsar, Punjab. InternationalJournal of Community Medicine and Public Health.doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183868.
[3]. Brown, A., J., Sohani, B., O., Khan, K., V., Lilford, R., B., and Mukhwana, W. M. (2008). Antenatal care and perinatal outcomes in Kwale district, Kenya. Journal of Pregnancy and Childbirth, 8(4), 45
[4]. Emanuel, E., G., Amos F., K., and Victoria I. K. (2017). Knowledge and Attitude of Pregnant Women towards "Focus Antenatal Care‟ Utilization in IkotEkpene SenatorialDistrict,Journal of Research & Method in Education (IOSR-JRME),7(4), 32-40.doi:10.9790/7388-0704033240

Abstract: Aspergillosis is the collective term used to describe all the disease entities caused by more than 50 pathogenic and allergic species of Aspergillus, A.fumigatus being the most responsible specie for invasive and chronic aspergillosis. The primary risk factors being profound neutropenia and glucocorticoid use. We are reporting a rare case of bilateral multiple fungal balls in a22-year-old Type I diabetic patient with prior history of pulmonary tuberculosis.

[1]. Harrison's internal medicine; 200thedition 2019;1532-37.
[2]. Denning DW. Aspergillosis in ‗nonimmunocompromised' critically ill patients. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 2004; 170: 580 581.
[3]. Berenguer J, Allende MC, Lee JW, et al. Pathogenesis of pulmonary aspergillosis granulocytopenia vs cyclosporine and methylprednisone-induced immunosuppression. Am J RespirCrit Care Med 1995; 152: 1079 1086.
[4]. Kesh S, Mensah NY, Peterlongo P, Jaffe D, Hsu K, VAN DEN Brink M, et al. TLR1 and TLR6 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec. 1062:95-103. [Medline].
[5]. Ader F, Nseir S, Le Berre R, et al. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an emerging fungal pathogen. ClinMicrobiol Infect 2005; 11: 427 429.

Abstract: Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFPs) are rare mesenchymal lesions of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. First described by Vanekin 1949 as a submucosal gastric granuloma with eosinophilia *1. Helwing and Ranier proposed the term IFP in 1953 *2.The stomach is the most common site, but it has been described elsewhere. Its incidence is extremely low (0.1 %) and usually presents in the sixth an seventh decades of life. It is slightly more frequent in the male patients *2*3.its clinical symptoms are heterogeneous and essentially depend on the location and size of the tumor.Definitive diagnosis is made through histopathology*4*5 and this pathology has excellent long-term prognosis*6........

[1]. VanekJ.Gastricsubmucosal granuloma with eosinophilic infiltration. A m j Pathol. 1949;25:397—411.
[2]. S.H. Kang, S.W. Kim, H.S. Moon, et al. Inflammatory fibroid polyp in the jejunum causing small bowel intussusception. Ann Coloproctol, 31 (2015), pp. 106-109
[3]. N. Gara, J.S. Falzarano, W.M. Limm, et al. Ileal inflammatory fibroid polyp causing chronic ileocolic intussusception and mimicking cecal carcinoma. World J GastrointestOncol, 1 (2009), pp. 89-92
[4]. J.A. Guerra Bautista, F. Ibáñez Delgado, J.M. Hernández de la Torre Bustillo, et al. Pólipofibroideinflamatoriogástrico. Rev Esp EnfermDig, 98 (2006), pp. 482-483
[5]. C. Ortiz-Moyano, R.C. Martínez-García, D. Sánchez-Muñoz, et al. Giant fibroid inflammatory polyp. Rev EspEnferm Dig, 102 (2010), pp. 282-283

Abstract: Background: Medical knowledge is a very dynamic subject which gets updated with addition of new studies, reviews and case reports. Though most of the clinical practice is based on guidelines and studies, still there is a small grey area which gives room to a clinician to apply his mind in the interpretation of the investigations and imaging in relation with the symptoms and signs in a particular case to reach to a certain diagnosis and decide management accordingly. Internet and social media has widened the horizon of dissemination of medical knowledge and information technology has brought it to the every smartphone user which is just a click away. However it also has added the information which is unfiltered, occasionally biased and at times not substantiated by adequate evidence. This has added confusion about medical knowledge, anxiety of the patients and distrust amongst caregiver and.......

Key Words: IT, Information Technology, Social Media, Health Care, Medical Apps, Medical Ethics, Consumer Protection Act (CPA), Evidence Based Medicine, Changing paradigm

[1]. (https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/internet-users-in-india-to-rise-by-40-smartphones-to-double-by-2023-mckinsey/articleshow/69040395.cms)(https://www.statista.com/statistics/467163/forecast-of-smartphone-users-in-india/).
[2]. Buijink AWG, Visser BJ, Marshall L Medical apps for smartphones: lack of evidence undermines quality and safety BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 2013;18:90-92.
[3]. Harrison's™ principles of internal medicine Eighteenth Edition , part 1, chapter
[4]. www.globalwebindex.com/hubfs/Downloads/2019%20Q1%20Social%20Flagship%20Report.pdf?utm_campaign=Social%20report%20July%202019&utm_source=hs_automation&utm_medium=email&utm_content=74226065&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_2sErjfKCfEyF3gREhwEowPQVS71jQUj23b5GEIO4FAIatQmxG2oIRzmONA5NcTlqIvo6Sv3Eq76FATNrDmpvoi269dw&_hsmi=74226065
[5]. https://www.pewinternet.org/2013/10/18/the-who-what-where-when-why-of-health-care-social-media/

Abstract: Introduction: Opioid is generally regarded as an important part of multimodal perioperative analgesia, especially for moderate to severe pain. A transdermal drug delivery system provides steady and continuous drug delivery. Aim: To evaluate the efficacy of transdermal buprenorphine and fentanyl patch in postoperative acute pain management for lower limb surgeries. Materials and methods: 60 patients undergoing lower limb surgeries under spinal anesthesia were randomly divided into two groups (n=30). Group B received buprenorphine 10micrograms per hour patch and group F received fentanyl 25microgram per hour patch. All patients received patch 12 hours prior to surgery. Results: Base line and demographic variables were comparable in both the groups. The mean level of VAS score at the end of 24........

[1]. Dahan A, Yassen A, Romberg R, Sarton E, Teppema L, olofsen E et al. buprenorphine induces ceiling in respiratory depression but not in analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2006;96:627-32.
[2]. Koneru A, Satyanarayan S, Rizwan S. endogenous opioids: their physiological role and receptors. Global J Pharmacol 2009;3:149-53.
[3]. Macrae WA. Chronic pain after surgery. British Journal of anaesthesia . 2001 Jul 1; 87(1):88- 89
[4]. ballantyne JC, Carr DB, Suarez T, Lau J, Chalmers TC, Angelillo IF, Mosteller F. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Anesthesia and analgesia. 1998 Mar 1;86(3):598-612
[5]. Prausnitz MR, Langer R. transdermal drug delivery.nature biotechnology. 2008;26:1261-68.

Abstract: BACKGROUND Thyroidectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgeries. Thyroidectomy is procedure to removes either part of or the entire thyroid gland. There could be many reasons that required to remove a thyroid gland, including cancer, benign conditions or hyper-functioning glands(1-2). Injury to Parathyroids and Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) are two of the complications of thyroidectomy that cause significant postoperative morbidity MATERIAL AND METHOD: Patients were randomized into..........

Keywords: Methylene blue dye, RLN, Hypocalcemia.

[1]. Tunbridge WM, Evered DC, Hall R. et al.The spectrum of thyroid disease in a community: the Wickham survey. Clin Endocrinol. 1997;77:481–493.
[2]. Bellantone R, Lombardi CP, Bossola M. et al.Total thyroidectomy for management of benign thyroid disease: review of 526 cases. World J Surg. 2002;26:1468–1471. doi: 10.1007/s00268-002-6426-1Bron LP, O'Brien CJ. Total thyroidectomy for clinically benign disease of thyroid gland. Br J Surg. 2004;91:569–574. doi: 10.1002/bjs.4507.
[3]. Kocher T. ZurPathologie und Therapie des Kropfes. Dtsch Z Chir. 1874;4:417. doi: 10.1007/BF02811103.
[4]. Halsted WS. The operative story of goiter: the author's operation. Johns Hopkins Rep. 1920;19:71De Quervain F. Zur Technik der Kropfoperation. Dtsch Z Chir. 1912;116:574. doi: 10.1007/BF02794621. ]
[5]. Moulton-Barrett R, Crumley R, Jalilie S. et al.Complications of thyroid surgery. Int Surg. 1997;82:63–66..

Abstract: Therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in perforated corneal ulcers shows varied results in terms of anatomical integrity and visual rehabilitation. The poor visual outcome after ThPK may be associated with because of poor socieo-economic condition, lower compliance to drugs , poor hygiene and self care. Though Finger counting final vision was present in only 2 cases but anatomical integrity was maintained in all the patients in our small study.

Key words: ThPK, visual outcome, perforated corneal ulcer

[1]. Whitcher JP, Srinivasan M, Upadhyay MP. Corneal blindness: A global perspective. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79:214-21. [2]. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya′ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, et al. Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 2004;82:844-51. [3]. N. Saeed, M.D. KhanThe challenge of microbial keratitis in Pakistan Pak J Ophthalmol, 26 (3) (2010), pp. 112-113
[4]. J. Titiyal, S. Negi, A. Anand, R. Tandon, N. Sharma, R.B. VajpayeeRisk factors for perforation in microbial corneal ulcers in north India Br J Ophthalmol, 90 (6) (2006), pp. 686-689
[5]. J.C. Hill Use of penetrating keratoplasty in acute bacterial keratitis Br J Ophthalmol, 70 (7) (1986), pp. 502-506
[6]. Z.Y. Akkaya, A. Burcu, E. Do¢gan, M. Onat, F. OrnekTherapeutic penetrating keratoplasty for infectious and noninfectious corneal ulcers IntOphthalmol, 35 (2) (2015), pp. 193-200.

Abstract: Objective: Every malocclusion can be combined with different facial growth patterns, which are identified as hyper, neutral and hypo divergent growth patterns. Anterior and posterior facial heights usually influence the facial growth pattern of an individual. We evaluated the facial height ratios and pattern of growth in different malocclusions in Dravidian origin subjects. Material and Methods: The pre-treatment digital cephalograms of 150 subjects were selected and divided into 4 groups based on Angle's classification of dentoalveolar malocclusion. All the cephalograms were digitally traced and analyzed with a composite cephalometric analysis including two linear measurements and one angular measurement which was compiled using the FACAD imaging cephalometric software. Results: The linear measurments (AFH.......

[1]. Angle E. Classification of malocclusion. Dental Cosmos 1899; 41:248-264.
[2]. Bjork A. The nature of facial prognathism and its relation to normal occlusion of the teeth. Am J Orthod 1951; 37: 106 – 124.
[3]. Enlow D et al. The morphological and morphogenetic basis for craniofacial form and pattern. Angle Orthod 1971; 41: 161-188.
[4]. Zhou L and Mok CW, et al. Anteroposterior dental arch and jaw-base relationships in a population sample. Angle Orthod 2008; 78: 1023-1029.
[5]. Contemporary orthodontics fifth edition: William R. proffit et al..

Abstract: The blatant fact in the field of healthcare that the market is undergoing is rapid and vast knowledge explosion. In recent decades health expectations have risen globally, with all member states of the World Health Organisation committed to Universal healthcare and globalization .As the diagnostic modalities employed in a clinical laboratory are involved in 70% of all healthcare diagnoses and in the procedures involved in the healthcare system, pathology and the clinical laboratory should also scale and reach newer heights as this is key to the growth of the entire healthcare system. This article elaborates the various problems faced by a Pathologist during Frozen sections and Routine Histopathology diagnosis when a malignancy is diagnosed without a prior suspicion of the same by the treating physician or Surgeon and the impact such a diagnosis has on the doctor and the patient1 – A PEEK BEHIND THE PATHOLOGY DOORS.

Key words: Unexpected malignancy,Anatomic pathology.

[1]. Peering behind the pathology lab door: A day in the life of a pathologist.November 5, 2015 Cancer Research UK
[2]. Clinical Laboratory Tests Market Analysis By Product (Complete Blood Count, HGB/HCT Tests, Basic Metabolic Panel, BUN Creatinine Tests, Electrolyte Testing, HbA1c Tests, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel, Liver Panel, Renal Panel, Lipid Panel) And Segment Forecasts To 2020. Grand View Research Inc March 2015.
[3]. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:10. doi: 10.3322/caac.20138. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
[4]. Lacey JV, Sherman ME. Ovarian neoplasia. In: Robboy SL, Mutter GL, Prat J, editors. Robboy's Pathology of the Female Reproductive Tract. 2. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; Oxford: 2009. p. p601. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
[5]. Tobacman JK , Greene MH , Tucker MA . et al. Intra-abdominal carcinomatosis after prophylactic oophorectomy in ovarian cancer-prone families. Lancet. 1982;2:795. [PubMed].

Abstract: Oxidant stress is one of the major outcome of diabetes mellitus). Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) is one of the key enzymes involved in neutralizing hyperglycemia induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, present study was aimed to evaluate the role of GST along with oxidative stress markers and their correlation in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus with and without nephropathy Patients and methods: In the present study, a total of 67 Type2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Libyan patients and 26 healthy controls were recruited from the Benghazi Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes, Benghazi, Libya. Blood samples taken from them were subjected to measurements of HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL-c using an auto......

Key words: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), Libya, Glutathione S transferase isoenzymes.

[1]. DS Sheriff, AA Alshaari, T Manopriya The need for co-ordinated studies for obesity-related problems like diabetes mellitus in Libyan population- Libyan J Med. 2012; 7:0.3402/ljm.v7i0.17314.
[2]. Laura Raniere Borges dos Anjos, Ana Cristina Silva Rebelo, Gustavo Rodrigues Pedrino, Rodrigo da Silva Santos and Angela Adamski da Silva Reis. Impact of Oxidative Changes and Possible Effects of Genetics Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferase in Diabetics Patients with Complications, Glutathione in Health and Disease, Pinar Erkekoglu and Belma Kocer-Gumusel, IntechOpen, 2018;DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76222.
[3]. Wilee MC, Parker MW, Structure and function of glutathione S transferase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994;1205: 1-18.
[4]. Seidegaard J, Vorachek WR, PeroRW, Pearson WR. Hereditary differences in the expression of the human glutathione S transferase activity on the Trans=stilbene oxide are due to a gene deletion. Proc Nat Acd Sci 1988;85: 7293-7297.
[5]. Pemble S, Schroeder KR, Spencer SR, Meyer DJ, Hallier E, Bolt HM et al. Human GST theta (GST Ti) ; cDNA cloning and the characterization of a genetic polymorphism. Biochem J 1994; 300: 271-276.

Abstract: The Gracilis muscle anatomy has been documented by some authors, statistical and observations data has been described, but it need re-explored for many metrical and non-metrical parameters, so the purpose of this study was to explore the morphological, parameters, topography and identify the vascular pedicles ofGracilis muscle including their number, caliber,and their locations. Alsothe whole length of Gracilis muscle in relation to the length of the lower limb and gender. The study was conducted on 46 preserved formalin fixed adult human cadaveric lower limbs (26 left and 20 right), The Gracilis muscle was exposed, dissected and studied regarding its origin, insertion, parameters and the number and points of entry of the supplying neurovascular pedicles and diameters..........

Key Words: Gracilis, Morphometric,Cadaver, Vascular Pedicles,

[1]. Standring S. Pelvic girdle and lower limb: overview and surface anatomy In: Gray's anatomy: TheAnatomical Basis of Clinical Practice, 41th ed, ElsevierChurchillLivingstone, Edinburgh, London, New York, Oxford, Philadelphia, St Louis, Sydney,Toronto.2016;1337-1375.
[2]. Shatari.T, Niimi.M. Fuiita.M. Kodaira.S.. Vascular Anatomy of Gracilis muscle,arterial findings to enhance Graciloplasty. Surg. Radiol. Anat,2000;22(1):21-24.
[3]. Huemer GH, Dunst KM, Maurer H and Ninkovic M. Area enlargement of gracilismuscle flap through microscopically aided intramuscular dissection: ideas andinnovations. Microsurgery. 2004; 24(5):369-373.
[4]. Burks R., Crim J. The Effects of semitendinosus and gracilis harvest in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy. 2005; 21(10): 1177-1185.
[5]. Ortiz H, Armendariz P, DeMiguel M, Solana A, Alos R, Roig JV. Prospective study of artificial anal sphincter and dynamic graciloplasty for severe anal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2003; 18:349-54..