iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug. 2026

Abstract: The neural retina is an accessible extension of the central nervous system, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) permit repeatable measurement of retinal neuroaxonal tissue and microvasculature. This critical narrative review examines the strength, limitations, and clinical readiness of retinal imaging biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Parkinson.....

Keywords: retina–brain axis; optical coherence tomography; OCT angiography; retinal nerve fibre layer; neurodegeneration; retinal biomarkers

[1]. London A, Benhar I, Schwartz M. The retina as a window to the brain—from eye research to CNS disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9(1):44–53. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.227.
[2]. Huang D, Swanson EA, Lin CP, Schuman JS, Stinson WG, Chang W, et al. Optical coherence tomography. Science. 1991;254(5035):1178–1181. doi:10.1126/science.1957169.
[3]. Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK, Sadda SR, Staurenghi G. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;64:1–55. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.11.003.
[4]. Petzold A, Balcer LJ, Calabresi PA, Costello F, Frohman TC, Frohman EM, et al. Retinal layer segmentation in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(10):797–812. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30278-8.
[5]. Lambe J, Saidha S, Bermel R. Optical coherence tomography and multiple sclerosis: update on clinical application and role in clinical trials. Mult Scler. 2020;26(6):624–639. doi:10.1177/135245851987275

Abstract: Background: Chronic Kidney disease (CKD) is progressive non communicable condition , under-recognized public health crisis and that affects 10%–15% of the world's population and estimated 850 million individuals globally. It is projected to become 5th leading cause of years of life lost (YLL) globally by 2040. CKD risk is higher in females then males (11.8% among...

Key word: Serum creatinine, Albumin creatine ratio, kidney health, chronic kidney disease

[1]. Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2020; 395: 709–33
[2]. Shiferaw F, Letebo M, Misganaw A, Feleke Y, Gelibo T, Getachew T, et al. non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: disease burden, gaps in health care delivery and strategic directions. Ethiop J Health Dev. (2018) 32:3.
[3]. Kyle J Foreman, Neal Marquez, Andrew Dolgert, Kai Fukutaki, Nancy Fullman, Madeline McGaughey et al. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death: reference and alternative scenarios for 2016–40 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet 2018; 392: 2052–90
[4]. Anna Francis, Meera N. Harhay, Albert C. M. Ong, Sri Lekha Tummalapalli, Alberto Ortiz, Agnes B. Fogo et al. chronic kidney disease and the global public health agenda: an international consensus. Nature Reviews Nephrology | Volume 20 | July 2024 | 473–485. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-024-00820-6.

Abstract: Background: Tuberculosis (TB), particularly multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), remains an important occupational and public health concern among healthcare professionals. Adequate knowledge, favourable attitudes, and appropriate infection-control practices are essential for reducing transmission within healthcare settings. The present study assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practices...

Keywords: Tuberculosis; MDR-TB; XDR-TB; Knowledge; Infection Control

[1]. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2025. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.
[2]. World Health Organization. WHO announces updated definitions of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 Jan 27.
[3]. Sharma T, Gupta G, Sharma S, Pandey A, Sharma R. Knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare professionals towards tuberculosis, multidrug resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: an online cross-sectional survey. Int J Pharm Clin Res. 2022;14(8):873-83.

Abstract: Background: Dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is a prevalent clinical condition that negatively impacts patients' quality of life, and laser therapy has emerged as a promising non-invasive treatment option. Given the growing volume of publications, bibliometric studies are useful tools for synthesizing current knowledge. The aim of this study was to conduct...

Keywords: Dentin Hypersensitivity; Laser; Bibliometrics; Laser Therapy.

[1]. Kimura Y, Wilder-Smith P, Matsumoto K. Treatment of dentine hypersensitivity by lasers: a review. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(10):715-21.
[2]. Marto CM, Baptista Paula A, Nunes T, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of dentin hypersensitivity treatments—a systematic review and follow-up analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(10):952-90.
[3]. Lin P-Y, Cheng Y-W, Chu C-Y, et al. In-office treatment for dentin hypersensitivity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(1):53-64.
[4]. Gholami GA, Fekrazad R, Esmaiel-Nejad A, et al. An evaluation of the occluding effects of Er,Cr:YSGG, Nd:YAG, CO₂ and diode lasers on dentinal tubules: a scanning electron microscope in vitro study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2011;29(2):115-21.
[5]. Corona SAM, do Nascimento TN, Catirse ABE, et al. Clinical evaluation of low-level laser therapy and fluoride varnish for treating cervical dentinal hypersensitivity. J Oral Rehabil. 2003;30(12):1183-9

Abstract: Dental implants have become one of the most predictable treatment modalities for the rehabilitation of partially and completely edentulous patients. Implant-supported prostheses offer improved retention, stability, masticatory efficiency, and patient satisfaction when compared with conventional removable prostheses. The prosthetic phase plays a crucial...

Keywords: Implant prosthodontics, implant-supported prosthesis, overdenture, fixed implant prosthesis, digital dentistry

[1]. Joda T, Zarone F, Ferrari M. The complete digital workflow in fixed prosthodontics: a systematic review. BMC oral health. 2017 Sep 19;17(1):124.
[2]. Branemark PI. Osseointegrated implants in the treatment of the edentulous jaw. Experience from a 10‐year period. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg.. 1977;16:1-32.
[3]. Sullivan RM. Implant dentistry and the concept of osseointegration: a historical perspective. Journal of the California Dental Association. 2001 Nov 1;29(11):737-44.
[4]. Rangert BO, Krogh PH, Langer B, Van Roekel N. Bending overload and implant fracture: a retrospective clinical analysis. International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants. 1995 May 1;10(3).
[5]. Pjetursson BE, Tan K, Lang NP, Brägger U, Egger M, Zwahlen M. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years: I. Implant‐supported FPDs. Clinical oral implants research. 2004 Dec;15(6):625-42..

Abstract: Background: The liver is exposed to diverse metabolic, toxic, infectious and neoplastic insults, predisposing it to a wide spectrum of primary and secondary diseases. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for histopathological diagnosis, grading and staging of hepatic lesions, providing critical clinicopathological information unobtainable by non-invasive...

Keywords: Liver biopsy; Histopathology; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Cirrhosis; Biliary atresia

[1]. Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, Nelson RC, Smith AD. Liver biopsy. Hepatology. 2009;49(3):1017–1044.
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[4]. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(12):1118–1127.
[5]. Hayashi PH, Di Bisceglie AM. The progression of hepatitis B and C infections to chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Med Clin North Am. 2005;89(2):371–389.

Abstract: Background: The success of dentofacial orthopedic and growth-modifying orthodontic interventions depends on identifying the correct biological window relative to the pubertal growth spurt (PGS), since chronological age is an unreliable proxy for skeletal maturity. Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning, has emerged over the past decade as a tool to automate and refine skeletal maturation assessment. Materials and Methods: A narrative..

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; skeletal maturation; cervical vertebral maturation; bone age; deep learning; pubertal growth spurt; orthodontics; dentofacial orthopedics; sexual dimorphism

[1]. Fishman LS. Radiographic evaluation of skeletal maturation: a clinically oriented method based on hand-wrist films. Angle Orthod. 1982;52(2):88-112.
[2]. Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. The cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of optimal treatment timing in dentofacial orthopedics. Semin Orthod. 2005;11(3):119-129.
[3]. Farzanegan P, Zarabadi M, Najary S, Tahmasbi MA, Behnaz M. The role of artificial intelligence in orthodontics for determining skeletal age based on cervical vertebra maturation degree: a comprehensive review. Health Sci Rep. 2025;8(11):e71487.
[4]. Chaves J, Ruffini M, Souza A, Moriguchi C, Ribeiro DH, Moura D, Maranhão G, Gomes G, Leal ME, Duarte J. Artificial intelligence for predicting the pubertal growth spurt using cephalometric and hand-wrist radiographs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2026;26(1):1116..