iosr-JECE   Volume-20 ~ Issue-3 ~ May - Jun. 2025

Abstract: The development and evaluation of a kite-shaped microstrip patch antenna array incorporated with DGS is the main goal of this study. Wideband applicability, improved gain, directivity, and effective current distribution are the goal line of the suggested design, which is well-matched for ISM band submissions. The novel layout uses Fire Resistance FR4 epoxy as the dielectric substrate. The High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) software was used for simulation and parameter optimization, and fabrication to validate the design. Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) was used for experimental evaluation.

Keywords: Microstrip Patch Antenna, Defected Ground Structure (DGS), Wireless Communication, Kite Shaped Array Antenna, ISM Band, High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS).

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[4] Z. U. Islam, A. Bermak, And B. Wang, "A Review Of Microstrip Patch Antenna-Based Passive Sensors," Sensors, Vol. 24, No. 19, P. 6355, 2024, Doi: 10.3390/S24196355.
[5] S. Singh, G. Sethi, And J. S. Khinda, "A Historical Development And Futuristic Trends Of Microstrip Antennas," Int. J. Comput. Digit. Syst., Vol. 12, No. 1, 2022..

Abstract:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM is a widespread method used in modern communications systems, all because it is resistant to frequency-selective fading in addition to its ability to reduce interference between symbols. One of the most important disadvantages of this method is the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio PAPR. This causes energy inefficiency and thus increases the complexity of the transmitting devices. In this study, we present a method to reduce (PAPR) in systems that rely on multiplexing (OFDM) by using the information hiding method, or what is called steganography. Here, steganography hides data, which is often in the form of text, inside the digital .......

Keywords: OFDM; PAPR Reduction; Steganography; Communication Systems; Noise channel; Quality of signal.

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[2]. Timande, B. D., & Nigam, M. K. (2023). PAPR Reduction An Effective Approach For Next Frontier MIMO-OFDM Systems. Journal Of Engineering Research, 11(1A).
[3]. Sahoo, S., Panda, C., & Bhanja, U. (2023, May). Performance Evaluation Of An OFDM-FSO-Steganography Model. In 2023 International Conference On Microwave, Optical, And Communication Engineering (ICMOCE) (Pp. 1-5). IEEE.
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