iosr-JEEE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2016

Abstract: the main objective of the cognitive radio is to obtain the best available spectrum through cognitive capability and reconfigurable ability. the key component of dynamic spectrum access in Cognitive radio network is dynamic spectrum sharing, which is responsible for providing efficient and fair spectrum allocation or scheduling solutions among primary and secondary users. Spectrum sharing was generally regarded as similar to generic medium access control (MAC) problems in existing wireless systems.............
Key Words: Cognitive Radio; Dynamic Spectrum Access; medium access control

[1] I. F. Akyildiz, W.-Y. Lee, M. C. Vuran, and S. Mohanty, "Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey," Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications. Networing, vol. 50 , Issue 13, pp. 2127 – 2159,2006
[2] L. Ma, X. Han, and C.-C. Shen. Dynamic open spectrum sharing MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc networks. In New Frontiers in Dynamic Spec- trum Access Networks, 2005. DySPAN 2005. 2005 First IEEE International Symposium on, pages 203{213, Nov. 2005.
[3] Zurutuza, N., 2012. Cognitive Radio, Fundamental Performance Analysis for Interweave Opportunistic Access Model. www.stanford.edu/~naroa/ee359project.pdf.
[4] Reed, C. Bostian,. Understanding the Issues in Software Defined Cognitive Radio," in Dyspan, Dublin, Ireland. 2006.
[5] Dina Tarek Mohamed, Amira M. Kotb, S.H.Ahmed, A Medium Access Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks.Based on Packet's Collision and Channels' Usage, International Journal of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (IJDIWC) 4(3): 314-332 2014.

Abstract: Wireless networking is an attractive networking solution due to its flexibility, mobility and ease of installation. Now a day's mobile wireless with higher data rates, Quality of Service (QoS) and adaptability within the same network or among networks of different technologies and service providers is needed in mobility during communication. Continuation of an active call is one of the most important quality measurements in the cellular systems. Handoff is an essential element of cellular communications. Handoff process enables a cellular system to provide such a facility by transferring an active call from one cell to another. In this paper we present an overview...............

[1] [SYED AMJAD IQBAL and. MUHAMMAD AHMAD ― PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF VERTICAL HANDOVER BETWEEN UMTS AND WLAN‖ Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master Of Science In Electrical Engineering with Emphasis On On Telecommunications March.2009
[2] A. Bhuvaneswari, Dr. E. George Dharma Prakash Raj ―SURVEY ON HANDOFF TECHNIQUES‖ Journal of Global Research in Computer Science ,Volume 2, No. 6, June 2011
[3] Jupinder Singh Sachin Majithia ―Performance analysis of a Mobile WiMAX Network in Node Mobility under Different Scenarios‖ Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN: 2277 128X
[4] Ekram Hossain‖ Heterogeneous ―Wireless Access Networks Architectures and Protocols‖ e-ISBN: 978-0-387-09777-0
[5] Nishith D. Tripathi, Nortel Jeffrey H. Reed and Hugh F. VanLandingham MPRG ―Handoff in Cellular Systems‖, Virginia Tech-1998

Abstract: The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine with variable-speed variable-pitch control scheme is the most popular wind power generator in the wind power industry. This machine can be operated either in grid connected or standalone mode. A thorough understanding of the modeling, control, and dynamic as well as the steady state analysis of this machine in both operation modes is necessary to optimally extract the power from the wind and accurately predict its performance.............

Index Terms: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG); Battery Energy Storage System (BESS); Enhanced Flux Oriented Control (EFOC).

[1]. Nordel, "Nordic grid code," January 2007.
[2]. http://www.bwea.com/edu/wind.html.
[3]. Sarasij Das, Ramesh Pampana, "Draft report on Indian Wind Grid Code" submitted to Centre for Wind Energy Technology, Tamilnadu, India, July 2009.
[4]. Joshi. N, Mohan. N, "A Novel Scheme to Connect Wind Turbines to the Power Grid," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.24, no.2, pp. 504-510, June 2009.
[5]. Jiaqi Liang, Wei Qiao, Harley. R.G, "Feed-Forward Transient Current Control for Low-Voltage Ride-Through Enhancement of DFIG Wind Turbines," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.25, no.3, pp. 836-843, Sept 2010

Abstract: Economic growth and competitiveness of developing countries are hampered by frequent and lengthy power outages. Although disruptions to a power system cannot be completely prevented, a power system can still function if it is designed to withstand and recover from disruptions. Resilience refers to the attribute of a power system that enables all or a portion of the electric loads to be served during an event that causes power outages or even blackout. Microgrid is one approach that can enhance resilience of electric power systems..............

Index Terms: Microgrid, resilience, renewable energy, energy independence

[1]. M. Mupenda, Rwanda Today, December 18, 2015.
[2]. D. Karemera, Persistent Power Outage Damage Our Property, The New Times, October 07, 2015.
[3]. H. Allcott, A. Collard-Wexler, and S. O'Connellu, How Do Electricity Shortages Affect Productivity Evidence from India, Poverty and Applied Microeconomics Seminar Series, 2015.
[4]. V. Natarajan and A. Closepet, Statistical Analysis of Cost of Energy Due to Electricity Outages in Developing Countries, The Fourth International Conference on Future Computational Technologies and Applications, Nice, France, 2012.
[5]. OECD, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: Local Strength, Global Reach, OECD Observer, 2000

Abstract: In a deregulated power system, the most critical issue is overloading of the transmission line beyond its thermal limits generally known as transmission congestion. Congestion is not an acceptable one hence it increases the congestion cost and also it poses threat to the system security and reliability. Transmission congestion can be removed by changing the pattern of power generation in the system. Power scheduling corresponding to the market clearing price needs to be changed for relieving congestion. Rescheduling of power generation is optimized for keeping the increased operating cost due to congestion. In this paper, black hole algorithm (BHA) is recommended for optimal active and reactive power re-dispatch for the congested system. Generators real and reactive power sensitivities are used to decide the range of change in real and reactive power generation. The validation of the suggested technique has been studied on the modified IEEE 30 bus system with two different congestion cases, and the obtained encouraging results are compared with other metaheuristic methods like particle swarm optimization (PSO) and big bang big crunch (BB-BC) reported in the recent literatures..............

Index Terms: Black hole algorithm, deregulated power system, generator power rescheduling, real and reactive power sensitivity.

[1]. Vries LJ. Capacity allocation in a restructured electricity market: technical and economic evaluation of congestion management methods on interconnectors. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Porto power tech conference.
[2]. Lommerdal M, Soder L. Simulation of congestion management methods. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Bologna power tech.

[3]. Kumar, Ashwani, and Charan Sekhar. "Congestion management with FACTS devices in deregulated electricity markets ensuring loadability limit. "International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 46 (2013): 258-273

[4]. Kumar, Ashwani, and Ram Kumar Mittapalli. "Congestion management with generic load model in hybrid electricity markets with FACTS devices. "International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems 57 (2014): 49-63.

[5]. Esmaili, Masoud, Heidar Ali Shayanfar, and Nima Amjady. "Congestion management enhancing transient stability of power systems." Applied Energy 87.3 (2010): 971-981.

Abstract: Automatic processing of outdoor images as one of the most important issues in computer vision system has variety of applications in traffic control, robots navigation, and assisting visually impaired people for safe travel. The low-level features analysis, presents an enormous challenge to the segmentation of the outdoor images since the special characteristics of such images are subject to changes (for example luminance effects and color/texture variety). Moreover, large and small objects often result in either over-segmentation or under-segmentation.........

Index Terms: Image Segmentation, Outdoor Image, Color Cluster, GCCE.

[1]. O. Sakarya, "Applying fuzzy clustering method to color image segmentation," in Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), 2015 Federated Conference on, 2015, pp. 1049-1054.
[2]. R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern classification: John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
[3]. P. Ng and C.-M. Pun, "Skin color segmentation by Texture Feature Extraction and K-mean Clustering," in Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN), 2011 Third International Conference on, 2011, pp. 213-218.
[4]. Y. Li, F. Sohel, M. Bennamoun, and H. Lei, "Outdoor scene labelling with learned features and region consistency activation," in Image Processing (ICIP), 2015 IEEE International Conference on, 2015, pp. 1374-1378.
[5]. W. Farhat, H. Faiedh, C. Souani, and K. Besbes, "Effect of color spaces on video segmentation performances," in Computer Networks and Information Security (WSCNIS), 2015 World Symposium on, 2015, pp. 1-5.

Abstract: This paper focuses on design and implementation a wireless network system to transfer the compress image such that the proposed system consisting of one central Personal Computer (PC) and two Personal Computers (PCs) that communicate with each other through router device. The central PC takes the responsibility of monitoring and controlling the PCs of the whole network where in the central PC, the network administrator selected the required image and send it to the other PCs which one of it will compress the grayscale image and other will compress the color image using the proposed methods that we use in our work which are principle component analysis, singular value decomposition, hybrid (DCT & DWT) and backpropagation neural network. The final compressed images results is sent back to the central PC wirelessly which will compare between these results in order to choose the best methods of compression..

Index Terms: Principle Component Analysis, Singular Value Decomposition, Discrete Cosine Transform, Discrete Wavelet Transform, Backpropagation Neural Network.

[1]. Wei-Yi Wei, an introduction to image compression, E-mail: s9361121@nchu.edu.tw, Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
[2]. Virender Poswal, Priyanka, Analysis of Image Compression Techniques using DCT, International Journal of Electronics and Computer Science Engineering (IJECSE), 1(3), 1727-1733.
[3]. Sandhu, G. K., Mann, G. S. and Kaur, R., "Benefit and security issues in wireless technologies: Wi-fi and WiMax", International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 1(4), 2013, 976- 982.
[4]. K. Rajeswari K. Kavitha and G. Boopathi Raja, Comparison of Image Compression Techniques using DWT, DAST and LZW with PCA. International Journal for Scientific Research & Development (IJSRD), 2015, 564-567.
[5]. Sonal and Dinesh Kumar, A STUDY OF VARIOUS IMAGE COMPRESSION TECHNIQUES, 2006.

Abstract: The unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC) is used to mitigate the current and voltage-related power-quality (PQ) problems simultaneously in power distribution systems. This paper proposes a new connection of UPQC between two parallel feeders called UPQC-I (Interline Unified power quality conditioner) to mitigate the power quality problems on two parallel feeders. In this analysis, one of the feeder supplies power to the non-linear load (L1) and another line supplies power to the sensitive load that requires uninterrupted and regulated voltage. A detailed mathematical analysis, to develop UPQC-I, is presented in this paper. MATLAB/SIMULINK-based simulation results are discussed to support the developed configuration

Index Terms: power quality, reactive power compensation, unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), Interline Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC-I), Shunt converter and series converter voltage sag and swell compensation, Active power filters (APF),controller.

[1]. R. C. Dugan, M. F. McGranaghan, and H. W. Beaty, Electrical Power Systems Quality.. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996, p. 265.
[2]. C. Sankaran, Power Quality. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2002, p. 202.
[3]. R. A. Walling, R. Saint, R. C. Dugan, J. Burke, and L. A. Kojovic,― Summary of distributed resources impact on power delivery systems,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1636–1644, Jul. 2008.
[4]. L. Gyugyi, ―Unified power-flow control concept for flexible AC transmission systems,‖ IEE – C Gene. Trans. Distr., vol. 139, no. 4, pp. 323–331, Jul. 1992.
[5]. N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. New York: IEEE Press, 2000, p. 432.

Abstract: This paper proposes a switched capacitor based driver circuit for high power light emitting diodes with a front end rectifier. LEDs are low-voltage light sources, requiring a constant DC voltage or current to operate optimally. LEDs, therefore, require a device that can convert incoming AC power to the proper DC voltage, and regulate the current flowing through the LED during operation. Proposed topology has a front end converter. It is a ac-dc rectifier that works on bridgeless boost topology which shape the input current waveform. The front end converter is followed by a dc-dc converter which provides a constant dc voltage across the LEDs.0........

Keywords: Power factor correction (PFC), Bridgless rectifier, Total harmonic distortion (THD), SC converter, LED, DC/DC Convert.

[1]. Abbas A. Fardoun, and Mustafa A. Al-Saffar, "A Bridgeless Resonant Pseudo boost PFC Rectifier," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 29, no. 11, November 2014.
[2]. L. Huber, Y. Jang, and M. Jovanovic, "Performance evaluation of bridgeless PFC boost rectifiers," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1381- 1390, May 2008.
[3]. M. Gopinath and D. Yogeetha " Efficiency Analysis of Bridgeless PFC Boost Converter with the Conventional Method," International Journal of Electronic Engineering Research, Volume 1, Number 3 (2009).
[4]. J. Zhamg, L. Xu, X. Wu, and Z. Qian, "A precise passive current balancing method for multioutput LED srivers", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 2149–2159,Aug.2011
[5]. S.M.Baddela and D.S.Zinger, "Parallel connected LEDs operated at high to improve current sharing", in Proc. IEEE Industry Applications – IAS Annual Meeting, vol. 3, 2004, pp.1677–1681

Abstract: The utilization of solar energy in proper ways offers huge potential for natural resources, economy and for the expansion of renewable energies on the road to a future oriented energy supply. The growing importance of power consumption in today's appliances leads to new research works on the converter area .The dc-dc converters primarily strive for efficiency , with new technologies playing a role to achieve that goal .The project paper demonstrates analysis and design of converter systems to develop a high efficient dc-dc converter. Efficiency is an important factor while considering dc-dc converter characteristics. It affects the physical package sizes of both power supply and the entire system and has direct effect on the system's operating temperature and reliability ............

Keywords - PV, Flyback topology, MPPT, Power harvesting, Power quality

[1]. Bunyamin Tamyurek, Member, IEEE, and Bilgehan Kirimer "An Interleaved High Power Flyback Inverter for Photovoltaic Applications." ; IEEE Trans June 2015.
[2]. N.Kasa,T.lida and L.Chen,"Flyback Inverter Controlled by Sensorless current MPPT for Photo Voltaic Power System"IEEE Trans.Ind.Electron,Vol.52,Aug.2005
[3]. N.Kasa,T.Iida,A.K. Bhat; "Zero-Voltage Transition Flyback Inverter for Small Scale Photovoltaic Power System"; IEEE Trans, 2005.
[4]. E.Roman,R.Alonso,P.Ibanez,D.Goitiaand S. Elorduizapataraietexe;"Intelligent PV module for Grid connected PV Systems";Industrial Electronics IEEE Trans, Issue 4,June 2006.
[5]. Wongsakorn Limsiri,Pairote Sirinamaratana and Ekachai Leelarasmee "Development of PLC Circuit for Solar Farm Monitoring" ; IEEC 2014.

Abstract: Improvements are required to be made in coefficients for better design and optimization of digital filters. The digital filter considered here is Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter that is used widely in modern digital applications likewise speech processing, image processing, signal enhancement, digital audio etc. Many theories have been put forward for the optimization of FIR filters. Various filter parameters likewise filter length, passband and stop band frequencies, cut off frequency.............

Keywords: Differential Evolution (DE), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA), Weighting Factor etc.

[1]. Abhijit Chandra, Sudipta Chattopadhyay, " Novel approach of designing Multiplier-less Finite Impulse Response filter using Differential Evolution Algorithm" , published in I.J. Intelligent systems and Applications, 2012, Vol.4,Page 54-62.
[2]. BipulLuitel, Ganesh K. Venayagamoorthy, " Differential Evolution Particle Swarm Optimization for Digital filter design",IEEE Transaction,2008,page 3954-3961.
[3]. Dong Shi, Ya Jun Yu, " Design of Discrete – Valued Linear phase FIR filters in cascade form" , IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems,2011, Vol. 58,No. 7,Page 1627-1636.
[4]. Jehad I. Ababneh, Mohammad H. Bataineh, " Linear phase FIR filter design using Particle Swarm Optimization and Genetic Algorithm",2008, Vol.18,Page 657-668.
[5]. Ling Cen , " A hybrid genetic algorithm for the design of FIR filter with SPoT coefficients" published in Conference of Signal Processing ,2007, Vol. 87, Page 528-540

Abstract: In the present scenario, a building without electricity is unbearable but the worst case is that, this essential element of day-to-day life may blast the happiness of ours due to gas leakage. As all of us know that electrical switches or any electrical component on movement produce sparks and that spark is enough for the leaked gas to blast the system. Hence here we propose a system to cut off the electricity in the case of gas leakage at any cause. The so called SMART HOME does it. SMART HOME is not only with the measure of avoiding fire but also the theft. For this purpose, we sense the motion and panic the thief. In both condition an SMS intimation is sent at the absence of people in home............

Keywords: Component; formatting; style; styling; insert (key words)

[1] D.Vijendra Babu, Dipeshwar Kumar Yadav, Niteshwar Kumar Yadav, Vivek Kumar Verma, MEMS BASED SMART & SECURE HOME AUTOMATION SYSTEM WITH MULTI-WAY CONTROL & MONITORING FACILITY USING SMART PHONE, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISSN: 0974-2115, Page 357 – 359.
[2] Abhishek S. Parab, Amol Joglekar, Implementation of Home Security System using GSM module and Microcontroller, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 6 (3) , 2015, Page 2950-2953
[3] Tanvira Ismail , Devoleena Das , Jyotirmoy Saikia , Jyotirmoy Deka, Rajkumar Sarma,GSM Based Gas Leakage Warning System, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 4, April 2014,Page6293-6298
[4] Petruzella, Frank D. (2010)- 'Programmable logic Controllers'- Tata McGraw Hill Education.
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Abstract: As wind turbines increased in size and power, control specifications became more challenging and regulation mechanisms more sophisticated. More and more reliable and powerful model control strategies are needed not only to keep the turbine within its safe operating region but also to improve efficiency and quality of power conversion. This paper mainly focuses on the mechatronic modeling and control of a 5MW Variable-Speed Variable-Pitch Wind Turbine (VS-VP WT) for the above-rated power operating condition. The principal parts of the wind turbine are modeled by using the Bond-Graph approach and the control strategy is realized by combining a torque control with a blade pitch control strategy by means of bicausality of the bond graph. The robustness of the proposed model control is verified and the simulation of the complete model is conducted for variable wind speed operation conditions

Keywords: Mechatronic modeling, control, Bond graph, Wind turbine, Variable-Speed, Variable-Pitch Pitching system, Torque control, Bicausality, Inverse model.

[1] Fernando D. Bianchi, Hernán De Battista and Ricardo J. Mantz. 2007. Wind Turbine Control S ystems: Principles, Modelling and Gain Scheduling Design.
[2] Burton T, Sharpe D, Jenkins N, Bossanyi E. 2001. Wind energy handbook. New York: Wiley Publications.
[3] YaxingRen, LiuyingLi, JosephBrindley, LinJiang. 2016. Nonlinear PI control for variable pitch wind turbine. Control Engineering Practice, 50: 84–94.
[4] Richie Gao, ZhiweiGao. 2016. Pitch control for wind turbine systems using optimization, estimation, and compensation, Renewable Energy, 91: 501-15.
[5] Qiao W., Zhou W.,Aller J. M., and Harley R. G. 2008. Wind speed estimation based sensorless control for a wind turbine driving a DFIG, IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 23(3): 1156–59..

Abstract: An exercise of power effectively of renewable energy is more important in the present scenario. This paper proposes a detailed review on Hybrid power system (HPS) with solar in addition with MPPT controllers. Standalone solar power system is the best choice for a rural area to supply uninterrupted power. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is ordinarily involved in photovoltaic (PV) systems to maximize the output power from PV arrays regardless of the weather changes. Quick reaction and high tracking accuracy are two essential design requirements in MPPT control

Keywords: FLC, HPS, MATLAB MPPT, PV.

[1]. Yang, JM, Cheng, KWE, Wu, J & Dong, P 2004, 'The study of the energy management system based-on fuzzy control for distributed hybrid wind-solar power system', Proceedings of the First International Conference on Power Electronics Systems and Applications, pp. 113- 117.
[2]. Zhenhua Jiang 2006, 'Power management of hybrid photovoltaic - fuel cell power systems', IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.
[3]. Ahmed, NA & Miyatake, M 2006, 'A Stand-Alone Hybrid Generation System Combining Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Turbine with Simple Maximum Power Point Tracking Control', Proceedings of the CES/IEEE 5th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, vol. 1, pp. 1-7.
[4]. Li Wei 2009, 'Modeling, Control and Simulation of a Small Photovoltaic Fuel Cell Hybrid Generation System', Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Software Engineering, pp. 1-6.
[5]. Vanden Eynde, NW, Chowdhury, S & Chowdhury, SP 2010, 'Modeling and simulation of a stand-alone photovoltaic plant with MPPT feature and dedicated battery storage', IEEE, Power and Energy Society General Meeting, pp. 1-8.

Abstract: Conventional vehicles employ an internal combustion engine as its power house. The efficiency of the engine is 30-35%, thus 65-70% of the calorific energy is lost as residual exhaust, friction and various mechanical reduction through the power-train. The bulk of this loss is in the form of residual exhaust and heat. This energy lost in the form of heat can be extracted from certain regions in the engine which provide a significant temperature gradient. This paper proposes a conceptualized mechanism using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) that employs the seebeck effect to convert temperature gradient across two continuous surfaces to electrical energy.

Keywords: Energy recovery, Seebeck effect, temperature gradient, thermoelectric generators (TEG), turbocharger.

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