iosr-JEEE   Volume-18 ~ Issue-4 ~ July – Aug. 2023

Abstract: In Today's World, There Is A Need Of Verge Of Significant Transformation In Electrical Power System. The Vehicle-To-Gird (V2G) Concept Optimizes This Transformation. The PEV Typically Has A Higher Capacity Energy Storage System (ESS). Each PEV Stores Approximately 5-40kwh Of Energy. This Energy Can Be Transferred To The Vehicle-To-Grid (V2G), Vehicle-To-Home (V2H) And Vehicle-To-Building (V2B) As Most Of The Time The Vehicle Is Kept In Parking As Idle. Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Have Vast Scope And Capabilities Of Energy Storage. This Feature Of EV Can Be Utilized For Energy Storage Along With Distribute/Sell It During Peak Demand. In [4] The Various Features Of V2G, Its Applications, Advantages Along With Its Challenges To Implement.......

[1]. A. B. Rolufs, "Kansas City Plug-In Electric Vehicle Demonstration Project", Missouri Transportation Institute, Missouri University Of Science And Engineering.
[2]. Zirui Jia, Liyuan Chen, "Design Of A Bidirectional Power Interface For V2g Technology With Smaller Dc-Link Capacitance", International Journal Of Smart Grid And Clean Energy, Aug 2013, Pg 104-110.
[3]. Dr. G. Sree Lakshmi, G Divya, G Sravani, "V2g Transfer Of Energy To Various Applications", E3s Web Of Conference, Feb 2019, Pg. No 1-6.
[4]. Pritish Pani, Abhishek R Athreya, Aishwarya Panday And Hari Om Bansal, "Integration Of The Vehicle-To-Grid Technology", Conference Paper, March 2015, Pg. No 1-8.
[5]. Bijan Bibak, Hatice Tekiner, "A Comprehensive Analysis Of Vehicle To Grid (V2g) Systems And Scholarly Literature On The Application Of Such System", Report, Focus October 2020, Pg No. 1-59.

Abstract: The Point Spread Function (PSF) is a fundamental concept in the field of optics, describing the response of an optical system to a point source of light. This study aims to investigate the effects of central circular obscuration on the intensity characteristics of the PSF. The research employs theoretical analysis, to comprehensively explore how the size and position of the obscuration influence the intensity distribution within the PSF. This study also focuses on investigating the impact of central circular obscuration on the FWHM of the PSF.

Keywords: Point Spread Function, PSF intensity, central circular obscuration, optical systems, Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM), image resolution.

[1]. V. Hakobyan Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Armenia On The Impact Of Central Obscuration On The
[2]. Effectiveness Of Ground-Based O/Ir Telescopes Revista Mexicana De Astronom´Ia Y Astrof´Isica, 54, 285–291
[3]. (2018) Received December 6 2017; Accepted March 8 2018
[4]. Adnan Falih Hassan Aldehadhawe Ban Hussein Ali Alrueshdy The Effect Of Coma Aberration On Point Spread Function For Array Synthetic Circular Obscured Aperture Journal Of Kufa – Physics Vol.5/ No.1 (2013)
[5]. C.S. Grawford , I. Lehmann , A.C. Fabian ; "Optics", Vol.110, No. 10, P. 476, (1999).

Abstract: The results of the conducted investigations are obtained based on the day-to-day observations of the country's electric energy regimes, on the basis of which the need for Battery energy storage system is substantiated, which is why the real regime images of the energy system are presented, measures necessary for continuous balancing of the country's consumption and supply and mode aspects of parallel operation with neighboring energy systems are also outlined.

Keywords: BESS Battery energy storage system, Hpps, Shunt reactor, Back-to-back shunt capacitor, BMS, EMS

[1]. Https://Www.Electricaltechnology.Org/2018/08/Shunt-Reactor.Html
[2]. Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Abs/Pii/S1350630719308672
[3]. Https://Ieeexplore.Ieee.Org/Document/127046
[4]. Https://Www.Gse.Com.Ge
[5]. Https://Www.Sakrusenergo.Ge.

Abstract: The main goal of Load Frequency control (LFC) is, to maintain the real frequency and the desired power output (mw) in the interconnected power system and to control the change in tie line power between control areas. This is achieved by the use of conventional controllers. But the conventional controllers are heaving some demerits like; they are very slow in operation, they do not care about the inherent nonlinearities of different power system component, it is very hard to decide the gain of the integrator setting according to changes in the operating point. The IMC-PID controller is capable of giving better response and is applicable under different nonlinearities.

[1]. V. R. Moorthi And R. P. Aggarawal, 'Suboptimal And Near Optimal Control Of A Load Frequency Control System,' Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Vol. 119, Pp. 1653– 1660, Nov. 1972.
[2]. A. Khodabakhshian And M. Edrisi, "A New Robust Pid Load Frequency Controller," Control Eng. Pract., Vol. 16, No. 9, Pp. 1069–1080, 2008.
[3]. C. E. Fosha And O. I. Elgerd, "The Megawatt -Frequency Control Problem: A New Approach Via Optimal Control Theory," Ieee Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol. Pas-89, No. 4, Pp. 563–567, 1970.
[4]. Yogendra Arya, Narendra Kumar, S.K. Gupta, "Load Frequency Control Of A Four-
[5]. Area Power System Using Linear Quadratic Regulator", Ijes Vol.2 2012 Pp.69-76

Abstract: Impedance parameters, also known as Z-parameters or network parameters, are used to describe the behavior of linear electrical networks. They relate the voltage and current at the terminals of a network element or a network of interconnected elements. The transistor element is widely used in electronic design applications. It is known that the transistor element has very important functions in electronic designs for industrial purposes. The aim of this study is to obtain formulas for on-state and off-state impedance in common emitter transistor circuits. For this purpose, the obtained formulas.......

[1]. Busarello, Tiago Davi C., Marcelo G. Simões, and José A. Pomilio. "Semiconductor diodes and transistors." In Power Electronics Handbook, pp. 15-48. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2018.
[2]. Qi, Yu, Z. C. Dou, and R. J. Ding. "Research on power semiconductor converter technology for rail transit applications." Electric Drive For Locomotives 1 (2020): 1-8.
[3]. Jiang, Mengxuan, Zheng John Shen, Jun Wang, Zhikang Shuai, and Xin Yin. "Simulation study of an insulated gate bipolar transistor with pinched-off N-type pillar." IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society 4, no. 3 (2016): 144-148.
[4]. He, Xibin. "The Advantages and Applications of IGBT Compared with Conventional BJT and MOSFET." In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2386, no. 1, p. 012054. IOP Publishing, 2022.
[5]. He, Xibin. "The Advantages and Applications of IGBT Compared with Conventional BJT and MOSFET." In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 2386, no. 1, p. 012054. IOP Publishing, 2022.

Abstract: The UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is an aircraft with no pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled (flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans. UAVs have three control surfaces namely elevator, aileron and rudder for the control of pitch, roll and yaw movements respectively in general. But the UAV used here has only two independently driven elevon surfaces. Though this type of design provides mechanical simplicity, unmanned aerial vehicles with only two elevon surfaces present interesting challenges in dynamics modelling. The H-infinity controllers are used in controlling their certain flight performance within the required settling time specification.

Key Word: Aileron, elevator, elevon, nonminimum phase system, rudder, unmanned aerial vehicles

Abstract: Microgrids serve as a vital solution for the successful implementation of Smart Grid systems, facilitating the seamless integration of renewable and distributed energy resources. Considerable efforts have been undertaken to develop demonstration projects and explore effective energy management strategies in order to enhance the performance of renewable resources with intermittent features and promote responsible citizenship. In contemporary literature, the hierarchical structure with either three or two layers has emerged as the prevailing traditional control structure. In typical practice, a central controller is employed to uphold the equilibrium of frequency and voltage, whereas a local controller facilitates equitable distribution of power among diverse energy supplies. A microgrid refers to a collection of decentralized power generators, such as wind turbines, solar systems, thermal units, and micro hydro power plants, along with controlled or uncontrollable demands......

Keywords: Microgrids, Power Management