IOSR-JESTFT   Volume-8 ~ Issue-6 ~ June 2014

Abstract: The rapid growth of urbanisation due to industrialisation has brought astronomical increase in anthropogenic activities with their attendant huge generation of wastes, thus the need for a systematic management of an ever-increasing trend of municipal solid waste generation complicated by complex waste characteristics has become an urban challenge The research is carried out to determine the implication of economic variable (income) on the composition and quantity of solid waste generation in Bauchi metropolis. Systematic random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of the samples and 4% of the study population was taken as the sample size. The major instruments used for data collection were questionnaire, interview and direct measurement of household solid waste at source and the data is presented in tables and charts. The spearman rank correlation was used for statistical analysis to determine the degree of relationship between income level and quantity of solid waste generation. The result of hypothesis shows that the calculated value of r = 0.871. This indicates that there is high positive correlation between the two variables, that shows that the quantity and composition of solid waste generation is influenced by level of economic development It is recommended that the roles of income in determining the quantity and composition of solid waste, are to be identified and integrated in the solid waste management strategies with a view to achieving a clean and healthy living environment in Bauchi metropolis
Key words: income, solid waste, composition, quantity

[1]. Abel, O.A (2009). An Analysis of Solid Waste Generation in a Traditional African City: The Example of Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Environment and Urbanization, SAGE Journals, 19(2): 527-537.
[2]. Adedibu, A.A., (1999) 'A Comparative Analysisof Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Ilorin and Offa, Kwara State. Paper Presented at the National Conference on Development and Environment Organised By N I S E R University Of Ibadan From 22nd – 25th March 1999.
[3]. Agunwamba, J. C., (1998). Analysis of scavengers' activities and recycling in some cities of Nigeria. Environmental Management, 32 (1): 116-127.
[4]. Alkali, J.L.S. (2005), Planning Sustainable Urban Growth in Nigeria: Challenges and Strategies. Paper Presented at Conference on Planning Sustainable Urban Growth and Sustainable Architecture, Held at The ECOSOC Chambers, United Nations Headquarters, New York On 6th June 2005.
[5]. Bogoro A. G. (2010) Management of Solid Waste at Household Level 'Environmental Watch' Journal of School of Environmental Studies. Vol., 5, No. 1, September 2010, Pp.64-70. The Federal Polytechnic, Bida

Abstract: This study examine the important role that Public participation play in Environmental Impact Assessment process. The study uses the MRT project in Malaysia as a case study. As an internationally accepted requirement in EIA process, public participation is a key towards stakeholders' involvement in environmental management. This study identified various models that has been postulated by scholars and concluded that Arnstein model of public participation was the basses for all other model hence, the researcher used it to determine the level of public participation in the MRT project in Malaysia. The results of the study however show at which level participation was categorized. Keywords: Public participation; environmental Impact Assessment; MRT project; Malaysia

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Abstract: In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study the effect of two pesticides (DDT and Bordeaux mixture) commonly used in the agricultural production landscape, on seed germination and seedling growth of Vigna sinensis L. and Oryza sativa L. The objective of this study is to determine the rate of germination, radicle emergence, plumule elongation, biomass and the chlorophyll content of the two cultivar seeds exposed to five concentrations of the pesticides viz., 0.01%, 0. 1%, 1%, 2% and 4%. In general the seeds of both Vigna sinensis and Oryza sativa showed a marginal increase in the rate of germination, radicle elongation, plumule growth, biomass and chlorophyll content in 0.01 % over the control, when treated with both the pesticides . There was gradual decrease in rate of germination, radicle emergence, plumule elongation, biomass and the chlorophyll content at 0.1%, 1% and 2% concentrations of DDT and Bordeaux mixture. The maximum inhibition was observed in higher concentration of both the pesticides (4%).Though the total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a content decreased as the concentration of the pesticide increased, the chlorophyll b recorded an increase in the DDT treated seeds of Vigna sinensis. This research contributes to the phytotoxicity assessment database, and besides to lay the foundation for the use of Oryza sativa and Vigna sinensis as a phytoremediation tool for agricultural pesticide runoff .
Key Words: DDT, Bordeaux mixture chlorophyll, seed germination, Seedling

[1]. S.N. Mozumder, and M.M. Hossain, Effect of seed treatment and soaking duration on germination of Eryngium foetidum L. seeds, International Journal of Horticulture, 2013, 3 (10) , 46-51.
[2]. Siddiqui Zamin Shaheed and Ahmed Soaliha, Combined effects of pesticide on growth and nutritive composition of soybean plants, Pak. J. Bot, 38(3), 2006, 721-733.
[3]. D. Sammaiah, C.H. Chandrashekar, V. Ramakrishna Prasad, and K. Jaganmohan Reddy, Pesticides induced alterations in physiological responses in Solanum melongena L, International journal of Pharma and Biosciences, 2(1), 2011, 374-384.
[4]. Petróczi István, M. János Matuz, and Csaba Kótai, Study of pesticide side-effects in winter wheat trials, Acta Biologica Szegediensis. Proceedings of the 7th Hungarian Congress on Plant Physiology, 46 (3-4), 2002, 207-208.
[5]. M.O. Olofinboba, and T.T. Kozlowski, Effects of three systemic insecticides on seed germination and growth of Pinus halepensis seedlings, plant and soil, 64, 1982, 255-258.

Abstract: Climate change is occurring as a result of warming of the earth's atmosphere due to human activity generating excess amounts of greenhouse gases. Because of its potential impact on the hydrologic cycle and severe weather events, climate change is expected to have an enormous effect on human health, including on the burden and distribution of many infectious diseases. Important environmental (climate) factors influencing the transmission cycles include temperature, precipitation and humidity, as well as the transmission components which include pathogen, vectors, non-biological and non-human reservoirs. The infectious diseases that will be most affected by climate change include those that are spread by insect vectors and by contaminated water. The burden of adverse health effects due to these infectious diseases will fall primarily on developing countries, while it is the developed countries that are primarily responsible for climate change.
Keywords: Climate change;Transmission; Tropical parasitic diseases; Infectious diseases; Vector- borne diseases; water-borne diseases

[1]. Atherholt, T.B. et al.(1998):Effects of rainfall on Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Journal of the American Water Works Association 90(9): 66–80 (1998).
[2]. Auld, H. MacIver, D. andKlaassen, J.(2004): Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: the Walkerton example. J Toxicol Environ Health,Part A 2004; 67: 1879–87.
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Abstract:Seasonal variations in concentration of toxic heavy metals such as lead, copper, and arsenic was monitored during the year 2010 and 2011. The fish samples collected in summer, monsoon and winter seasons were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results obtained are presented and compared with the permissible limit as declared by WHO.
Keywords: WHO, heavy metals, permissible limit.

[1]. Bahnasawy, M., Khidr, A. and Dheina, N. (2009).Seasonal Variations of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Mullet, Mugil Cephalus and Liza Ramada (Mugilidae) from Lake Manzala ,Egypt. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(7): 845-852.
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Abstract: Proximate and phytochemical compositions were carried on four indigenous seeds, Afzelia africana (African oak tree), Detarium microcarpum, Brachystegia nigerica (African mahogany) and Mucuna sloanei (Velvet beans) used as soup thickeners. The concentration of carbohydrate were Mucuna Sloanei 70.71%, Detarium microcarpum 70.38%, Brachystegia nigerica 65.97% and Afzelia africana 53.65% showing that they were predominantly composed of carbohydrates. Afzelia africana contained 18.50% crude lipid while other seeds contained Brachystegia nigerica 7.91%, Mucuna sloanei 6.25%, and Detarium microcarpum 7.41%. The protein contents of the seeds were Afzelia africana 13.29%, Brachystegia nigerica 14.45%, Mucuna sloanei 12.52% and Detarium microcarpum 12.19%. The percentage crude fiber was highest in Afzelia africana 8.25%, while in Brachystegia nigerica, it was 3.30%, Mucuna sloanei 2.99% and Detarium microcarpum 2.63%. The ash contents were very low with Brachystegia nigerica having a value of 4.07% while Afzelia africana, Mucuna sloanei and Detarium microcarpum contained 3.51%, 3.46%, and 3.09% respectively. The percentage moisture contents were Mucuna sloanei 4.07%, and Brachystegia nigerica 4.30%, Afzelia africana 2.80% and Detarium microcarpum 4.30%. The phytochemical composition showed the concentration of alkaloids ranged from 59.62 in Afzelia africana to 165.85mg/100g in Mucuna sloanei. They had high concentrations of soluble carbohydrates, tannins, steroids and terpenoids. They were relatively low in flavonoids, cyanogenic glycosides, beta carotene, cyanide and anthocyanine. The investigation showed they were rich sources of carbohydrate and proteins and contains active metabolites that have both medicinal and therapeutic values.
Keywords: Proximate composition, phytochemicals, seeds, soup, thickeners.

[1] Abukakar, M. C., Ukwani, A. N. and Shehu, R. A. (2008). Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Tamarindus indica Pulp Extract. Asian Journal of Biochemistry, 3(2): 134 – 138.
[2] Adekunle, A. A. and Oluwo, D. A. (2008). The Nutritive Value of Cucumis melo var. agrestis Scrab (Cucurbitaceae) Seeds and Oil in Nigeria. American Journal of Food Technology. 3(2). 141 – 146.
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[6] Akpata, M. I. and Miachi, O. E. (2001). Proximate composition and selected functional properties of Detarium microcarpum. Plant Food for Human Nutrition, 56(4): 297-302.

Abstract: Water samples from various sources in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State Nigeria were analyzed using standard methods. These sources are used for agricultural, domestic and commercial purposes and were analyzed for physicochemical properties as well as some heavy metals contents. The pH of all the samples was highly alkaline and hardness was soft with moderate levels of total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and low conductivity. The levels of iron, sulphate, copper and magnesium were generally low and normal in all the water samples. The level of nitrate was high when compared to the standard recommended level for safe drinking water. Heavy metal analyses revealed presence of arsenic and lead. The results of the physicochemical properties were within the recommended levels for safe drinking or portable water except for nitrates and heavy metals. Therefore, the water sources were not good for domestic and portable water, especially for children. This could be the cause of poor intelligent quotient and certain abnormal symptoms in the area that are attributed to evil medicine.
Key words: water, properties, heavy metals, Okposi, Uburu, Ohaozara.

[1] Bryant, M. (2005). Water and salt. In: Horwitz M and Latiner G. W. (eds). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 18th edition, AOAC International, Maryland, USA, 1 – 32.
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Abstract: Fluoride contamination of groundwater is a growing problem in many parts of the world. The present study is an attempt to assess fluoride concentration of groundwater in parts of Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu . It was found that fluoride concentration ranged from 0.05-1.04 mg/L. If residents consume non potable high fluoride water they may suffer from yellow, mottled teeth – dental fluorosis Therefore, it is essential to evolve regulations designated to improve the health and safety of the human and natural environment in the study area.
Keywords: Fluoride contamination, Groundwater, Kanchipuram

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[2]. Kesavan KG and Parameswari R.Evaluation of groundwater quality in Kancheepuram. Indian J. Environ. Prot. 25(3), 2005, 235-239.
[3]. Dar MA, Sankar K, Dar IA., Fluorine contamination in groundwater: a major challenge. Environ Monit Assess.173(1-4), 2011,955-68.
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Abstract: This study investigated the speciation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni, and Zn) in agricultural farmland soils in Abraka, Delta State, Southern, Nigeria. Soil's physicochemical parameters were also determined with the following results. pH ranged from 4.20-5.45(acidic soil), total organic carbon from 0.95-2.02%. Particle size showed soil to be mainly sandy, percentage nitrogen from 0.18-0.35 while phosphorus from 21.11-58.33mg/Kg, Cation Exchange Capacity ranged from 1.04-7.96Cmol/Kg. The percentage of the studied heavy metals in the various fraction are in the following order; Cd: Residual >acid soluble > oxidizable > reducible >exchangeable. Cu: Reducible > acid soluble > residual > oxidizable > exchangeable. Pb: Residual > reducible > acid soluble > oxidizable > exchangeable. Mn: Residual > Exchangeable > acid soluble > reducible > oxidizable. Co: Acid soluble > reducible > residual > oxidizable > exchangeable. Ni: Reducible > oxidizable > acid soluble > exchangeable > residual. Zn: Acid soluble >oxidizable > residual > reducible > exchangeable. Exchangeable Cd, Co, and Pb were not detected. The absence of mobile form of Cd, Co and Pb in all the soil samples eliminates the toxic risk both to the tropic chain and from its migration downwards the soil profile. The heavy metals speciation of the soil samples indicates that the heavy metals were predominately in the non-residual fractions suggestive of control by anthropogenic sources. The mean total extracted metals are Cd: 1.09-1.28, Cu: 8.82-11.46, Pb: 1.51-1.69, Mn: 58.29-64.86, Co, 0.88-1.32, Ni: 6.45-7.97, Zn: 15.78-17.43mg/Kg.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Speciation, Agricultural farmland Soils, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria

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Abstract: This study assessed impacts of pit latrines on water quality from hand-dug wells in Isara-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria and its health implication. Water quality parameters: pH, chloride, nitrate, ammonium, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total acidity and total alkalinity were determined using standard methods. Faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were determined by standard methods. Total acidity ranged from 100 mg/l to 500 mg/l, which was far above the WHO limit. Ammonium ranged from 0-2.50 mg/l, while nitrate concentration varied from 26.60 - 49.60 mg/l, which were very close to the WHO limit of 50 mg/l for portable water. Distances between the pit latrines and the hand-dug wells were generally less than recommended 15 m. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. were present in higher proportion (0.46x104 and 0.84x104 cfu/100ml respectively) which indicated that the wells were faecally contaminated. Epidemiological data revealed that the reported cases in clinics of water borne diseases like diarrhoea and typhoid fever were high, showing infections through consumption of contaminated water from the hang-dug wells. We advocate appropriate awareness and local institutional capacity building through provision of well-protected latrines, piped water and sustainable sanitation to reduce potential risk to public health.
Keywords: Bacteria, groundwater, pollution; sustainable development, urbanization

[1]. O K, Adeyemo, O A. Banwo and E A. Adeleye, Regression Based Modelling of Relationship Between Lead in Water and Lead Bioaccumulation in Fish. Global Journal of Environmental Research 1(3), (2007).117-123.
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[3]. C. Govindasamy and M. Subdaramoorthy, Impact of Municipal Waste on the Water Quality of River Palar, Tamilnadu, India. Global Journal of Environmental Research, 5, 2011.39-45.
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Abstract: Genotoxicity is a property possessed by some substances that makes them harmful to the genetic information contained in organisms. Heavy metal ions and polycyclic hydrocarbons are the most influencing genotoxicants for fishes. A large proportion of genotoxicants are disposed in free flowing water bodies and the funa particulary, fishes are highly affected. Accumulation of genotxicants not only effects the growth of fishes but also decrease the fecundity capacity. Liver and kidney are two important organs affected as enzymes like MT and ALT are playing pivotal role in detoxification of genotoxicants. Genotoxicants have pronounced influence on liver histology and biochemistry which resulted in structural damage to the vital organ. Screening and development of microbial strains and phytoplankton as bioaccumulating agents will help in decreasing pronounce of toxins leading to genetic material damage. The second level effect of genotoxins can be carcinogens, or cancer-causing agents, mutagens, or mutation-causing agents, or teratogens, birth defect-causing agents.
Keywords: Genotoxicity, DNA, RNA , MT, ALT, Teratogens

[1]. Ahmad W., Ali M.N., Farah M.A. and Ateeq B. (2002) Computerized automated morphometric assay including frequency estimation of pentachlorphenol induced nuclear anomalies (micronucleus) in catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Chromo., 110 (8): 570-574.
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[5]. Amado L.L., Rosa C.E., Leite A.M., Moraes L., Pires W.V. et al. (2006) Biomarkers in croakers Micropogonias furnieri (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) from polluted and non-polluted areas from the Patos Lagoon estuary (Southern Brazil): Evidences of genotoxic and immunological effects". Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52: 199–206 pp.

Abstract: A pot experiment was performed to determine the effect of metribuzin amended with different fertilizers (NPK and vermicompost) on the availability of ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ( NH4+ -N2 , P, K) and Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe with different concentrations of metribuzin (100, 175 and 250gai.) in Aligarh soil. Pots were also filled with recommended rates of NPK and vermicompost under wheat plants. Among the herbicide concentrations metribuzin @175 gai. proved beneficial as compared to other two doses. Metribuzin@250 gai. proved deleterious for soil nutrients as compared to other two concentrations. While the use of NPK and vermicompost proved better in enhancing the nutrients , which may have exerted a positive effect on wheat yield as compared to herbicide use only. Vermicompost increased the micronutrients the most.
Keywords: Fertilizers, macro and micro nutrients, metribuzin and vermicompost.

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