iosr-JMCE   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2016

Abstract: Hip replacement refers to the process in which a damaged hip joint is surgically replaced with an artificial implant. It has been observed that all implants are not safe for use and some can cause serious complications to patient after surgery. A total hip replacement comprised of replacement of entire hip structure using an artificial prosthesis, during this surgical procedure, a stem is inserted into the patient's femur for stability, and a ball replaces the head of the femur & the socket is also replaced with an artificial cup. The hip implantation was usually cemented in place, but it is also find that some surgeons use a cementless approach instead............

Keywords: Artificial hip implants, CNC machining, CT scan, femoral stem, Hip replacement

[1]. Yousef Abu-Amer 1 ,Isra Darwech 2 , John C Clohisy 3 ,Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements: mechanisms underlying osteolysis and potential therapies, Arthritis Research & Therapy Volume 9 Supplement 1, 2007:

[2]. Stephen Richard Knight,1 Randeep Aujla,2 and Satya Prasad Biswas3 , Total Hip Arthroplasty - over 100 years of operative history, Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2011 Sep 6; 3(2): e16.

[3]. Cuckler JM1.The rationale for metal-on-metal total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res., 2005 Dec; volume 441:132-6.

[4]. Francesco Traina,1 Marcello De Fine,1 Alberto Di Martino,1,2 and Cesare Faldini1,Fracture of Ceramic Bearing Surfaces following Total Hip Replacement: A Systematic Review Bio-med Research International Volume 2013 (2013), Article ID 157247, 8 pages.

[5]. Hallab N, Merritt K, Jacobs JJ "Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopedic implants". (March 2001), volume 83–A (3): 428–36.

Abstract: Laminated hooks are widely used in steel industry. Due to its high load carrying capacity they are use for loading and unloading of material in heavy steel industry. Laminated hook got its name from the process of manufacturing it. they are made of plates which are rivets together. In industry when continuous and unloading occur the failure of hook take place, but in laminated hook when crack or faults occurs the faulty plate can replace by the new one this reduces time and cost. In this project we will calculate the bending stress occurred in hook and the factures effecting its life Weight optimization of hook using topological approach it's taken in to consideration...........

Keywords: Laminated hook, Weight optimization, Stress concentration, ANSYS.

[1] We have successfully optimized the shape of the laminated hook
[2] We have study the structural stresses of hook by photo elastic analysis.
[3] We have assumed factor of safety for design to be 1.2 in testing it turns out to be 1.215 which is 5 % in conformance with the analytical and FEA results.
[4] Load taken by the laminated Hooke before failure in testing is nearly same as design load .
[5] Thermal analysis shows us that the stresses in the hook are within the acceptance criteria for high temperature applications .

Abstract: In this project, it is planned to carry out a complete microstructural characterization of advanced high strength steels (AHSS) currently used in the automotive industry. These steels have an elastic effect, called spring back effect, during the sheet metal forming of parts. This spring back is the main problem of this family of steels during the production process of the structural components of the automotive industry: especially for dimensional problems in automotive structural components. It is therefore necessary to evaluate changes in microstructure during the stages of sheet metal forming in order to know precisely the microstructural and mechanical behavior of material after being subjected to this effect............

Keywords: Springback, dual-phase, steels, air bending, EBSD, industries

[1] Nogueira, A.L., Silva, M.J. Da carroça ao ultraleve reduction. Metalurgia & Materials, vol. 57, n.511, august, 2001.

[2] Kishida, K. (2000). High strength steel sheets for light weight vehicle. Nippon steel technical report, 12-16.

[3] Keeler, S., & Kimchi, M. (2015). Advanced High-Strength Steels Application Guidelines V5.World Auto Steel.

[4] Placidi, F., Vadori, R., Cimolin, F., & Campana, F. (2008). An efficient approach to springback compensation for ultra high strength steel structural components for the automotive field.

[5] Yu, H. Y. (2009). Variation of elastic modulus during plastic deformation and its influence on springback. Materials & Design, 30(3), 846-850.

Abstract: This research work deals with the implication of modern retailing at not only in Dhaka, Bangladesh but also the whole district in Bangladesh with main objectives to find out technological activity, impact on modern welfare. HVAC is the most important side of Bangladesh. It is not only in Bangladesh but also the whole world.

Keywords: Manufacturing, Turbulent flow, Unidirectional airflow, Protection, Infiltration

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Abstract: Hybrid EMT is a Human controlled Vehicle that uses both human vitality and electric vitality to drive the vehicle. The key destinations behind this examination is to produce a fitting strategy for transportation which would utilize human imperativeness in a viable way to deal with be used for driving the vehicle, for example, it runs quicker than the present day human controlled vehicles. Consequently the human quality like quality and deficiency (shortcoming) Hybrid EMT shifts from most other choice imperativeness vehicles, is the rider gives pedal power.............

Keywords: Hybrid EMT, Human controlled vehicle, DC Motor, frame, suspension, steering, braking etc

[1] Abhinay Nigam, Prof. Suman Sharma, Prof. Rupesh Tiwari, A Review Report on Electromechanical Tricycle with Regenerative Braking System 2015 IJSRSET | Volume 1 | Issue 6 | Print ISSN : 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099 Themed Section: Engineering and Technology
[2] Pedal at Highway Speeds with the RAHT Racer, RAHT Racer Kickstarter on 2/26/15, 11:44 PM
[3] In the tutorial of http://what-when-how.com/automobile/braking-system-automobile/
[4] Swarnim Shrishti, Anand Amrit, Design and Development of Hybrid Human Powered Vehicle,
ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/5892/1/110ID0275-11.pdf
[5] Richard 'Barney' Carlson, Matthew G. Shirk, and Benjamin M. Geller's Factors Affecting the Fuel Consumption of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles, EVS-25 Shenzhen, China, Nov. 5-9, 2010. The 25th World Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Symposium & Exhibition

Abstract: The motivation behind this research is to provide a method to improve the beam to beam connection of precast concrete with inadequate lap length. The methodology of this research divided into two Parts. In the first Part, the paper tests six beam to beam connections. This was considered the preliminary findings of the study. Those beam to beam connections which derived optimum performance were proposed to be involved in the second Part. In the studies, plates made of steel, bolts and nuts system and technique of welding were used to enhance the performance of the anchorage system..............

Keywords: Precast Concrete, Inadequate Lap Length, Beams connection.

[1]. Anwar, B. S. (2013). Agile approach in construction project management. India. . Bhatti group.
[2]. Arbulu, R. &. (n.d.). Lean supply systems in construction industry. Lean supply systems in construction industry. Berkeley , USA.
[3]. Bertelsel, S. (2008). Bridging the gaps towards comprehensive understanding of lean construction. Copenhagen, denmark.
[4]. Chen, Q. R. (2008). Interface Management—A Facilitator Of Lean Construction And Agile Project Management. . P. 16.
[5]. Childerhouse, P. H.-M. (2007). Housing building supply chain.

Abstract: There is a burgeoning interest in the development, characterization, and implementation of alternatives to Portland cement as a binder in concrete. The construction materials industry is under increasing pressure to reduce the energy used in production of Portland cement clinker and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Further, Portland cement is not the ideal binder for all construction applications, as it suffers from durability problems in particularly aggressive environments. Several alternative binders have been available for almost as long as Portland cement, yet have not been extensively used, and new ones are being developed..............

Keywords: A. Hydration; D. Alkali-activated cement; D. Calcium aluminate cement; D. Sulfoaluminate; D. Granulated blast furnace slag

[1]. U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries (January 2009
[2]. A. Alcorn Embodied energy and CO2 coefficients for NZ building materials Centre for Building Performance Research Report, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand (2003)
[3]. J.S. Damtoft, J. Lukasik, D. Herfort, D. Sorrentino, E.M. GartnerSustainable development and climate change initiativesCem. Concr. Res., 38 (2) (2008), pp. 115–127
[4]. ASTM C 150Standard Specification for Portland Cement ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania (2009)
[5]. ASTM C 1157Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania (2009)

Abstract: Wire electrical discharge machining process is an electro thermal modern machining process, is mainly used to cut complicate profiles of dies and mould of engineering materials. In the modern machine tool industry machining time is very important. The machining time is mainly depends upon the gap current. So that optimum conditions are very much required to cut the components in optimum time. The present research work mainly shows the optimization of process parameters of WEDM by Taguchi Design. ANOVA is used to study the effect of process parameters on machining process...............

Keywords: WEDM, Gap current, Taguchi Method, Optimization of process parameters, ANOVA analysis

[1]. Speeding, T. A.Wang, Z.Q,,"Parametric optimization and surface characterization of wire electrical discharge machining process", Precision Engineering, 20(1), 5-15.
[2]. Gokler, M. I., Ozanozgu, A. M "Experimental investigation of effects of cutting parameters on surface roughness in the WEDM process", International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, 40,1831–1848.
[3]. Tosun, N." The effect of cutting parameters on the performance of WEDM",KSME international journal ,vol.17, No.6, pp.m816-824,2003
[4]. Sarkar, S., Mitra, S., Bhattacharyya, B. "Parametric analysis and optimization of wire electrical discharge machining of γ-titanium aluminide alloy", Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 159, 286–294.

Abstract: This paper deals with the optimization of plastic moulding by reducing warpage with the application of Taguchi optimization technique & part design modifications. Taguchi optimization technique is used for determining the optimum plastic injection moulding process parameters. In part design modifications, ribs are added to the wash lid component to provide additional strength to the washing machine. Analysis of the process parameters are initially carried out by utilizing the combination of process parameters based on three-level of L27 Taguchi orthogonal design..............

Keywords: Ribs, Taguchi Optimization technique, Warpage

[1]. Hasan Oktem, Tuncay Erzurumlu, Ibrahim Uzma. Application of Taguchi optimization technique in determining plastic injection molding process parameters for a thin-shell part; Material & Design, 28, Elsevier, 2007,1271-1278
[2]. Eghbal Hakimian, Abu Bakar Sulong. Analysis of warpage and shrinkage properties of injection-molded micro gears polymer composites using numerical simulations assisted by the Taguchi method; Material & Design, 42, Elsevier; 2012, 62-71
[3]. Nik Mizamzul Mehata, Shahrul Kamaruddin. Optimization of mechanical properties of recycled plastic products via optimal processing parameters using the Taguchi method; Journal of Materials Processing Technology 211, Elsevier, 2011, 1989-1994
[4]. Ming-Chih Huang, Ching-Chih Tai. The effective factors in the warpage problem of an injection-molded part with a thin shell feature; Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 110, Elsevier, 2001, 1-9
[5]. E. Bociga, T. Jaruga, K. Lubczyñska, A. Gnatowski. Warpage of injection moulded parts as the result of mould temperature difference; Archives of material Science and Engineering, 44, 2010, 28-34.

Abstract: Portal axles (or portal gear) are designed for off-road driving conditions. The axle tube is above the center of the wheel hub and a reduction gearbox present within the hub. Axle tube is installed between the wheel and the axle shaft to give more ground clearance to the vehicle. It is the shaft which must have higher strength and toughness.Since composite materials are having promising properties, which can reduce the weight and almost equal to conventional material properties. In this paper portal axle shaft is analyzed by Finite Element Analysis considering varying parameters i.e...............

Keywords: EN-24, FEM, torsion test, Taguchi approach, Torsion Testing Machine.

[1]. XuXiaolei, Yu Zhiwei, and Ding Hongxin. Failure analysis of a diesel engine gear-shaft. Eng Fail Anal;13(8):1351–7. (2006).
[2]. Ooi, J.B., Wang, X., Tan, C.S., Ho, J.H., Lim, Y.P. (2012). Modaland stress analysis of gear train design in portal axle using finite
element modeling and simulation. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, vol. 26, no. 2, p. 575-589, DOI:10.1007/s12206-
011-1040-5.
[3]. Göksenli, A., Eryürek, I.B. (2009). Failure analysis of an elevator drive shaft.Engineering Failure Analysis, vol. 16, no. 4, p. 1011-
1019, DOI:10.1016/j. engfailanal.2008.05.014.
[4]. Vijay Sekar K.S., Pradeep Kumar, M. (2012).Optimising Flow Stress Input for Machining Simulations Using Taguchi
Methodology.International Journal of Simulation Modelling, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 17-28,DOI:10.2507/IJSIMM11(1)2.195.
[5]. J. B. Ooi, X. Wang, C.S. Tan, J. H. Ho, K. C. Wong and Y. P.

Abstract:Aerated light weight concrete (ALC) has gained tremendous popularity in years owing to its sustainability, density, low thermal conductivity and use of less mortar joints. The objective of this study is to develop a good performance aerated concrete to provide a better alternative than commercially available concrete blocks for structural applications of masonry. Use of different mineral admixtures enhances towards better strength and low density ranges..............

Keywords: Aluminium powder (Al), Light weight Concrete, Fly ash (FA), Granulated slag (GGBS), Compressive Strength.

[1] Javier PinillaMelo , Alberto Sepulcre Aguilar, Francisco Hernández Olivares, Rheological Properties of Aerated Cement Pastes with Fly Ash, Metakaolin And Sepiolite Additions, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 65, 2014, pp 566–573.
[2] PawełWalczaka, PawełSzymański, AgnieszkaRóżycka, Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Based on Fly Ash in Density 350 Kg/m3as an Environmentally Friendly Material for Energy –EfficientConstructions, ProcediaEngineering,Vol. 122, 2015, pp39 – 46.
[3] R. Arellano Aguilar, O. Burciaga Diaz, J.I. Escalante Garcia, Lightweight concretes of activated metakaolin - fly ash binders, with blast furnace slag aggregates, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 2010, pp 1166–1175.
[4] RostislavDrochytkaa, JiˇriZacha, AzraKorjenicb, JitkaHroudovaa, Improving the energy efficiency in buildings while reducing the waste using autoclaved aerated concrete made from power industry waste, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 58, 2013, pp319–323.

Abstract: Igbc green existing buildings o&m rating system is fundamentally designed to address national priorities of resource conservation while providing quality of life for occupants. the rating programme uses well accepted national standards and wherever local or national standards are not available, appropriate international benchmarks have been considered for water conservation

Keywords: Green existing buildings, water conservation. Resource conservation, benchmarks,IGBC.

[1]. IGBC Green Existing Buildings O&M Rating System-Pilot Version [2]. Water Conservation and Rainwater Harvesting S.P. Deolalkar (3 September 2015).
[3]. Rain Water harvesting at National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, By Ranjitkumar Sharma. (2010)
[4]. Evaluation of Rainwater Harvesting Methods and Structures Using Analytical Hierarchy Process for a Large Scale Industrial Area. V. Jothiprakashi, Mandar V. sathe. Published Online December 2009 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarp)
[5]. Rainwater Harvesting: Grab hold of Water where it Falls! Mrs. S.D. Khandagale, Mrs. V.A. Joshi V.P.M's Polytechni, Thane, MS, India (june 2011)

Abstract: One of the slab width reduction methods in hot rolling mill is to use vertical rollers called edger; this is called the edging process. In edging process the slab thickness near the edges of the workpiece which are in contact with edger rollers is more than the other parts which results in apparent rise in the edges of the workpiece called dog bone. This uneven thickness increment decreases efficiency of the edging process. One of the methods to avoid or decrease dog bone is to use caliber rollers in width reduction process..............

Keywords: Mobarakeh Steel Company, edging process, caliber rollers, slab deformation

[1] Z. Wusatowski, Hot Rolling: A Study of Draught, Spread and Elongation, Iron and Steel. 1995; 28:49-54, 89-94.
[2] T. Shibahara,M. Misaka, T. Kono,M. Koriki, and H. Takemoto, Edging Set-Up Model at Roughing Train in Hot Strip Mill, Tetsu-to-Hagane. 1981; 67(15): 2509-2515.
[3] A. El-Kalay, and L.G.M. Sparling, Factors Affecting Friction and Their Effect Upon Load, Torque, and Spread in Hot Flat Rolling. Iron and Steel, 1968; 206: 152-163.
[4] M. Okado, T. Arizumi, Y. Noma , and K. Yamazaki , Width behavior of head and tail of slabs at edging rolling in hot strip mills, Iron and Steel. 1981; 67(15): 2516-2525.
[5] A. Helmi, and J.M. Alexander, Geometric Factors Affecting Spread in Hot Flat Rolling of Steel. Iron and Steel 1968; 206 (1): 10-17.

Abstract: Launch vehicles are designed so as to travel through different layers of the atmosphere and thus are subjected to aerodynamic forces. Payload fairing, also known as heat shield is the topmost part of any launch vehicle. They are used to shield the satellites and payloads from the external atmosphere and aerodynamic forces. This paper focuses on the design and analysis of an ogive shaped payload fairing for new generation launch vehicle. Integrally stiffened panels are used as skins made of Aluminium alloy- AA2014. The design is carried out for a transonic regime Mach number of 1.2.............

Keywords: Buckling, Frequency, Integrally Stiffened Panel , Ogive Payload Fairing, Stress.

[1] Irish Angelin S, Aerodynamic shaping of payload fairing for a launch vehicle, International Journal of Engineering and Science Research,4(5), 2014.
[2] Michael Niu, Airframe Stress Analysis and Sizing, (Hong Kong Conmilit Press Ltd -1999).
[3] T.H.G. Megson, Aircraft Structures for Engineering Students, (Butterworth Heinmann Publishers-1990).
[4] Warren C. Young and Richard G. Budynas, Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain, (McGraw-Hill Publishing Company - 2002).
[5] David W.A Rees, Mechanics of Optimal Structural Design Minimum Weight Structures, (John Wiley and Sons Publication - 2009).

Abstract: Mixing of horsehair and straw with the clay to form floor and bricks was one of the earliest example in which fiber was utilized to strengthen a brittle matrix. Romualdi was first to propose the use of steel fibers as a reinforcement material in his 1963 and 1964 papers. Since then, a plethora of books and papers have been published on the use of various fibers in cement-based material. Published literature shows huge potential of fibers as a reinforcement material. A comprehensive overview of the published literature on the use of fibers in cement-based material is being presented. Effect of fibers on properties of cement-based material such as workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, shrinkage, impact resistance, fatigue behavior and durability has been presented.

Keywords: Fiber, volume fraction, polypropylene (PP), concrete, Polyethylene terephthalate(PET)

[1]. Zhang, P., & Li, Q. F. (2013). Effect of polypropylene fiber on durability of concrete composite containing fly ash and silica fume. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45(1), 1587-1594.

[2]. Atiş, C. D., &Karahan, O. (2009). Properties of steel fiber reinforced fly ash concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23(1), 392-399.

[3]. Foti, D. (2013). Use of recycled waste pet bottles fibers for the reinforcement of concrete. Composite Structures, 96, 396-404.

[4]. Singh, S., Khan, S., Khandelwal, R., Chugh, A., & Nagar, R. (2016). Performance of sustainable concrete containing granite cutting waste.Journal of Cleaner Production, 119, 86-98

[5]. Figueiredo, A. D. D., &Ceccato, M. R. (2015). Workability Analysis of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Using Slump and Ve-Be Test. Materials Research,18(6), 1284-1290.

Abstract: Performance based seismic engineering is the modern approach of earthquake resistant engineering. It is an attempt to predict buildings with predictable seismic performance. Therefore, the objectives such as life safety, collapse prevention, or immediate occupancy are used to define the state of the building following a design earthquake. This paper presents the effective computer based seismic performance analysis technique which reduces the tedious calculations and predict exact results. Push over analysis is proposed to estimate the peak responses in load and lateral displacements...............

Keywords: Push over analysis, plastic hinge length, masonry infill, Seismic demand, Equivalent diagonal strut, Hinge damage states.

[1]. Indian Standard ,IS 1893 : 1984, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures(Fourth Revision).
[2]. Indian Standard, IS 456 : 2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code for Practice(Fourth Revision)
[3]. Indian Standard ,IS : 875 ( Part 2 ) – 1987 (Reaffirmed 1997) Code Of Practice For Design Loads (Other Than Earthquake) ,For Buildings and Structures ,Part 2 Imposed Loads (Second Revision) Six tll Reprint JUNE 1998.
[4]. ATC. Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings—volume 1 (ATC-40). Report No. SSC 96-01. Redwood City (CA): Applied Technology Council; 1996.
[5]. FEMA. NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings (FEMA 273). Washington (DC): Building Seismic Safety Council; 1997.

Abstract: This paper is undertaken to evaluate the abrasion resistance and strength resistance of concrete proportioned to have five levels of cement replacements (30,35,40,45,50%) using fly ash. A reference concrete without fly ash was proportioned to have the 28-day compressive strength of 40 MPa are tested and the concrete specimens were subjected to abrasion according to the ASTM C- 944 t e s t method. In this work , all the concretes made with and without fly ash passed the abrasion resistance requirements per ASTM C-779.............

[1]. M.S. Shetty. "Concrete technology (theory and practice), S. Chand & Company LTD. 2002
[2]. IS 10262-2009 Code of Practice for concrete Mix Proportioning-Guidelines (1stRevision)
[3]. M.L.Gambhir. "Concrete technology (theory and practice), Fourth Edition.
[4]. IS 2386(PT7) – 1963 Methods of test for aggregates for concrete.
[5]. IS 516-1959 Method of test for strength of concrete.

Abstract: In this paper, combined dynamic equations of motion of a rigid-link non-redundant n-DOF robot manipulator consisting of mechanical links, all with revolute joints, and electrical actuators are considered and application of an adaptive robust control algorithm is proposed for trajectory tracking of the robot manipulator. Analysis of stability of the suggested scheme is presented in details. The simplicity of the control law and low computational load are two main advantages of the proposed method..............

Keywords: Adaptive-Robust control, Actuator dynamics, Robot control, Trajectory tracking, RLED robot manipulator, Stability.

[1] T. Burg, D. M. Dawson, J. Hu and M. S. de Queiroz, An adaptive partial sate feedback controller for RLED robot manipulators,
IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 41, 1996, 1024-1030.
[2] H. Canbolat, J. Hu, and D. M. Dawson, A hybrid learning/adaptive partial sate feedback controller for RLED robot manipulators,
Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Decision and Control, 1995, 39-44.
[3] C. Y. Su, and Y. Stepanenko, Backstepping based hybrid adaptive control of robot manipulators incorporating actuator dynamics,
International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, 1997, 141-153.
[4] C. Y. Su, and Y. Stepanenko, Redesign of hybrid adaptive/robust motion control of rigid-link electrically driven robot manipulators,
Proceeding of IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, San Diego, CA, December 1997, 724-731.
[5] S. Tzafestas, G. Starrakakis, and L. Dritsas, Performance Analysis of the Computed Torque Method for Robotic Manipulators with
Fast Actuators, IEEE International Conference on Control and Applications ICCON '89, 1989, 734 - 739.

Abstract: Launch vehicles are used to transport satellite or space craft into space. To minimize the aero acoustic and aerodynamic loads, the nose cones are slanted to an angle on free side and straight on the interference side in advanced launch vehicles. Objective of this paper is to design and analyze nose cone region of a typical launch vehicle using integrally stiffened panel concept, made of aluminium alloy material. The first part of the present work is to make the optimum design of a slanted SNC structure and the second is to verify the detailed design through finite element method..............

Keywords: Integrally Stiffened Panel, Launch Vehicle, Slanted Strapon Nose Cone.

[1] Military Handbook, "Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures", Department of Defence, United States of America, (1998).
[2] Michael Niu, "Airframe Stress Analysis and Sizing", Hong Kong Conmilit Press Ltd., (1999).
[3] Warren C. Young and Richard G. Budynas, "Roark‟s Formulas for Stress and Strain", McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, (2002).
[4] David W.A Rees, "Mechanics of Optimal Structural Design Minimum Weight Structures", John Wiley and Sons Publications, (2009).
[5] ISRO Design Manual, "Design data – Fasteners and Circlips", VSSC Thiruvananthapuram, (2005