iosr-JMCE   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2017

Abstract: A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle without closing the way beneath. The required passage may be for pedestrians, a railway, a road, canal or pipelines. The obstacle to be crossed may be a road, rivers, railways or valley. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different conditions. The beam bridge carries vertical loads by flexure. The truss bridge of simple span behaves like a beam because it carries vertical loads by bending. The truss bridge of simple span behaves like a beam because it carries vertical loads by bending. The top chords are in compression and the bottom chords are in tension, while the vertical and diagonal members are either in tension or compression depending on their orientation. Loads are carried primarily in compression by the arch bridge, with the reactions at the supports (springing) being both vertical and horizontal forces............

Keywords: Bridge, Plate Girder, Deflection, Stress, Shear Force, Bending Moment.

[1]. Bhurke K. N., (Sep-Oct 2013),Strength of Welded Plate Girder with Tapered Web, Bhurke K. N et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 5, pp. 1947-1951. [2]. Cooke, N., Moss, P.J., Walpole, W. R., Langdon, D. W., and Harvey M. H. (1983), "Strength and Serviceability of Steel Girder Webs". Journal of Structural Engineering pp 785-807.
[3]. Cynthia J. Zahn, Plate Girder Design Using LRFD,(1987), Engineering Journal/American Institute Steel Construction, PP 11-20.
[4]. Fu, K., Zhai, Y., and Zhou, S. (2005). "Optimum Design of Welded Steel Plate Girder Bridges Using a Genetic Algorithm with Elitism."
[5]. Gi-Ha Eom, et al. (2017) Design Optimization and Structural Performance Evaluation of Plate Girder Bridge Constructed Using a Turn-Over Process, Materials, 10, 283; doi:10.3390/ma10030283

Abstract: An experimental study has been conducted in Baghdad Technical Institute to evaluate the gasoline fuel that used in Iraq and their effects on petrol engine performance. A single cylinder four stroke air cooled petrol engine was used in this research, the engine fixed on a test engine rig that consists of a hydraulic dynamometer (that used to connect with engine outlet shaft to dominate and control the load) and instrumentation unit which contains of many devices that measure the fuel consumption, exhaust gas temperature, engine speed and torque. Four types of gasoline fuel were used which include imported gasoline named (A1),Shuaiba gasoline (A2), Al-Daura gasoline (A3) and Nasiriya gasoline (A4). The engine was run on three levels of speed 1500, 2000and 2500 rpm with three levels of loads 2,4 and 6 Nm respectively...........

Key Words: Gasoline fuel, petrol engine, brake specific energy consumption, brake thermal efficiency

[1]. Hassan A.L.(2016),Experimental study the effect of Octane number on performance of spark ignition engine , International Journal of Modern Trends in Engineering and Research,pp53-61
[2]. Akram Hamdoun and Abdulfaraj Shawkat (2005), Internal Combustion Engines,Al Yazoori Publisher House ,Jordan
[3]. Ravishankar M.K., and Prem Kumar B.G.,(2014), Comparative study of performance of two wheeler using ethanol –gasoline blends.International Journal of science and research,Vol.3,Issue 10,pp1696-1699.
[4]. Abdulilah M., and Ismail R.,(2001),Lead in Gasoline automobile fuel and ways of reduction,Al-SAFFA PUBLISHER HOUSE,p98.Al Kuwait.
[5]. KB Siddegowda and Jvenkatesh (2013),Performance and emission characteristics of MPFI engine by using Gasoline-Ethanol blends,Internation Journal of Innovative research in Science ,Engineering and Technology,Vol.2,Issue9,pp 4891-4897

Abstract: FRP materials in strengthening of Reinforced Concrete (RC) elements tends to be more popular depends on development of civil engineer application areas in the recent years. Damaged buildings and strengthening buildings with low standards became one of the fast developing subjects all over the World. Buildings that purpose of use has been changed, old buildings not in compliance with earthquake regulation and damaged buildings need to be strengthened. In this study, the advantages of carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) as one of the strengthening technique with the other classical methods discussed due to their properties of being thin and light as shirt fabric with high strength capacity.

Keywords: Concrete, fiber reinforced polymers, strengthening methods

[1] A. Karasin, S. Erdemli, M.E. Oncu, "Models for Confined Concrete Columns with Fiber Composites," International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 2014, vol. 5(12), .55-6.3.
[2] P. Gülkan, "Quantification of Seismic Damage and Structural Intervention, Second Japon-Turkey Workshop on Earthquake Engineering, İstanbul, 1998.
[3] M. E. Oncu, A. Karasin, S. Yılmaz, "Behavior Of Strengthen Concrete Sections with CFRP Under Axial Loading." Journal of New World Sciences Academy Engineering Sciences, 2010, vol.5(3), p.515-525.
[4] ACI440.2R-08, Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures, ACI 2008
[5] Task Grup 9.3FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) reinforcement for concrete structures, July 2001. "Design and use of externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer reinforcement (FRP EBR) for reinforced concrete structures‟, fib CEB-FIP Bulletin 14,Swithzerland, 2001.

Abstract: Concrete is the most versatile material. Due to the persistent and continuous demands made on concrete to meet the various difficult requirements, extensive and wide spread research work is being carried out in the area of concrete technology. Engineers are continually pushing the limits to improve its performance with the help of innovative chemical admixtures and supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume, and granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag etc. Nano material concrete is new generation concrete; the composition of nano material concrete consists of cement, nano silica grain of the size of 10 nm - 140 nm, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Nano materials like nano silica, nano titanium oxide, carbon nano tubes, nano alumina etc… which are presently used in concrete.......

Keywords: concrete, nano material, c3s, c2s, csh-2

[1] Yogendran.V, B.W. Langan, M.N. Haque and M.A. Ward, "Silica Fume in High Strength Concrete", ACI Materials Journal, 1987,
pp. 124-129, Silica Fume in Concrete, ACI Materials Journal, pp 158 – 166.
[2] ACI Committee 234, (1995), "Guide for the use of Silica Fume in Concrete", ACI Materials Journal, pp 437 – 440.
[3] Shannag M.J, "High strength concrete containing natural Pozzolana and silica fume", Cement & Concrete Composites, vol 22,
2000, pp. 399-406.
[4] Joshi, N. G. Bandra – Worli Sea Link: "Evolution of HPC mixes containing Silica Fume", Indian Concrete Journal, (Oct. 2001), pp.
627-633.
[5] Control, San Francisco, CA, 1990, 500-506

Abstract: This work aims to improve the formulation of short flax fiber-reinforced mortar through coating the raw fibers with hydraulic binders like cement or lime, or cleaning them in boiling water prior to the coating. These treatments are chosen for their ability to reduce the water intake by the fibers and to minimize the migration of their extractible compounds toward the cement matrix. Formulations incorporating raw or treated fibers were characterized in the fresh state. The results showed a drastic reduction of water intake, which correlates with an improvement of the properties of the fiber-mortar mixtures in the fresh state, particularly in terms of the heat of hydration, initial setting time and consistency. Mechanical behavior of the different formulations is also evaluated by flexural tests.

Keywords: Cement matrix; flax fiber; treatments; fresh state; mechanical behavior.

[1]. Keryvin V., Lan M., Bourmaud A., Parenteau T., Charleux L., Baley C. Analysis of flax fibres viscoelastic behaviour at micro and nano scales, Composites : Part A 68, (2015) 219-225.
[2]. Magniont C. Contribution à la formulation et à la caractérisation d'un écomatériau de construction à base d'agroressources, PhD thesis, University of Toulouse, 2010.

[3]. Chafei S., Khadraoui F., Boutouil M., Gomina M. Effect of flax fibers treatments on the rheological and the mechanical behavior of a cement composite, Cons. Buil. Mat. 79 (2015) 229-235.
[4]. Chafei S., Khadraoui F., Boutouil M., Gomina M. Optimizing the formulation of flax fiber-reinforced cement composites. Construction and Building Materials 54C, 2014, p. 659-664.
[5]. Morvan C., Andème-Onzighi C., Girault R., Himmelsbach DS., Driouich A., Akin DE. Building flax fibres: more than one brick in the walls. Plant Physiol Biochem 41, 2003, p. 935-944.

Abstract: "GREEN" symbolizes environment friendly practices in all facets of human endeavor therefore it is the voluntary pursuit of any activity, which encompasses concern for energy efficiency, water conservation, use of recycled products & renewable energy. Green or Sustainable building is a whole system approach for designing and constructing buildings that conserve energy, water and material resources and are more healthy, safe and comfortable. Green building is the practices of increasing the efficiency with which buildings use resources, energy, water and materials...........

Keywords: Sustainable, Green Buildings, Radiant/Passive Heating, Solar energy, Wind Turbines.

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Abstract: The neglect of maintenance of existing stock of infrastructural facilities had almost attained a national culture status. Though in Nigeria housing deficit was estimated at about seventeen (17) million, concerted efforts had not been made on the maintenance of the existing Housing stock. The National Housing Policy only addressed new constructions. Thus, this research was aimed at studying the challenges of maintenance of public Housing Estates in Nigeria using the Federal Housing Estate, Ado-Ekiti as a case study. The data collection methods entailed the use of questionnaires, personal interviews and facilities' conditions survey. Fifty (50) questionnaires were administered.............

Keywords: Housing Estate, Housing Policy, Maintenance neglect, Maintenance Policy, Maintenance strategies.

[1]. Higher Education Backlog Maintenance Review, London, 1998.
[2]. British Standard Institution BS 3811, Glossary of general terms used in Maintenance Organization, London, 1974.
[3]. Yahya, R. and Ibrahim, N., Building maintenance Policy for Office High Rise Buildings in Malaysia: A preliminary study in Klang Valley.International Conference on Project and Facility Management; Malaysia, 2011.
[4]. Kalu, I. E.1., Agbarakwe, H. U. and Anowor, O. F., National Housing Policies And The Realization Of Improved Housing For All In Nigeria: An Alternative Approach. Asian Development Policy Review, 2(3), 2014, 47-60.
[5]. Windapo A.O. A Study of Factors Determining Housing Needs, Demand and Supply for Improved Housing in Selected Nigerian Cities. An Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba,Lagos, Nigeria, 2005.

Abstract: Concrete is a mixture of cement fine aggregate coarse aggregate and water. Concrete plays a vital role in the development of infrastructure Viz., building, industrial structures, bridges and highways etc. leading to utilization of large quantity of concrete. So the rapid increase in consideration activities has led to a dramatic increase in the price of conventional construction materials. Additionally various government agencies have put restrictions on sand and stone quarrying to conserve this diminishing natural resource. This has prompted many engineers to look for alternate materials that are cheaper while possessing similar characteristics. In this context an experimental study was carried out to find the suitability of the alternate materials such as over burnt brick chips and demolished concrete.............

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Abstract: Concrete is a widely used construction material. It is a quasi-brittle material i.e. fails suddenly in a brittle manner without warning. It exhibits very little ductility. It is highly heterogeneous material. This heterogeneity is due to presence of flaws, holes or air pockets, pre-cracked aggregates, lack of bond between aggregate and matrix, etc. Due to presence of cracks, it is highly prone to fracture. To overcome these defects, short discrete needle like fibers are added in concrete. Addition of fibers in concrete improves its first crack strength, post-cracking performance, maximum tensile strength, ductility and toughness. Cracks are arrested by fibers by bridging the stresses across the cracks. This paper presents an overview of the fracture properties of concrete reinforced with mixed fibers, for mode-I loading.

Keywords: Hybrid fiber reinforced concrete (HFRC), fracture properties, fracture energy, fracture toughness, CMOD, CTOD.

[1] A. Rama Chandra Murthy et al, State-Of-The-Art Review On Fracture Analysis Of Concrete Structural Components, Sadhna, April 2009, Vol. 34, Issue 2, Pp 345–367.
[2] Shah S. P., Swartz S.E. & Ouyang C.A. Fracture Mechanics of Concrete: Applications of Fracture Mechanics to Concrete, Rock, and Other Quasi-Brittle Materials. A Wiley-Inter Science Publication, New York, 1995.
[3] Prashant Kumar, Elements of Fracture Mechanics, Tata McGraw Education Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2011.
[4] Takashi Horiguchi et al (1999) Hybrid Effects Of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete on Fracture Toughness. ACI Special Publications, Vol.172, 535-548.
[5] N. W. Kim Et Al (2000) Early Age Fracture Behaviour of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete. Fifth Canmet/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, 1019-1036.
[6] Chunxiang Qian Et Al (2000) Fracture Properties Of Concrete Reinforced With Steel–Polypropylene Hybrid Fibers. Cement And Concrete Composites,Vol.22 (5), 343–351.

Abstract: The major challenge of our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction of the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials. These topics are getting considerable attention under sustainable development now-a-days. The use of Demolished Aggregate (DA) from construction and demolition wastes is showing prospective application in construction as alternative to primary (natural) aggregates. It conserves natural resources and decrease the space required for the landfill disposal. The High Strength concrete has become more popular in recent years owing to the extraordinary advantages it offers over the conventional concrete but at the same time strong enough to be used............

Keywords: Demolished Aggregate (DA), Portland cement, Mechanical properties of concrete, Silica fume of concrete.

[1]. A.K. Mullick "Performance of with Binary cement blends" the Indian Concrete Journal, January 2007.
[2]. N. Neelamegam, J.K. Dattatreya and S. Goplakrishna "Pore structure effects in properties of concrete with Binary and Ternary Blends" International Conference in Advances in Concrete Composites and Structures, 83-90.
[3]. Abdul Wahab, B. Dean Kumar, M. Bhaskar, S Vijaya Kumar, B.L.P. Swami "Concrete Composites With Nano Silica, Condensed Silica Fume And Fly Ash – Study of Strength Properties"
[4]. Hooten RD. Influence of silica fume replacement of cement on physical properties and resistance to Sulphate attack, Freezing and Thawing, and alkali-silica reactivity, ACI Material Journal, No. 2, 90(1993) 143-51.
[5]. Prasad AS, Santanam D, Krishna Rao SV. Effect of micro silica on high strength concrete, National conference-emerging trends in concrete construction, 22-24 Jan. 2003, CBIT, Hyderabad, India..

Abstract: Roasting of coffee has been practiced for decades since the beginning of the 20th Century. It is a vital stage in the coffee value chain in which the green coffee beans undergo chemical change giving the characteristic coffee flavor. In the beginning, much of the roasting was home based in small batches for personal consumption but later faded with the rise of the commercial coffee roasting companies. Continuous increase in global consumption of coffee products including beverage, fresheners and coffee flavor additives have seen the industry attract small, medium and large scale coffee roasting firms. Green coffee beans contain many chemical compound like proteins, fats, caffeine and organic acids and during roasting out of these compounds some decompose, oxidize while..........

Keywords: Roasting, Emission, System Safety and Risk index.

[1]. Alexia N Gloess, A. V. (2014). Evidence of different flavor formation dynamics by roasting coffee from different regions. International Journal of Mass spectrometry, 324-337.
[2]. Bottazi, D. (October, 2012). Numerical approach for the analysis of coffee roasting process. Jounal of food engineering, 243-252.
[3]. Heumann, M. (1983). Understanding Cyclone dust collectors. Louisville: Fisher Kosterman Inc.
[4]. John Byatt, R. D. (1988). Minimum Particle size for Cyclone dust separator.
[5]. Peter Pckard, K. M. (2013). Understanding thermal oxidisers. Zeeco

Abstract: Passenger vehicle occupants involved in side impact crashes historically tend to fatal damages compared to the frontal or rear impact crashes due to the very limited survival space. Doors are the prominent part of the vehicle in protecting the passengers in side impact crashes. There are side beams inserted into the door which can absorb energy and reduce the intrusion of the impacting object. The strength, location and appropriate design of these beams are very important to save passenger's life in case of pole impact. Superior beam design can eliminate the dependency on other expensive passive safety equipment's like seat belts and side airbags. In past 15 years a lot of research work has been done to reduce the crash related injuries. The side door beams support the door structure in......

Keywords: side impact, pole impact, FEA, crash and safety

[1] Yonezawa, H.; Toyofuku, Y.; Irie, Y.; Yasuhiko; Mizuno, K.: Absorbed energy of structure of passenger cars by90-degree side impact test. JSAE review, Vol.17, No.1, pp.95, (1996).
[2] Veeraswamy, K.; VenkataSudheerBabu, V.: Design and analysis of a composite beam for side impact protection of a car door. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) .Vol: 3, No.: 02, pp.464-469, (2016).
[3] Saraf Sarang Chandrakant, Bajaj Prashantkumar S.: Design & Experimentation of Side Impact Beam for Hyundai Verna. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). Vol.: 04, No.: 06, pp.62-69, (2017)
[4] Zhu, J. Y.; Cavanaugh, J. M.; King, A. I.: Pelvic biomechanical response and padding benefits in side impact based on a cadaveric test series. SAE Paper No.933128, pp.223-233, (1993).
[5] Adam, H.; Patberg, L.; Philipps, M.; Dittmann, R.: Testing of new composite side door concept. SAE PaperNo.980859, pp.1388-1395, (1998).

Abstract: This paper studies the welding deformation of a rectangular boxin simulation and experiments. The box structure was modeled and simulated in ANSYS software using the thermoelastic-plastic approach. The box was constructed from four plates using four welders. The simulation results were verified in a series of experiments with four welding processes(two processes with single welders and two with double welders). The parent metal waslow-carbon steel AISI 1005, and power was sourced from digital gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with a premixed shielding gas.The GMAW..........

Keywords: Welding simulation, structure deformation, heat transfer, plate connection, plate distortion.

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[2] P. Duranton, J. Devaus, and V. Robin, 3D modelling of multipass welding of a 316L stainless steel pipe, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 153 – 154, 2004, 457– 463.
[3] B. Brickstad, and B.L. Josefson, A parametric study of residual stresses in multi-pass butt-welded stainless steel pipes, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 75 (1), 1998, 11 – 25.
[4] P.J. Bouchard, and D. George, Measurement of the residual stresses in a stainless steel pipe girth weld containing long and short repairs, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 105 (4), 2005, 81–91.
[5] C.D. Elcoate, R.J. Dennis, and P.J. Bouchard, Three dimensional multi-pass repair weld simulation, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 82 (4), 2005, 244 – 257..