iosr-JMCE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-5

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Sustainability Assessment of Bitumen with Polyethylene as Polymer
Country	:	Pakistan
Authors	:	Tariq Ali, Nouman Iqbal, Dr. Mehboob Ali, Dr. Khan Shahzada
	:	10.9790/1684-1050106

Abstract: Now a day's increment in percentage of waste material due to excessive use of polyethylene in daily use products has become a great problem. Most of the waste materials are of types which are non-biodegradable. These materials require difficult and challenging methods to dispose safely and in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan it is even a bigger problem of concern. Also the continuous increase in number of vehicles emphasizes on need of sustainable infrastructure of roads with better quality and engineering design. Grinded plastic is used as polymer in Bitumen in this research by 0% ,0.5 %, 1%, 1.5 % and 2 % .The properties evaluated are Fire point ,Flash point, softening point and penetration of Bitumen. Regardless of the replacement ratio, Bitumen as a polymer had a satisfactory performance.

[1]. Subagio, B.S., et al., 2005. Development of stiffness modulus and plastic deformation characteristics of porous asphalt mixture using tafpack super, Proceed. Eastern Asia Soc. Transportation Studies, 5: 803 – 812.
[2]. Saez-alvan, L.D.P, et al., 2003. Mechanical behavior of asphalt mixtures in regions of low temperature and altitude above 3800 meters, 2003 Int. Conf. Airports: Planning, Infrastructure & Environ. Rio De Janeiro – RJ-Brazil - June 8 – 11.
[3]. Catt, O.V., 2004. Investigation of polymer modified asphalt by shear and tensile compliances. Material Characterization for Inputs into AASHTO 2002 Guide Session of the 2004 Annual Conf. Transportation Assoc. Canada, Québec City, Québec.
[4]. Coplantz, J.S. et al., 1993. Review of relationships between modified asphalt properties and pavement performance. SHRP-A-631, Strategic Highway Res. Program, National Res. Council Washington, USA.
[5]. Newman, K., 2004. Polymer-modified asphalt mixtures for heavy-duty pavements: fatigue characteristics as measured by flexural beam testing, 2004 FAA Worldwide Airport Technol. Transfer Conf. Atlantic City, New Jersey, USA.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Investigation of Time-Cost Effectiveness on Construction Projects
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mr. Mangesh M. Kapote, Mr. Piyush Gogad, Prof. Dr. S. S. Pimplikar
	:	10.9790/1684-1050715

Abstract: Development projects undertaken in various sectors of economy and finance are building blocks of national economy. This paper examines the time-cost effectiveness on construction projects by quantification of 16 different project performance parameters applied on 49 construction projects (both public and private sector projects). A questionnaire was drafted to test the parameters and criteria adopted when assessing the success of construction projects. The results shows that for general group of construction projects all 16 parameters have significant impact on cost growth.

Keywords: Contracts Management, Cost Growth, Project Partnering, Time Growth.

[1]. Abudayyeh, O. (1994). "Partnering: A team building approach to quality construction management." J. Mgmt. in Engg., 10(6),
26–29.
[2]. Anderson, L.L., Brookshire, J.K., and Gudelski, P.J. (2004). "A partnering success story at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge." J.
Leadership & Mgmt. in Engg., 38-45.
[3]. Chan, A.P., Chan, D.W., Chiang, Y.H., Tang, B.S., Chang, E.H., and Ho, K.S. (2004). "Exploring critical success factors for
partnering in construction project." J. of construction Engg. & Mgmt.., 130(2), 188-198.
[4]. Chan, A.P., Chan, D.W., Fan, L.C., Lam, P.T., and Yeung, J.F. (2004). "A comparative study of project partnering practices in
Hong Kong." CII- Hong Kong conference 2004.
[5]. Cheng, E.W., Heng, L. (2004). "Development of a practical model of partnering for construction projects." J. of construction
Engg. & Mgmt.., 130(6), 790-798.
[6]. "Comprehensive water supply scheme to Chavara&Panmana." Contract Doc. (2006). Kerala Water Authority.
[7]. Dharwadker, P.P. (2001). "Emerging trends in contract management and dispute resolution by dispute review boards." J. CE &
CR., Contracts & Mgmt., Oct, 23-27.
[8]. Drexler, J.A., and Larson, E.W. (2000). "Partnering: why project owner-contractor relationships changes." J. of construction
Engg. & Mgmt.., 126(4), 293-297.
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[10]. FIDIC, 1999.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Evaluate the Performance and Emission using EGR (Exhaust gas recirculation) in Compression-ignition engine fuelled with blend
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Hardik B. Charola, C. D. Sankhavara, M. B. Charola
	:	10.9790/1684-1051621

Abstract: To study different paper related to exhaust gas recirculation on four stroke compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel/methanol blend of 10:90, 20:80 and 30:70 of methanol to diesel respectively were studied to evaluate the performance and emission of engine. The performance of diesel engine increase with increase in compression ratio exhaust gas recirculation is a common way to control in-cylinder NOx production and is used in most modern high speed direct injection diesel engines because it lowers oxygen concentration and flame temperature of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. To study evaluate and performance with different EGR rate with and without variable compression ratio. After studying all different papers to review the result the output power and torque for diesel fuel is lower compared to methanol-diesel blended fuel at any mixing ratio and because of EGR the NOx emission and exhaust gas temperature reduced but emissions of particulate matter (PM), HC, and CO were found to have increased with usage of EGR in CI engine.

Keywords: CI engine, EGR, methanol blend, exhaust emission, engine performance.

[1] Z H Huang, H B Lu, DM Jiang, K Zeng, B Liu, J Q Zhang and XBWang Engine performance and emissions of a compression ignition engine operating on the diesel–methanol blends Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part : Journal of Automobile Engineering 2004 218: 435 DOI: 10.1243/095440704773599944
[2] C. Mishra, N. Kumar, B.S. Chauhan, H.C Lim, M. Padhy Some Experimental Investigation on use of Methanol and Diesel Blends in a Single Cylinder Diesel Engine International Journal of Renewable Energy Technology Research (IJRETR) Vol. 2, No. 1, PP: 01 -16, January 2013, ISSN: 2325-3924 (Online)
[3] Najafi G.Yusaf T.F (2009). Experimental investigation of using methanol-diesel blended fuels in diesel engine. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Thermal Engineering: Theory and Applications January 12- 14, Abu Dhabi, UAE
[4] Jikar P.C.,BawankureM.D., Rokade A.G. performance evaluation of using methanol-diesel blended fuels in CI engine. International Conference on Mechanical, Production and Automobile Engineering (ICMPAE'2011) Pattaya Dec. 2011.
[5] Turkcan A, Canakci M. Combustion Characteristics of an Indirect Injection (IDI) Diesel Engine Fuelled with Ethanol/Diesel and Methanol/Diesel Blends at Different Injection Timings. World renewable energy congress 2011- Sweden, 8-13 May, Linkoping, Sweden on Sustainable Transport
[6] Chunde Yao ,C.S. Cheung , Chuanhui Cheng , Yinshan Wang , T.L. Chan , S.C. Lee Effect of Diesel/methanol compound combustion on Diesel engine combustion and emissions Energy Conversion and Management 49 (2008) 1696–1704
[7] Yaopeng Li, Ming Jia , Yaodong Liu, Maozhao Xie Numerical study on the combustion and emission characteristics of a methanol/diesel reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/ locate/apenergy
[8] Cenk Sayin , Murat Ilhan , Mustafa Canakci , Metin Gumus Effect of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using diesel–methanol blendsRenewable Energy 34 (2009) 1261–1269
[9] N. Ravi Kumar*, Y. M. C. Sekhar, and S. Adinarayana Effects of Compression Ratio and EGR on Performance, Combustion and Emissions of Di Injection Diesel Engine International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering 2013. 11, 1: 41-49
[10] Jaffar Hussain , K. Palaniradja, N. Alagumurthi, R. Manimaran Effect of Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) on Performance and Emission characteristics of a Three Cylinder Direct injection Compression Ignition Engine Alexandria Engineering Journal (2012) 51, 241–247.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development of mix design for high strength Concrete with Admixtures
Country	:	India
Authors	:	A. Annadurai, A. Ravichandran
	:	10.9790/1684-1052227

Abstract: This paper presents the result of mix design developed for high strength concrete with silica fume and High range water reducing admixture (HRWR). It involves the process of determining experimentally the most suitable concrete mixes in order to achieve the targeted mean strength. In this research work 53 grade ordinary Portland cement, the locally available river sand, 10 mm graded coarse aggregate were selected based on ASTM C 127 standard for determining the relative quantities and proportions for the grade of concrete M60. For this design ACI 211.4R-93 guidelines were followed. Totally Five mixes were designed one mix was treated as basic mix with HRWR - 0.5% without silica fume, Four mixes were designed with Micro silica quantities varied from 5 to 9 percent weight of cementitious materials and HRWR varies between 0.6% to 0.9% with increment of 0.1% . Each mix 2 numbers of 150mm x 300 mm cylinders were cast then kept in curing tank after 24 hours of time period. After 28 days of curing the specimens were tested and the appropriate mix proportions were obtained.

Keywords: High strength concrete,, Aggregates, Admixtures, ACI Mix Design , Compressive strength.

[1] ACI. Committee. 211 (211 - 4R - 93.) "Guidelines for Selecting Proportions for High strength Concrete with Portland Cement and Fly Ash American concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan,
[2] ACI committee 363R-92 (Reapproved 1997) State-of-the-Art Report on High-Strength Concrete
[3] ACI Committee 212 (212.4r -93) (reapproved 1996)""Guide for the use of High – Range Water – Reducing Admixtures (Super plasticizers) in concrete". American concrete Institute
[4] ASTM C -39/C39m-99-standard test method for Compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens
[5] Toru KAWAI .St ate-of-the-art report on high-strength concrete －recent developments and applications in Japan
[6] Bhikshma. (2009 Investigations on mechanical properties of high strength silica fume concrete. Asian journal of civil engineering (building and housing) vol. 10, no. 3 (2009) pages 335-346
[7] B.L.P Swami Studies on Cement Replacement in Concretes by Micro Silica 920-D, CI-Premier Private limited, Singapore concrete Institute.
[8] Mohammad Abdur Rashid: (2009) "Considerations in producing high strength concrete "journal of civil engineering (IEB) 37 (1) (2009) 53 – 63.
[9] M. Yaqub "Development of mix design for high strength concrete" CI-Premier Private limited, Singapore concrete Institute.
[10] M.R. Taylor, (1996) F.D. "Mix proportions for high strength concrete "Construction and Building Material Vol. 10 NO.6, PP 445 -450 , 1996.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) in different flow rates
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. C. Solaimuthu, Dr. S. Chitra, Prof. P. Rajasekaran, B. Abhijit, G. Jayaprakash, V. Arunkumar, R. Lokesh
	:	10.9790/1684-1052834

Abstract: A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared to without SCR at full load condition of the engine.
Key words: Diesel Engine, Performance, Emissions, Mahua Oil Methyl Ester (MOME), Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR).

[1] J Narayana Reddy and A. Ramesh, Experimental investigation on a compression ignition engine fuelled with bio diesel of jatropha oilInternational Journal of Green energy, energy and environment, 1(3), 2010, 1-6.
[2] M VenkatramanandG. Devaradjane, Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel–pungam oil methyl esters (PME) diesel blends fuelled D.I diesel engine at optimum engine operating parametersInternational Journal of Green energy, energy and environment 1, 2010, 7-12.
[3] Vijayashree, P. Tamilporaiand V. Ganesan, Global energy scenario – an overview, International Journal of Green energy, energy and environment, 1(1), 2010, 1-12.
[4] AsadNaeem Shah, Yun-Shan GE, Lei Jiang and Zhi-Hua Liu, Performance evaluation of a urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) for controlling the exhaust emissions from a diesel engine, Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, 33, 2009, 259-271.
[5] S.J Clark,L. Wanger, M.D. Schrock and P.G. Piennaar,Methyl and ethyl soybean ester as renewable fuels for diesel engines, Journal of American Oil Chemists Society, 61, 1984, 1632-1637.
[6] Dan Haup and Kent Nord,Hydrocarbon and aldehydes from a diesel engine running on ethanol and equipped with EGR, catalyst and DPF, SAE International, 2004-01-1882.
[7] N. Kapilan, and R.P. Reddy, Evaluation of methyl esters of mahua oil (madhucaindica) as diesel fuel, Journal of American Oil Chemists, 85, 2008, 185-188.
[8] Manfred Koebel, Martin Elsener and Thomas Marti, Combustion Science and Technology,121, 1996, 85-102.
[9] S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, V. Boppana, B. Ram, G. Sankaranarayanan, and K. Jeychandran,Mahuaoil (MadhucaIndica seed oil) methylester as biodiesel preparation and emission characteristics, Biomass and Bioenergy, 28, 2005, 87-93.
[10] S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, G. Sankaranarayanan, V. Boppana and B. Ram, Performance and emission study of mahua oil (madhucaindicaoil) ethyl ester in a 4 stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine, Renewable Energy, 30, 2005, 1269-1278.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Developing Design Cracker Anacardium occidentale (mente) for Home Industrial
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Dr. Ir. Soetyono Iskandar
	:	10.9790/1684-1053545

Abstract:These purpose of my research was to design the peeled of cutting and made its quality and quantity of the cracker mente. The method for evaluation was designing and testing several peel models, testing crack effectively, and testing for its quality and quantity cracker. With developing design craker mente, we found the cracker home industrial. The cracker mente have developed design a cutting knife with follow the mente's the top of the ellipse knife. The length effectively was the maximum produce cracker quality is 8 mm with width mente average 25-27 mm. The result of the desain knife for cracker mente has to be grade mente quality to produce to be 79,25% each 1 kg with time peeling take 26 menit, 55 detik. Kata kunci : Peeling mente.

[1] -----------. 2003. Statistik Pertanian Tanaman Pangan & Hortikultura Sulawesi Selatan. BPS Prop. Sul-Sel. Makassar.
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[3] Khurmi, Gustav. 1985. Machine Design. Eurasia Publishing House. New Delhi.
[4] Rukmana, Rahmat. 1995. Budidaya dan Pengolahan Pasca Panen Bawang Merah. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
[5] Singgih,Wibowo. 1992. Budidaya Tanaman Bawang Merah. Aneka Ilmu. Semarang.
[6] Sugiharto. 1992. Budidaya dan Pengolahan Pasca Panen Bawang Merah. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
[7] Sularso. 1987. dasar Perancangan dan Pemilihn Elemen Mesin. PT. Pradnya Paramita. Jakarta.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Various Boundary Conditions
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manish Bhandari, Dr. Kamlesh Purohit
	:	10.9790/1684-1054655

Abstract: Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Key words: A. Functional composites C. Elastic properties C. Finite element analysis (FEA).

[1] G. N. Praveen and J. N. Reddy, - Nonlinear transient thermoelastic analysis of functionally graded ceramic-metal plates‖, Int. J. Solids Structure, 35, 4457- 4476, 1997.
[2] J. N. Reddy, ―Thermomechanical behavior of functionally graded materials‖, Final Report for AFOSR Grant F49620-95-1-0342, CML Report 98-01, August 1998.
[3] Z.Q. Cheng and R.C.Batra, ―Three-dimensional thermoelastic deformations of a functionally graded elliptic plate‖, Composites Part B, 31(1), 97–106, 2000.

[4] J. N. Reddy, ―Analysis of functionally graded plates‖, Int. J. for numerical methods in engg., Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engg., 47, 663-684, 2000.
[5] Bhavani V. Sankar and Jerome T. Tzeng, ―Thermal stresses in functionally graded beams‖, AIAA journal, 40, 1228-1232, 2002.
[6] L.FQian, R. C. Batra, and L. M. Chen ―Static and dynamic deformations of thick functionally graded elastic plates by using higher order shear and normal deformable plate theory and meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method‖ , Composite Part B, 35, 685−697, 2004.
[7] A. J. M. Ferreira, R.C. Batra, C.M.C. Roque, L.F. Qian, and P.A.L.S. Martins, ―Static analysis of functionally graded plates using third order shear deformation theory and a meshless method‖, Compo. Struct., 69, 449−457, 2005.
[8] M. Tahani1, M. A. Torabizadeh and A. Fereidoon, ―Non-Linear Response of Functionally graded beams under transverse loads‖ 14th Annual (International) Techanical Engineering Conference ,Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, May 2006.
[9] Shyang-Ho Chi and Yen-Ling Chung, ―Mechanical behavior of functionally graded material plates under transverse load—Part I: Analysis‖, Int. J. of Solids and Structures, 43, 3657–3674, 2006.
[10] Shyang-Ho Chi and Yen-Ling Chung, ―Mechanical behavior of functionally graded material plates under transverse load—Part II: Numerical results‖, Int. J. of Solids and Structures, 43, 3675–3691, 2006.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of blends of karanja oil on performance of a twin cylinder dual fuel diesel engine using producer gas
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Chandrakanta Nayak
	:	10.9790/1684-1055663

Abstract: In the present study, a twin cylinder 4-stroke dual fuel diesel engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10 % neat oil + 90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil + 80% diesel) with woody biomass producer gas. The test is performed using the above test fuels in dual fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10 kW. This work demonstrates the effect of gas flow rates and neat oil blends on performance, emission and pilot fuel savings of the test engine. It is observed that with increase in gas flow rates for all test fuels, performance parameters like brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increases, whereas brake thermal efficiency decreases. The emission parameters like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and carbon dioxide values are increases. However, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emission parameters are decreases with increase in gas flow rates. Similarly, in comparing between liquid fuels, with increase in blend percentage, BSEC and EGT increases compared to diesel. The BTE is the reverse case of BSEC. In case of blended fuels, all the above mentioned emission parameters shows lower values compared to diesel. The highest pilot fuel savings occurs in case of diesel, K10 and K20 are. 56%, 54% and 52% respectively at highest gas flow rates.
Key words: Biomass; Dual Fuel; Producer gas; Twin cylinder

[1] Y.D. Wang, T. AL-Shimmery, P. Eames, J. McMullan T. Hewitt, Y. Huang, An experimental investigation of the performance and gaseous exhaust emission of a diesel engine using blends of a vegetable oil.J. Appl. Therm Engineering 26, 2006, 1684-91.
[2] O.M.I. Nwafor, Effect of choice of pilot fuel on the performance of natural gas in diesel engine.J. Renew. Energy 21, 2000, 495-504.
[3] O.M.I. Nwafor, Effect of advanced injection timing on the performance of natural gas in diesel engine. J. Sadhana 25 (1), 2000, 11-20
[4] A. Henham, M. K. Makkar, Combustion of simulated biogas in a dual-fuel diesel engine. J. Energy Convers Manage. 39, 1998, 2001-2009.
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[8] S.C. Bhattacharya, S. ShweHla, H-L. Pham, A study on a multi-stage hybride gasifire engine system. J. Biomass Bioenergy 21, 2001, 445-60.
[9] R. Uma, T.C. Kandapal, V.V.N. Kishore, Emission characteristics electricity generation system in diesel alone and dual fuel modes. J. Biomass Bioenergy 27, 2004, 195-203.
[10] A.S., Ramadhas S. Jayaraj, C. Muraleedharan, Power generation using coir-pith and wood derived producer gas in diesel engine. J. Fuel process technol. 87, 2006, 849-53.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Productivity in Building Construction
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Eng. Varma Santosh, Prof. M. R. Apte
	:	10.9790/1684-1056471

Abstract: Productivity has for many years been an issue for the construction site. This paper reviews current productivity measurement literature, particularly that pertaining on the construction site, and offers recommendations/suggestions, for improvement of productivity at the site. It also shows that productivity can be measured by monthly planned/targeted concrete and actual consumption of concrete data. Whereas targeted concrete is the input value and actual consumption of concrete is the output of the productivity. Considering single factor type of productivity i.e. concrete we have calculated the productivity for shell and core type of contract. It also show few reasons, why productivity at construction site is reduced due to improper shuttering, reinforcement activity.

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[4] Ewe Chye LIM [1996], The Analysis Of Productivity, Loughborough University Singapore. Creative Commons
[5] Goodrum et al. [2002]. The divergence in aggregate and activity estimates of US construction productivity. Construction Management and Economics, 20(5), 415-423.
[6] Huang et al. [2009]. Metrics and Tools for Measuring Construction Productivity: Technical and Empirical Considerations. NIST Spec. Publ. 1101. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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[8] Mr. James D. Whiteside II, PE, Cost Engineering Consultant, ConocoPhillips [2006]. AACE International Transactions