iosr-JPBS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2014

Abstract: Leaf epidermal studies were carried out on six species of Phyllanthus L., Family Euphorbiaceae occurring in South Eastern Nigeria. The species investigated include P. amarus Schum and Thonn, P. urinaria Linn., P. odontadenius Mull-Arg., P. niruroides Mull-Arg., P. mullerianus (O. Ktze) Excel and P. discoideus (Baill) Mull-Arg. The study was done in order to investigate their taxonomic relationship and to identify epidermal features that can be recognized and employed as useful taxonomic characters. Qualitative features of the epidermal morphology showed variations in shapes of the epidermal cells and types of stomata, which varied from wavy, polygonal to sinuous and anisocystic, tetracytic to paracytic respectively in the different species. Differences were found in the distribution of the stomata as well as the variation in the cell wall contours and thickness. Also, a quantitative trait such as the stomatal index (SI) was described in details in the present study. A key for identification of the species is provided.
Keywords: Phyllanthus species, foliar epidermal shape, stomata types, stomatal index, epidermal cell wall contours

Abstract: Bioinformatics software have been used in the analysis of sequences protein CD59 of stem cells. Using these algorithm in combination with protein CD59 and immune information algorithms lead to better prediction of the destiny of transplant stem cells. This knowledge may help improve the efficacy and safety of stem cells used in transplantation. CD59 protein on cell surface of stem cells isolation from Adipose tissue for Orthologs in other species (human, chimpanzee, monkey ,baboon ,pig ,rabbit, rat) play an important role on rejection or binding with the complement of the immune system .In this search ,we find many strong epitopes by software bioinformatics in MHC class I HLA-A02-01, MHC class II HLA-DR B 1010 receptor with CD59 donor .these data may help to design new peptide with active site binding to immune system complement receptor from CD59 donor after isolation from adipose tissue .
Keywords: Orthologs, CD59, HLA, MHC

Abstract: The therapeutic effects of aqueous extract of Pheonix dactilyfera was evaluated on lead II acetate induced testicular toxicity. Twenty four (24) male adult Wistar rats were used for this experiment and divided into six (6) groups of four (4) Wistar rats each. Group I was assigned as the control group and was administered distilled water; Group II was the toxic group and was administered 120mg/kg per body weight; Group III was the treated group 1 which was first administered the 120mg/kg of lead acetate for 14 days, followed by administration of 1000mg/kg per body weight of date palm for 14 days; Group IV was treated group 2 which was also administered the 120mg/kg of lead acetate and followed by administration of 1500mg/kg of date palm; Groups V and VI were both administered 1000mg/kg and 1500mg/kg of date palm respectively. Groups I, II, V and VI were sacrificed on the 15th day while Groups III and IV were sacrificed on 29th day. There was a significant increase in non motile sperms, non viability of sperm in lead group (p<0.05) with non significant increase in abnormal morphology. Date palm treated groups (Groups III and IV) had a non significant increase in normal motility, normal morphology, sperm viability, concentration. Date palm only groups had a significant increase in non motile and non viable cells (p<0.05) but with an increase in the weights, normal morphology of sperm cells. Based on the above observations and results, it can be concluded that date palm may have a possible curative effect on lead acetate induced testicular damage

Key words: Pheonix dactilyfera, lead acetate, sperm cells

Abstract: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common gram-negative organism causing meningitis during the neonatal period. Neonatal meningitis due to E coli K1 is a serious illness with unchanged morbidity and mortality rates for the last few decades. The mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of E. coli meningitis remains unclear. Experimental studies with animal models have given new insights into its pathophysiology during the acute phase of the disease . E. coli strain originally isolated from the Cerebrospinal fluid of a child with 20 days old was complaining acute meningitis. In the present work, we describe in detail a simple, reproducible and efficient method to induce E.coli meningitis in mice by using the three route (intrapretonium , intravenous, oral) of infection . E.coli were recovered of same characters of the original isolate used for preparing the infective dose. The histopathological changes found in the experimentally infected mice we can conclude induce meningeal thickening , neutrophiles infiltration , hemorrhages and leukocyte infiltration in brain.
Key word: bacterial Meningitis , Cerebrospinal fluid, Escherichia coli k1, histopathology

Abstract: Saraca asoca Roxb. De Wilde – Ashoka is a Sanskrit word which means" without sorrow" or that gives no grief. Ashoka tree, universally known by its binomial Latin name Saraca asoca (Roxb.),De wild or Saraca indica belonging family Caesalpinacea. It is a small evergreen tree 7-10cm high. It occurs up to the altitude 750m. The plant is found to have spasmogenic, oxytocic, uterotonic, antibacterial, anti-implantation, antitumor, antiprogestational, antioestrogenic activity. The objective of this study is to evaluate the invitro cytotoxicity of the crude methanolic bark extracts of Saraca indica on HeLa cell lines using MTT assay. The extract possessed highly significant percentage of inhibition on the cell lines and the IC50 value was determined to be 14.63μg/ml. These results show a significant antitumor and cytotoxic effect of extract against human cervical cancer HeLa cell line and support the ethnomedical use of Saraca indica.
Keywords: HeLa, IC50, Invitro,MTT

Abstract: The plan of work is to estimate the potential of oil cakes and study the properties of enzyme production in SSF after partial purification. Oil cakes as substrate used for improved lipase production in solid state fermentation. The optimum enzyme activity of groundnut oil cake after 96hr was found to be was 7.89mg/L and protein content 30.9 mg/ml while activity of teesi oil cake was found to be 6.24mg/L and protein content 27.5mg/ml. Groundnut and Teesi oil cake possessed good efficiency as a substrate for high yields of lipase under SSF. Optimum fermentation resulted in an increased in enzyme yields by Rhizopus oryzae indicating excellent capacity of fungal strain in lipase production under SSF. The maximum lipase production has increased diverse applications in medicines (digestive enzymes), food additives (flavor-modifying enzymes), clinical reagents (glyceride-hydrolysing enzymes), and cleaners (detergent additives) and for synthesis of biopolymers and biodiesel.
Keywords: lipase, oil cake, Rhizopus oryzae, solid state fermentation,

Abstract: Modern developments in biotechnology, particularly an area such as protein engineering and directed evolution have provided vital tools for the competent development of new enzymes. Aspergillus oryzae was used in this study for evaluation of its potential for α-amylase production in which coconut oil cake is used which is an agro-industrial residue. The maximum production of amylases was found to be after 72hr at 300C and enzyme concentration at that point was 11.9mg/ml and maximum protein content was 20.1mg/ml. coconut oil cake possessed good efficiency as a substrate for high yields of α-amylase. Microbial enzymes are widely used in industrial processes and α-amylase is one of the most important industrial enzymes, having application in industrial processes such as brewing, backing, textile, pharmaceuticals, starch processing, and detergents.
Keywords: coconut oil cake, α- amylase, Aspergillus oryzae, solid state fermentation

Abstract: Present study is aimed at the development of oro-dispersible tablets of clonazepam using natural superdisintegrants. Mucilage of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf and seeds of Ocimum basilicum were extracted, evaluated for the organoleptic, physicochemical parameters. The dried mucilage was used as superdisintegrant for the preparation of orodispersible tablets by direct compression method. The blends were evaluated for the pre-compression parameters and all the formulations were found to possess good flow properties. Tablets were compressed by direct compression technique, evaluated for weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, water absorption, disintegration time, dispersion time, drug content and dissolution studies. The drug release profiles of the two superdisintegrants were compared. The optimized formula F10 was subjected to wet granulation using PVP in IPA as the dry binder. The tablets containing 5%w/w dried mucilage of Ocimum basilicum as superdisintegrant prepared by direct compression technique was found to be the best which disintegrated in 22 sec. with 99.8%drug release. The tablets were found to be stable during the accelerated stability studies conducted for three months at 40±20C/75±5% RH.

Keywords: oro dispersible tablets, Clonazepam, Hibiscus leaf mucilage, Ocimum seed mucilage, natural superdisintegrants, direct compression tablets.

Abstract: Jatropha multifida (Ogege) sap was screened for antibacterial and antifungal activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi and Candidasp. The phytochemical components of Jatropha multifida (Ogege) sap showed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, carbohydrate, phenol and tannins, and the absence of glycosides, flavonoids and steroid. Agar well diffusion and broth dilution methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at concentrations 1050mg/ml to 2mg/ml (by two fold dilution using sterile distilled water). The result of this study showed that all the organisms were susceptible to the sap. Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus were found most susceptible with MIC of 4mg/ml and 16mg/ml respectively, followed by Gram-negative bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi with MIC of 66mg/ml and Klebsiella pneumoniae, 263mg/ml, and Candidasp. had MIC of 263mg/ml. The MBC determination showed that a concentration of 131mg/ml and 263mg/ml could completely kill Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis respectively and 525mg/ml could completely kill both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candidasp. The result of this study suggests that Jatropha multifida (Ogege) sap could be potential source of new antimicrobial agents.

Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Jatropha multifida (Ogege) sap, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Phytochemical components.

Abstract: Aging is a natural phenomenon that leads to various changes in the physiology of the skin. The changes occurring in the physiology of the skin makes the candidate to appear old. Application of antiaging creams is the best choice even though various treatment methods are available because it nourishes skin and prevents or repairs fine lines and wrinkles thus giving young looking appearance. Apart from that, nature has an excellent anti-aging remedies that acts externally whereas internally to delay aging signs and some will act to repair and prevent aging signs. In the present study, Moringa oleifera was studied for its antiaging benefits as the seed oil is rich in antioxidants that might prevent the oxidative damage of the skin. By using the Moringa seed oil in various ratios, cream and nano emulsion were prepared and they are characterised for its physical properties. The best formula was optimised which has been evaluated for antiaging activity using animal models by topical application of the formulations for two times a day upto 30days and the results were compared with the standard. The results showed that the nano emulsion formulation was found more efficacious than the cream formulation. This shows that the moringa oil has a good antiaging activity and donot showed any irritant effects on skin.

Key Words: Wrinkles, Premature skin aging, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative damage, Skin topography analysis

Abstract: A field study was conducted on the growth of tomato plants with leaf extracts of Moringa oliefera. Different concentrations of the crude extract measured for treatments: A 20%, B 40%, C 60%, D 80%, and E with 100%. In the treatments used, l00ml of distilled water was sprayed at the stem base of the plant labeled F which served as control. Four (4) parameters were determined at each week of the experiment i.e. plant height (PH), number of leaves (NL), number of branches (NB) and number of flowers (NF) at five (5) different times. A corresponding increase appeared in the study area. Treatments D (80g/20ml), C (60g/40m1) B (40g/60ml) and an average plant height, A (20g/80ml). Control was found to have the least of all the growth parameters with an average plant height, leaves number, number of branches and number of flowers of 18.8, 51.0, 9.1 and 1.6. This indicates that, the Moringa leaf extract used significantly increased the growth and yield of tomato plants in all the trials with erect stemming, fresh leaves, regular branching and healthy fruits and regular flowering.

Key words: Moringa, Leaf extract, concentrations and tomato

Abstract: The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the ethanolic extracts of some medicinal plant seeds against some clinical pathogens. The medicinal plant seeds investigated were Canna bidentata, Ceasalpinia bunduc, Hunteria umbellata, Hydrocotyle asiata, Megaphrynium macrostarchyum, Perinari excelsa, Rauwolfia vomitoria, Solanum dasyphyllum, Cola millenii and Sphenocentrum jollyanum. And the micro-organisms used for the antimicrobial assay were seven clinical pathogens, four bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and three fungi: Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, and Candida albican. The extraction of the bioactive component of the seeds was done by cold extraction using ethanol as solvent and the antimicrobial assay was carried out using agar well diffusion method. The ethanolic extracts of all the selected seeds were active against all tested pathogens with maximum antimicrobial activity observed in S. dassyphylum ranging from 26 mm to 19 mm and minimum in M. macrostachyum ranging from 20 mm to 12 mm at concentration range of 200 mg/ml to 25 mg/ml. For minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at concentration of 12.25 mg/ml S. dassyphylum was active against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 25 mg/ml while S. jollyanum was active against Bacillus subtilis at 25 mg/ml. The broad spectrum of the antimicrobial activities observed in this study is an indicative that the ethanolic extract of these plant seeds possess significant antibacterial and antifungal properties that could probably serve as antimicrobial agents in new drug formulation against pathogenic microoganisms.

Key words: Antimicrobial, medicinal seeds, MIC, ethanolic extracts

Abstract: The Condition factor (k) of the Clarias gariepinus species in Oluwa River, Nigeria was done. Samples were collected monthly over a two-year period from July 2010 to June 2012 and were identified using standard method. They were subjected to morphometric studies including determination weightand lengths. Condition factor was calculated in relation to sex and sizes. The mean condition factor for males exhibited a range of 0.81±0.03 – 1.97±0.33 (mean 1.34±0.10) while those of females exhibited a range of 0.64±0.00 – 2.00±0.21 (mean 1.31±0.09)and that for combined sexes ranged from 0.54±0.27 to 1.94±0.11 (mean 1.31±0.10). In relation to total length range (TLR), males had the highest condition factor at 34.00 – 36.90cm while the least was recorded in 70.00-72.90cm range. Females had the highest condition factor in the range 37.00-39.90cm and the least at range 70.00-72.90cm. For the combined sexes, highest condition factor was recorded in the TLR 37.00-39.90cm while the least was also recorded in the TLR 70.00-72.90cm.

Abstract: Context: Mange is one of the common animal diseases worldwide. Lack of tools to evaluate mange severity in animals and to demonstrate its importance has hindered the efforts of veterinarians to control the disease. Objective: This study was design to evaluate the efficacy of oils from five plants against Psoroptes cuniculi in rabbits.

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