Volume-17 ~ Issue-10 ~ October 2024

Abstract: Analgesics, or more commonly known as painkillers, are a class of medication that are used for pain management and relief. An analgesic relieves pain by altering the way our brain perceives and processes a sensation of pain by blocking calcium channels on nociceptive nerves (nerves which detect painful stimuli) in order to inhibit release of certain neurotransmitters like Substance P, an 11 amino acid neuropeptide (C63H98N18O13S), and glutamate (2-azaniumylpentanedioate) that contribute to nociception.
Analgesics can be classified into....

[1] Braenden, Olav, Et Al. "Synthetic Substances With Morphine-Like Effect Relationship Between Chemical Structure And Analgesic Action *." Bull. Org. Mond. Sante, Vol. 13, 1955, Pp. 937–98, Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pmc/Articles/Pmc2538094/Pdf/Bullwho00545-0003.Pdf.
[2] "Https://Www.Cancer.Gov/Publications/Dictionaries/Cancer-Drug/Def/Hydromorphone-Hydrochloride." Www.Cancer.Gov, 2 Feb. 2011, Www.Cancer.Gov/Publications/Dictionaries/Cancer-Drug/Def/Hydromorphone-Hydrochloride.
[3] Zarin, Mona Kamelan Zargar, Et Al. "Synthesis And Modification Of Morphine And Codeine, Leading To Diverse Libraries With Improved Pain Relief Properties." Pharmaceutics, Vol. 15, No. 6, 20 June 2023, P. 1779, Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Pmc/Articles/Pmc10304093/#:~:Text=In%201805%2c%20the%20german%20chemist, Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Pharmaceutics15061779.
[4] Murphy, Patrick B, Et Al. "Morphine." Nih.Gov, Statpearls Publishing, 30 May 2021, Www.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Books/Nbk526115/#:~:Text=Like%20other%20medications%20in%20this.
[5] "Morphine (Chebi:17303)." Www.Ebi.Ac.Uk, Www.Ebi.Ac.Uk/Chebi/Searchid.Do?Chebiid=Chebi:17303.

Abstract: This study aims to characterize and compare four biopolymers - pectin, guar gum, xanthan gum, and sodium alginate - for their potential use in drug delivery systems by evaluating their hydrophilicity, pH sensitivity, and thermosensitivity. Biopolymer films were prepared and subjected to water absorption tests for hydrophilicity, gravimetric analysis in varying pH conditions for pH sensitivity, and weight change measurements after heat exposure for thermosensitivity. Each test was conducted in five trials to ensure reliability. Pectin demonstrated the highest responsiveness across all tests, showing rapid water absorption (6.46 seconds), significant pH sensitivity.......

Keywords: Biopolymers, Drug Delivery Systems, Hydrophilicity, pH Sensitivity, Thermosensitivity

[1] Guo, S., & Li, H. (2024). Chitosan-Derived Nanocarrier Polymers For Drug Delivery And Ph-Controlled Release In Type 2 Diabetes Treatment. Journal Of Fluorescence. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10895-024-03810-W
[2] Hill, S. K., England, R. M., & Perrier, S. (2024). Modular Design Of Cyclic Peptide--Polymer Conjugate Nanotubes For Delivery
And Tunable Release Of Anti-Cancer Drug Compounds. Journal Of Controlled Release, 367, 687-696. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jconrel.2024.01.023
[3] Manning, A. N., Rowlands, C. E., Saindon, H., & Givens, B. E. (2023). Tuning The Emulsion Properties Influences The Size Of Poly(Caprolactone) Particles For Drug Delivery Applications. The Aaps Journal, 25(100), 1-11. Https://Doi.Org/10.1208/S12248-023-00869-4
[4] Merino, D., & Athanassiou, A. (2023). Quantitative Analysis Of The Mechanical Properties And Water Interactions Of Biodegradable Bioplastics From Fruit And Vegetable Waste. Green Chemistry, 25(3), 1015-1026.
[5] Nguyen, L. M., Pham, H. T., & Tran, D. Q. (2024). Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems For Anticancer Drugs: A Systematic Review. Journal Of Drug Delivery Science And Technology, 83, 104092. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jddst.2024.104092.

Abstract: The regular burning of solid waste in the open air and on the ground is commonplace in the Republic of Congo. Burning waste produces pollutants and ashes that can be hazardous to the soil and surrounding waters. Inadequate management of the ash generated by the open burning of household waste results in site pollution, particularly heavy metal contamination (Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn...). The aim of this study is to develop cementitious matrices containing burnt ashes that are sufficiently effective to retain the heavy metals contained in these ashes in their structure. To......

Keywords: Heavy metals, cement, ash, leaching, stabilization, solidification, mechanical strength

[1] Siddiqua A., Hahladakis J. N. And Al-Attiya W. A. K. 2022. An Overview Of The Environmental Pollution And Health Effects Associated With Waste Landfilling And Open Dumping. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 29(39), 58514-58536.
[2] Ngolo B. And Nanga-Maniane J. 2010. National Report: Situation Analysis And Health And Environment Needs Assessment For The Implementation Of The Libreville Declaration. Republic Of Congo.
[3] Mor S. And Ravindra K. 2023. Municipal Solid Waste Landfills In Lower-And Middle-Income Countries: Environmental Impacts, Challenges And Sustainable Management Practices. Process Safety And Environmental Protection, 174, 510-530.
[4] Kamboj N., Bisht A., Kamboj V. And Bisht A. 2020. Leachate Disposal Induced Groundwater Pollution: A Threat To Drinking Water Scarcity And Its Management. Advances In Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts And Treatment Technologies, 1, 54-76.
[5] Bouaouda S., Souabi S., Bouyakhsass R., Taleb A., Madinzi A. And Anouzla A. 2023. Techniques For Treating Leachate Discharges: A Critical Review. Euro-Mediterranean Journal For Environmental Integration, 8(3), 573-599.

Abstract: The adsorption of Congo Red (CR) on the surface of Spent Tea Leaves (STL) was evaluated in an aqueous system. The study was carried out for the establishment of a standard wastewater treatment method that would remove reactive dyes by employing spent tea leaves as a bio-adsorbent. The effect of various parameters like amount of adsorbent, contact time, concentration of dye, and pH on the adsorption was studied. The adsorption capacity was.....

Keywords: Adsorption, Bio-adsorbent, Congo Red, kinetics, Spent Tea Leaves

[1] Wong, S., Tumari, H. H., Ngadi, N., Mohamed, N. B., Hassan, O., Mat, R., Amin, N. A. S. (2019). Adsorption Of Anionic Dyes On Spent Tea Leaves Modified With Polyethyleneimine (Pei-Stl). Journal Of Cleaner Production, 206, 394-406.
[2] Dihom, H. R., Al-Shaibani, M. M., Radin Mohamed, R. M. S., Al-Gheethi, A. A., Sharma, A., Khamidun, M. H. B. (2022). Photocatalytic Degradation Of Disperse Azo Dyes In Textile Wastewater Using Green Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized In Plant Extract: A Critical Review. Water Process Engineering, 47, 102705.
[3] Liu, S., Ding, Y., Li, P., Diao, K., Tan, X., Lei, F., Zhan, Y., Li, Q., Huang, B. And Huang, Z. (2014). Adsorption Of The Anionic Dye Congo Red From Aqueous Solution Onto Natural Zeolites Modified With N, N-Dimethyl Dehydroabietylamine Oxide. Chemical Engineering Journal, 248, 135-144.
[4] Pan, J., Zhou, L., Chen, H., Liu, X., Hong, C., Chen, D., Pan, B. (2021). Mechanistically Understanding Adsorption Of Methyl Orange, Indigo Carmine, And Methylene Blue Onto Ionic/Non-Ionic Polystyrene Adsorbents. Journal Of Hazardous Materials, 418, 126300.
[5] Strebel, A., Behringer, M., Hilbig, H., Machner, A., Helmreich, B. (2024). Anionic Azo Dyes And Their Removal From Textile Wastewater Through Adsorption By Various Adsorbents: A Critical Review. Frontiers In Environmental Engineering, 3.

Abstract: The study undertook a thorough examination of the chemical components present in soft drinks, focusing particularly on popular energy drink brands in Nigeria and their potential health effects using established chemical analysis techniques. All the sampled soft drinks exhibited acidity attributed to acidic preservatives, with pH levels ranging from 2.78 to 3.28, impacting both taste and shelf life. The Lane and Eynon titration method was employed to determine sugar content, revealing the presence of both reducing sugars (glucose, fructose) and.....

Keywords: soft drinks, energy drinks, chemical constituents, consumer awareness

[1] Amos-Tautua, B., Martin,W. And Diepreye, E.R.E (2014). Ultra-Violet Spectrophotometric Determination Of Caffeine In Soft And Energy Drinks Available In Yenagoa, Nigeria. Advance Journal Of Food Science And Technology, 6(2), 155-158. Https:// Doi.Org/10.19026/Ajfst.6.2
[2] Atomssa, T. And Gholap, A.V (2011). Characterization Of Caffeine And Determination Of Caffeine In Tea Leaves Using Uv-Visible Spectrometer. African Journal Of Pure And Applied Chemistry, 5(1), 1-8.
[3] Basílio, M., Silva, L. J. G., Pereira, A. M. P. T., Pena, A., & Lino, C. M (2020). Artificial Sweeteners In Non-Alcoholic Beverages: Occurrence And Exposure Estimation Of The Portuguese Population. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 10, 1–11. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1812734.
[4] Cantoral, A., Tellez-Rojo, M. M., Ettinger, A. S., Hu, H., Hern´Andez-´Avila, M., & ´ Peterson, K (2016). Early Introduction And Cumulative Consumption Of Sugar- Sweetened Beverages During The Pre-School Period And Risk Of Obesity At 8–14 Years Of Age. Pediatric Obesity, 11, 68–74. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Ijpo.12023.
[5] Casimir E. G., Stephen E. A., Nurudeen S. A. And Igelige U. G (2014). Evaluation Of Caffeine, Chromatography. American Journal Of Applied Sciences,10 (2), 172