IOSR-JAP   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2018

ABSTRACT:The main argument of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) and TeV-γ photon theories1,2,3,4,5,6 is based on the concept of Lorentz invariance. In this paper, we revisit this concept and show that as the mathematical derivation of Lorentz transformations is based on a specific orientation in space of two inertial frames, it cannot be used to mathematically correlate coordinates measured from inertial frames in a different orientation. This built-in mathematical restriction on the applicability of Lorentz transformations naturally leads to new restrictions on the applicability of Lorentz invariance that invalidate the results of the GZK and TeV-γ photon theories.brium thermodynamics, radiation laws, quanta of light, Schrödinger equation, spectral series, photo-effect, wave as quantum.

[1]. K Greisen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 748 (1966).
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[3]. A I Nikishov, Sov. Phys. JETP. 14, 393 (1962).
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ABSTRACT: Dynamics of cosmic ray proton within the supernova was considered by using the equation of the orbit described by the cosmic ray particle when it goes to infinity (at 𝑢=0). We considered a certain direction when the cosmic ray proton moves at right angle. This helped us to determine the relationship between the field strength, 𝐵0; the density, 𝜌 of cosmic rays in a magnetic cloud and the distance of approach, 𝑏 of an undeflected cosmic ray particle, using its Alfven speed, 𝑉𝐴. The field strength, 𝐵0 within the supernova is directly proportional to the density, ρ of cosmic rays in the magnetic cloud; and proportional to the velocity, 𝑣 of the cosmic ray proton. Thus, attempting to give insight on the impact of supernova explosions on the dynamics of a particle..

Key Words: Supernova explosions, Shockwave, Cosmic ray, Alfven speed

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ABSTRACT: In this work, we examined the gravitational and electromagnetic forces. We used statistical methods to obtain statistical relations which suggestively may indicate unification of the fundamental interactions. With some plausible assumptions, the observable data yield 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐹𝑔=−0.740𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑔+45.46; where 𝐹𝑔 is gravitational force, 𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑔 is magnetic field energy density, (with correlation coefficient; 𝑅≃0.6). This suggests that since the correlation is good, gravitational and electromagnetic interactions relate as 𝐹𝑔∼𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑔−𝜓; where 𝜓 is the slope of the plot.

Key Words: Extragalactic Radio sources, Blackhole Masses, Fundamental forces.

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ABSTRACT: Quantum computation applications utilize basically the structures having two definite states named as QuBit (Quantum Bit). In spin based quantum computation applications like NMR and EPR techniques, besides the Spin-1/2 systems (electron and proton spins), there are many systems having spins greater than 1/2. For instance, in some structures, coupled two electrons can form triplet states with total spin of 1, and 14N nucleus has, one of the widely encountered nuclei, also spin of 1. In quantum computation, such systems are called Qutrit systems and have the potential of use in spin based quantum computation applications. Besides the well-known CNOT gates in QuBit system, we suggest some CNOT gates for Qutrit systems composed of two Spin-1 systems, forming control and target Qutrits..

Key Words: Qutrit, spin, quantum computing, CNOT.

[1]. K.H. Song, S.H. Xiang, Q. Liu, and D.H. Lu, Quantum computation and -state generation using superconducting flux qubits coupled to a cavity without geometric and dynamical manipulation, Phys. Rev. A, 75, 2007, 032347.
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ABSTRACT: Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are believe to be most promising dark matter candidates by various groups of theorists and experimentalists working in the field. Search for dark matter become debatable as till today no direct evidence is available of any dark matter candidate from various group. Recent investigations of Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment and Particle and Astrophysical Xenon Detector-II (PandaX-II) got null result though LUX and PandaX-II experiments are sensitive to a wide range of WIMP candidates from approximately 5–1000 GeV/c2 [1,2]. In the present paper a brief investigation of reasons of not detecting Wimps at any experiment is presented. The analysis will help the experimentalist and theorists to make necessary up gradation in their work in designing the advance detectors of Wimps search.

Key Words: Dark Matter, Weakly Interacting Massive Particles. PACS No.: 95.35.+d.

[1]. D.S.Akerib et al for LUX collaboration, PRL 118, pp 021303-08 (2017).
[2]. Andy Tan et al for PandaX-II collaboration, PRL 117, 121303-07 (2016).
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[4]. S. Weinberg, \Gravitation and Cosmology" (Wiley, New York, 1972).

[5]. E. Aprile, C. E. Dahl, L. de Viveiros, R. Gaitskell, K. L. Giboni, J. Kwong, P. Majewski, K.

ABSTRACT: Molar concentrations of chemical ingredients in synthesis of nanocrystals were found significant roles in the structural, surface morphology and visible range optical properties of CdTe quantum dots thin films. XRD, FESEM and UV spectrum analysis revealed that the average particle sizes approach 6-11nm quantum dots with increasing molar concentrations. The study of X-ray line profiles proved that peak intensity was increased with increasing of Cd+2 and Te2- ions in the films. The phase structure of the films were found to possess cubic zinc blend structure...........

Key Words: CdTe thin films, Quantum dots, XRD, FESEM, Optical properties

[1]. R. Shenhar, T. B. Norten and V. M. Rotello, Advanced Materials, Vol. 17, No. 6 pp 657-669, 2005.
[2]. A. Lagushetty and A. Venkataramann, Resonance, Vol. 10, No.7, pp49-60, 2005
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ABSTRACT: A suitable model of interaction potentials can be used in detailed study of generalized supersymmetry using creation and annihilation operators in a quantum mechanics. The study of generalized supersymmetry are used in atomic physics, molecular physics, nuclear physics and particle physics. The formalism and the techniques of SUSY quantum mechanics is generalized to the cases where the super potential is generated/defined by higher excited eigen states. The SUSY formalism applies everywhere between the singularities. A systematic application of the formalism to the other potentials with known spectra would yield an infinitely rich class of "solvable" potentials in terms of their partner potentials.

Key Words: Creation and annihilation operators, generalized supersymmetry and superposition of supersymmetries.

[1]. Srivastava V K and Bose S K, Journal of Current Sciences, 15 (2010) 151.
[2]. Levai G and Znojil M, J. Phys. A: Math, Gen., 33(2000) 7165.
[3]. Znojil M, Phys. Lett. A, 259 (1999) 220.
[4]. Bender CM and Milton KA, Phys. Rev. D, 55(1997) R 3255.
[5]. Witten E, Nucl. Phys. B, 188 (1981) 513.

ABSTRACT: Abstract：In this paper, the stability theorems and strict stability theorems of two rotating object equilibrium motion systems are proposed. The relation between strict stability and Riemann conjecture is expounded.

Key Words: rotation balance; Strict stability; Riemann hypothesis.

[1]. Zhe Yin, "Zhe Yin's energy and wave theorem". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Research Technology, 2(3),
2016,44-45.
[2]. Zhe Yin, " The function and relation of proton and neutron". International Journal of Recent Scientific Research,8(1),
2017,15321-15324.
[3]. Zhe Yin, " Effect of Gravitational Wave on DNA Base". International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 8(2),
2017,15705-15707.
[4]. Zhe Yin, " The formation of elements". IOSR Journal of Applied Physics,9(2), 2017,08-13.
[5]. Zhe Yin, Liu, D., " Electron trajectory". International Journal of Applied Science and Mathematics,3( 2), ,2016,56-57

ABSTRACT: The compound (E)-N′-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)isonicotinohydrazide dihydrate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with unit cell parameters a = 9.1136(9) Å, b = 16.3007(13) Å, c = 11.7446(10) Å, β = 91.425(9)º and number of molecules per unit cell (Z) = 4. The crystal structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least squares procedures to a final R value of 0.070 for 1809 observed reflections. The Schiff base molecule exists in E conformation with respect to the C=N double bond. The structure exhibits inter-molecular H-bonds of the type O-H…N, O-H…O, N-H…O and C-H…O.

Key Words: Crystal Structure; Direct Methods; Isonicotinohydrazide; Intermolecular interaction.

[1]. H. S. Naveenkumar, A. Sadikun, P. Ibrahim, C. S. Yeap and H.-K. Fun, Acta Cryst. E, 66, o1918-o1919 (2010).
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ABSTRACT: To date, there exists no evidence both theoretically and experimentally to confirm the breakdown of the Coulomb's law in any scenario. Here, we present a brief idea theoretically for a special case as to when and why the breakdown might occur in the Coulomb's law. We are not proposing that this is exactly the breakdown but more like an interpretation of the condition from a mathematical perspective and hence considering it as a special case of breakdown of the law. We also provide a possible physical scenario for the case with respect to singularity in the Coulomb's law term by utilizing George Cantor's concept of infinities. The entire work is entirely a viewpoint by utilizing various branches of physics.

Key Words: Coulomb, fusion, infinities, singularity

[1]. Joerg Jaeckel and Sabyasachi Roy, Spectroscopy as a test of Coulomb‟s law, arXiv:1008.3536v2 [hep-ph] 2 Sep 2010, IPPP/10/67; DCPT/10/134
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ABSTRACT:The Si/SiO2/poly-Si and Si/SiN/Al MIS structures have been characterized by biasing the FETs in strong inversion at Fowler-Nordheim (FN) fields. The gate tunnelling electron current and the substrate hole current due to anode hole injection over the anode barrier versus gate voltage characteristics of the FETs are used for this characterisation. The conduction band offset (CBO) and the valence band offset (VBO) determined for the Si/SiO2/poly-Si device are 3.2 eV and 4.6 eV. The bandgap of the oxide is found to be 8.9 eV, and the electron and hole effective mases in the oxide are determined to be 0.42m and 0.58m respectively. The CBO and VBO of the Si/SiN/Al device are found to be 1.7 eV and 2.3 eV respectively, the bandgap of SiN is 5.1 eV, and the electron and hole effective masses in SiN are 0.44m and 0.56m, where m is the free electron mass. These values are correct to one decimal place for the offsets and bandgap and two decimal places for the effective masses..

Key Words: band offsets, bandgap, effective mass, FN-tunnelling,, metal-insulator-semiconductor

[1]. D.J. DiMaria, E. Cartier, D.A. Buchanan, "Anode hole injection and trapping in silicon dioxide", J. Appl. Phys, vol. 80, pp.304-317, 1996.
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Nordheim induced substrate hole current in thin oxides", IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. 48, pp.231-237, 2001.
[4]. R.K. Chanana, K. McDonald, M. Di Ventra, S.T. Pantelides, L.C. Feldman, G.Y. Chung, C.C. Tin, J.R. Williams, R.A. Weller,
"Fowler-Nordheim hole tunnelling in p-SiC/SiO2 structures", Appl. Phys. Letters, vol. 77, pp.2560-2562, 2000.
[5]. R.K. Chanana, "Determination of hole effective mass in SiO2 and SiC conduction band offset using Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling
characteristics across metal-oxide-semiconductor structures after applying oxide field corrections", J. Appl. Phys., vol. 109, 104508,
2011..

ABSTRACT:Nanoparticles of Cu0.60-xCoxZn0.40Fe2O4 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) are prepared by sol-gel auto combustion method. Copper nitrate, cobalt nitrate, zinc nitrate, ferric nitrate and citric acid used as the starting materials. Cations redistribution takes place for x > 0.3. Saturation magnetization increases from 52.99 to 79.62 emu/gm (x ≤ 0.3). For x > 0.3 Ms decreases suggesting that significant canting exists at B site. However, coercivity, magnetocrystalline anisotropy and remanant magnetization increases with the Co2+ substitution. PACS No. 75.50.Gg, 73.63.Bd, 91.60.Pn

Key Words: Sol-gel synthesis, cation distribution, redistribution, MS, HC, Mr

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ABSTRACT:This study designed to evaluation of carotid arteries with colour doppler sonography, were the data consisted of 130 patients (71 male and 59 female), 11 variable were used to collect the data for each of them they include; Systolic blood pressure (SBP), Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Body Mass Index (BMI), Heart Rate (HR), Plasma Total Cholesterol (PTC), Plasma Total Glyceride (PTG), Right Intima Media Thickness (Rt IMT), Left Intima Media Thickness (Lt IMT), Right Resistive Index (Rt RI) and Left Resistive Index (Lt RI). And the study was in Libya, A General Electric Doppler machine used with a Hz probe. And the result shows that the Systolic blood pressure in respect to agegroup affected linearly by patient age, where the SBP decreases by..............

Key Words: carotid artery, color doppler, sonography, blood pressure

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ABSTRACT:A suitable model of interaction potentials can be used in detailed study of generalized supersymmetry using creation and annihilation operators in a quantum mechanics. The study of generalized supersymmetry are used in atomic physics, molecular physics, nuclear physics and particle physics. The formalism and the techniques of SUSY quantum mechanics is generalized to the cases where the super potential is generated/defined by higher excited eigen states. The SUSY formalism applies everywhere between the singularities. A systematic application of the formalism to the other potentials with known spectra would yield an infinitely rich class of "solvable" potentials in terms of their partner potentials..

Key Words: Creation and annihilation operators, generalized supersymmetry and superposition of supersymmetries..

[1]. Srivastava V K and Bose S K, Journal of Current Sciences, 15 (2010) 151.
[2]. Levai G and Znojil M, J. Phys. A: Math, Gen., 33(2000) 7165.
[3]. Znojil M, Phys. Lett. A, 259 (1999) 220.
[4]. Bender CM and Milton KA, Phys. Rev. D, 55(1997) R 3255.
[5]. Witten E, Nucl. Phys. B, 188 (1981) 513..