IOSR-JAP   Volume-11 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2019

ABSTRACT: Metal oxide composite SrTiO3 (STO) thin films have been prepared to analyze on Structural, electrical, optical and gas sensing properties. STO thin films were synthesized by varying substrate temperature using spray pyrolysis technique. The films were deposited at four different temperatures ranging 3000C to 4000C. The precursor solution was prepared by dissolving Strontium Chloride (SrCl4.5H2O) and (TiO2Cl2) adding equally 4% of Copper Chloride (CuCl2) in Precursor solution. The deposited films were characterized by using XRD, FE-SEM; UV-Vis-Spectrometry.H2S gas was used to study the gas sensing behavior.

Keywords – Spray pyrolysis, XRD, FE-SEM, Band Gap, H2S sensor

[1]. A. Standler, "Transparent conducting oxides an up-to-date overview", Materials 5, PP, 661–683, 2012 .
[2]. H. Cachet , A. Gamard , G. Campet , B. Jousseaume , T. Toupance " ,Tin dioxide thin films prepared from a new alkoxyfluorotin complex including a covalent Sn:F bond", Thin Solid Films 388,PP, 41–49,2001.

[3]. Xiao Zhi , Gaoyang Zhao , Tao Zhu , Ying Li, "The morphological, optical and electrical properties of SnO2 :F thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis", Surf. Inter- face Anal. 40, PP, 67–70, 2008.
[4]. K. K. Purushothamma , M . Dhanasshankar , G.Muralidharan, " Preparation and characterization of F doped SnO2 films and electrochromic properties of FTO/NiO films ", Curr. Appl. Phys. 9,PP, 67–72,2009.
[5]. K. Arshak, E. Moore, G. Lyons, J. Harris, S. Clifford, Sensors Rev. 24 (2004) 181–191..

ABSTRACT: In this paper we have presented the method of evaluation of magnetic field and density dependence of the Josephson frequency of the coherent atom-molecule collisions in the linear approximation. Actually linearized time dependent field equation are coupled equation and these equations describe exactly the Rabi oscillation as the coupled harmonic equation with the coupling constant. In the context of particle number oscillations between condensates, Rabi oscillations are referred Josephson oscillations and the associated frequency is called Josephson frequency. This is Josephson oscillation between and atomic condensate and a condensate of bare molecule instead.........

Keywords – Josephson frequency, Rabi oscillation, coupling constant, condensates, bound state energy, resonance.

[1]. F.A. Donley, N.R. Claussen, S.T. Thompson, C.W. Wieman, Nature 417, 2002, 529.
[2]. N.R. Claussen, S.J.J.M.F., Kokkelmans, S.T., Thompson, E.A. Donley, C.E. Wieman, Phys. Rev. A 67, 2003, 060701 (R).
[3]. S.J.J.M.F., Kokkelmans, M.J. Holland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 2002, 180403.
[4]. R.A. Duine, H.T.C. Stoff, New J. Phys. 5, 2003, 59.
[5]. R. Kohler, T. Gasenzer, K. Burnett, Phys. Rev. A67, 2003, 013601.

ABSTRACT: Wu's Spacetime is a four dimensional system based on Wu's Unit Length lyy and Wu's Unit Time tyy which are related to each other by Wu's Spacetime Theory tyy = γlyy3/2 . Einstein's Spacetime is a special Wu's Spacetime based on a fixed remote reference point (earth). According to Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu's Unit Length lyy on a massive star is much bigger than lyy0 on earth. Because a ∞ C-4 ∞ lyy2, the Amount of Normal Unit Acceleration "a" measured on the star is much bigger than "a0"measured on earth. In other words, for a massive star, Wu's Spacetime Field Equation measured on the star has much deeper slope (curvature) than that of Einstein's Field Equation measured on earth.

Keywords – Theory of Correspondence, Field Equation, Einstein's Field Equation, Cosmological Constant, Spacetime, Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Wu's Spacetime Theory, Wu's Spacetime Field Equation, Black Hole.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity and Spacetime Based on Yangton & Yington Theory, and Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, pp. 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20160504.13.
[3]. Einstein A. (1916), Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Translation 1920), New York: H. Holt and Company.
[4]. Carroll, Sean (2004). Spacetime and Geometry – An Introduction to General Relativity. pp. 151–159. ISBN 0-8053-8732-3.

[5]. Edward T. H. Wu "Wu's Spacetime Field Equation Based On Yangton And Yington Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 10, no. 2, 2018, pp. 13-21..

ABSTRACT: This theory is an attempt to describe the universal phenomena like space, time, matter and energy as an inter-relationship bound by a newly discovered force named as the universal force. The universal force is shown to be the force of gravitation, electricity, magnetism, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. I believe any other force, hitherto fore not discovered; also, can be explained in terms of this universal force. Liberal use of wave-particle duality, relativity, quantum concepts is made to achieve a harmonious and comprehensive synthesis of all the existing beliefs in physics into a new theory with some new concepts added here and there. While adding new concepts, enormous care has been taken to ensure that the existing beliefs are not contradicted. Moreover, the new concepts are proved to be correct theoretically by deriving the constants like G, σ , etc.,

Keywords – space, time, matter , energy, universal force

[1]. David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker: Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 8th Edition. ( Book )
[2]. Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett: Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. ( Book )
[3]. Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer: Modern Physics. ( Book )
[4]. B.V. Rama Rao : A Text Book of Modern Physics
[5]. Orient Longman: © Oliver & Boyd 1971 : Clark‟s Tables Science Data Book.

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the studies on Mossbauer and magnetization properties of Lithium Zinc Ferrites (LZF) and Lithium Manganese Ferrites (LMF). Mossbauer spectroscopy provides powerful probe to the chemical and the magnetic state of all atoms. Lithium based ferrites are potential magnetic material for micro wave applications. They possess a spinel (AB2O4) type crystal structure. For LZF, Isomer shift for A site (ISA) is less than that for B site (ISB) for all samples. The quadruple splitting for A site (dQA) is greater than the quadruple splitting for B site (dQB) except for the composition x=0.2. The hyperfine magnetic field for B site (HB) varies in between 514 KOe..........

Keywords – Lithium Zinc and Lithium Manganese Ferrites, Mossbauer spectroscopy, Magnetization,Curie temperature, Permeability.

[1]. V. Verma, S.P. Gairola, M.C. Mathpal, S. Annapoorni, R.K. Kotnala, J. Alloys Comp. 481 (2009) 872–876.
[2]. Bhide, V.G.: Mössbauer Effect and its Applications. Tata McGrew-Hill, New Delhi (1973)
[3]. Ganser, U. (ed.): Mossbauer Spectroscopy. Springer, New York (1975)
[4]. M. Srivastava, S. Chaubey, A.K. Ojha, Mater. Chem. Phys. 118 (2009) 174–180.L.Neel, Ann.Phys(Paris),3 137(1948)
[5]. Hadjipanayis, G.C., Prinz G.A. (ed.): Science and Technology of Nanostructured Magnetic Materials. Plenum, New York (1991).

ABSTRACT: ZnO is a compound semiconductor with tetrahedral bonding configuration in a wurtzite structure. In a thin film device, it is a promising material for different optical and optoelectronic device applications. Also, among other possible applications are such as piezo-electric transducers, spin functional devices, gas sensors, transparent electronics in solar cell, UV light emitters, surface acoustic waves and smart windows etc. In this work, optical properties of ZnO Thin film deposited on three different substractes have been inspected. In order to investigate the optical properties of ZnO thin film simulation program "Matlab" was developed for its high efficiency to produce accurate graph. The optical properties of ZnO thin films were studied as a function of wavelength in the range from 300 nm to 1200 nm. The refractive index, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient decrease with the increase.........

Keywords – Optoelectronics, Thin Film, ZnO, Simulation, Matlab.

[1]. Djurišić, A. B., & Leung, Y. H. (2006). Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructures. Small, 2(8-9), 944–961. doi:10.1002/smll.200600134
[2]. Sangita Das, Sujan Kumar Das, Shyamal Ranjan Chakraborty, Arun Kumar Deb. Investigation of Optical Properties of Zinc-Oxide Thin Films Deposited on Various Substrates: A Simulation Study. Journal of Materials Sciences and Applications 2018; 4(4): 58-67
[3]. Lee, Y.-C., Hu, S.-Y., Water, W., Tiong, K.-K., Feng, Z.-C., Chen, Y.-T., … Cheng, M.-H. (2009). Rapid thermal annealing effects on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films deposited on Si substrates. Journal of Luminescence, 129(2), 148–152. doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2008.09.003
[4]. Daolizhang, Yiping huang, Jianbing zhang, Lin yuan, Xiangshuimiao. Investigation into Texture, Preferential Orientation, and Optical Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanopolycrystalline Thin Films Deposited by the Sol–Gel Technique on Different Substrates. Journal of Electronic Materials, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2011. [5]. Caraman, I., Dmitroglo, L., Evtodiev, I., Leontie, L., Untila, D., Hamzaoui, S., … Gurlui, S. (2016). Optical properties of ZnO thin films obtained by heat treatment of Zn thin filmson amorphous SiO2 substrates and single crystalline GaSe lamellas. Thin Solid Films, 617, 103–107. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2016.01.027

ABSTRACT: In this research work, nanocellulose was isolated from rice husk. The sample was initially subjected to several chemical treatments. The isolated nanocellulose has been characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (ED-XRF), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The surface morphology and size of nanocellulose have been determined to be in the range of 8-25nm. The fourier transform infrared (FTIR) result shows that silica and other lignocellulosic components of.........

Keywords – Rice husk; chemical treatment; morphology; nanocellulose fibres

[1]. Bharadwaj, A., Wang, Y., Sridhar, S., and Arunachaalam, V.S. (2004). "Pyrolysis of rice husk."Current Science 87(7), 981-986
[2]. Chen, W., Yu, H., Chen, P., Zhang, M., and Hai, Y. (2011). "Individualization of cellulose nanofiber from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments." Carbohydr.Polym 83(4)
[3]. Cherian, B.M., Lopes, L.A., Ferreira de, S. S., Thomas, S., Pothan, L.A and Kottaisamy, M. (2010)."Isolation of nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fibres by steam explosion."Carbohydrate polymers 81, (720-725)
[4]. Faria, H., Cordeiro, N., Belgacem, M.N., and Dufresne, A. (2006). "Dwarf Cavendish as a source of natural fibers in poly(propylene)-based composite." Macromol.Mater. Eng. 291, 16-26
[5]. Hubbe, M.A., Rojas, O.J., Lucia, L. and Sain, M. (2008). "Cellulosic nanocomposites: A review." Bioresources 3(3), 929-980

ABSTRACT: Clay plays a predominant role in human life and their value is recognized in many economic branches, agriculture, civil engineering and environmental studies. This research is aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of the thermal properties of selected clay samples. The clay samples were coded A and B, Obtained from Birnin Kebbi and Maiyama local Govt. Areas of Kebbi state. Nigeria. The thermal properties of the selected samples were determined using standard ASTM Techniques which includes TGA, DTA and XRD techniques. The results of the research shows that both samples contained Halloysite, kaolinite and calcium carbonate. Sample B has the highest amount of kaolinite clay with the value of 3.676 and it is therefore the best for industrial applications, more especially in the areas of pottery and ceramic production, paper production and modern pop..

[1]. Abia-Bassey, N., Ewurum, M., and Ume, J. (2010). The Characterization of New Clay For the Promotion of Local Ceramic Industries. Ceramic Association of Nigeria National Conferences Akure, Nigeria.
[2]. Abubakar, U. B., U. Z, S. S., N., and N., S. (2014). Characteristic of Debagi Clay Deposit for its ceramic potential. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. Vol.3 22-26
[3]. Aliyu, S., Garba, B., Isah, A., and Danshehu, B. (2013). Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Selected Clay Samples. Engineering Research and Technology. Sokoto Nigeria Vol 1. 7-9
[4]. ASTM 2487. (2006). Standard Practice For Classification of Soil For Engineering Purpose. ASTM. Califonia, America Publish Code.
[5]. Fakulojo, O., Olokode, O., Alyedum, P., Oyeleke, Y., Anyawu, B., and Lee, W. (2012). Studies on the five Selected Clays in Abeokuta. Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 83-89.