IOSR-JAP   Volume-13 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. – Aug. 2021

ABSTRACT: The extended conventional Sine-Gordon equation (perturbed and unperturbed) and its solution for superconductor with thickness greater than London penetration depth is the main objective of this work. The extended Sine-Gordon equation contain mixed penetration depth (London and Josephson penetration depth) while conventional has only Josephson penetration depth. The extended equation contain larger number of parameters which gives deeper and detailed study of IV characteristic of superconductor with greater accuracy. In addition the extended equation give more detail information about thicker superconductors, which is certainly be one of the relevant and emerging field in physics.

Keywords: Superconductor, London penetration depth, Josephson penetration depth, Sine-Gordon equation, IV-Characteristics

[1]. Feynman RP, Leighton RB, Sands M. The Feynman lectures on physics; vol. III. Reading, Addison-Wesley, MA, 1965. [2]. Anderson NE. Description of a superconducting transmission line having a weak link Josephson junction architecture, Dissertations: Master, Department of Electrical Engineering. Iowa State University; 2007. [3]. Shapiro S. Josephson currents in superconducting tunneling: The effect of microwaves and other observations. Physical Review Letters. 1963 , 11(2):80. [4]. Ziman JM. Electrons and phonons: The theory of transport phenomena in solids. Oxford university press; UK, 2001. [5]. McMillan WL. Transition temperature of strong-coupled superconductors. Physical Review. 1968 167(2):331-344.

ABSTRACT: A classical double oscillator model, that includes in certain parameter limits, the standard harmonic oscillator and the inverse oscillator, is interpreted as a dynamical system. We study its essential features and make a qualitative analysis of orbits around the equilibrium points, period-doubling bifurcation, time series curves, surfaces of section and Poincaré maps. An interesting outcome of our findings is the emergence of chaotic behaviour when the system is confronted with a periodic force term like f cos ωt.

Keywords: double oscillator, period doubling bifurcation, surfaces of section, Poincaré map, chaotic behaviour

[1]. P. M. Mathews and M. Lakshmanan, On a unique nonlinear oscillator, Quarterly Journal of Applied Mathematics 32, 215 (1974).
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ABSTRACT: In this work, The (BaxFe1-xTiO4) (x=1, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7,08, 0.9 and 0) were prepared by the sol- gel method. The influence of Fe concentration on the structural and optical properties of the samples were studied by using x-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-VIS spectroscopy. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses shows that for all samples the average Nano size decrease with decreasing of iron concentration. UV-visible absorption spectra showed that the observed value of the energy gap decreass from (2.074) eV to (2.046) eV as iron concentration decrease. The conductivity increases when Fe concentration increases shorter wavelengths and decreases at long wavelength..

Keywords: Nano size, dielectric, energy gap, conductivity, crystal size, x-ray diffraction, Ultra violet

[1]. Sabu Thomas, Aparna Thankppan, perovskite photovoltaics, 2018 Elsevier Inc.
[2]. Shisode, M.V., et al., Investigations of magnetic and ferroelectric properties of multiferroic Sr-doped bismuth ferrite. Applied Physics A, 2018. 124(9): p. 603
[3]. Gibin George, Zhiping Luo,Sivosanara Roo Ede fundamentals of perovskite Oxides, 2020 by CRC Press.
[4]. Bhandari, K.P., R.J. An overview of Hybrid –organic – inorganic metal Halide perovskite solar cells. Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2018, pp.233-254.
[5]. Richard J. D. Tiley, perovskite: structure – property relationships, first published 2016 Wiley & sons, Inc. ISBN 97811189535651

ABSTRACT: Background: 2D resistivity imaging was conducted around major depressions of a rocky terrain located within the western part of Adekunle Ajasin University Campus, Akungba-Akoko, Southwestern Nigeria. The study was aimed at mapping and identifying subsurface layers and discontinuities such as aquifer structures or geological interfaces for groundwater prospects.
Materials and Methods: 2D resistivity imaging was conducted around major depressions of a rocky terrain located within the western part of Adekunle Ajasin University Campus, Akungba-Akoko, Southwestern Nigeria. The study was aimed at mapping and identifying subsurface layers and discontinuities such as aquifer structures or geological interfaces for groundwater prospects.

Keywords: Discontinuities, geological, imaging, interfaces, resistivity, wells

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[5]. Teme, S. C. and Oni, S. F. (1991): Detection of groundwater flow in fractured media through remote sensing techniques; some Nigerian cases. Journal of Applied Earth Sciences, 22(1), 401-466

ABSTRACT: We apply the recently created Maxwell-Fredholm equations to the description of the highly deflection of an electromagnetic beam immersed in a anisotropic media with left-handed properties with a preponderant toroidal symmetry, showing how we can model with an algebraic tool a very complicated electromagnetic interaction between the media and an electromagnetic beam relating the initial fields with the final ones through a simple matrix arrangement and very simple set of differential equations.

Key Word: Maxwell-Fredholm equations; left-handed media; toroidal symmetry; electromagnetic resonances

[1]. J. M. Velázquez-Arcos, A. Pérez-Ricardez, R. T. Páez-Hernández, S. Alcántara Montes and J. Granados-Samaniego (May 23rd 2018). "Maxwell-Fredholm Equations", Electric Field, Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76115. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/electric-field/maxwell-fredholm-equations, 2018, page 301-311.
[2]. Kong X-K, Liu S-B, Zhang H-F, Bian B-R, Li H-M, et al. Evanescent wave decomposition in a novel resonator comprising unmagnetized and magnetized plasma layers. Physics of Plasmas. 2013; 20:043515. DOI: 10.1063/1.4802807
[3]. Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal. 1948; 27; 379-423; 623-656
[4]. J. M. Velázquez-Arcos, "Fredholm's equations for subwavelength focusing" J. Math. Phys. 53, 103520 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.4759502
[5]. J. M. Velázquez-Arcos, "Fredholm's alternative breaks the confinement of electromagnetic waves" AIP Advances 3, 092114 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4821336

ABSTRACT: We apply the recently created Maxwell-Fredholm equations to the description of the highly deflection of an electromagnetic beam immersed in a anisotropic media with left-handed properties with a preponderant toroidal symmetry, showing how we can model with an algebraic tool a very complicated electromagnetic interaction between the media and an electromagnetic beam relating the initial fields with the final ones through a simple matrix arrangement and very simple set of differential equations.

Key Word: Maxwell-Fredholm equations; left-handed media; toroidal symmetry; electromagnetic resonances

[1]. J. M. Velázquez-Arcos, A. Pérez-Ricardez, R. T. Páez-Hernández, S. Alcántara Montes and J. Granados-Samaniego (May 23rd 2018). "Maxwell-Fredholm Equations", Electric Field, Mohsen Sheikholeslami Kandelousi, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.76115. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/electric-field/maxwell-fredholm-equations, 2018, page 301-311.
[2]. Kong X-K, Liu S-B, Zhang H-F, Bian B-R, Li H-M, et al. Evanescent wave decomposition in a novel resonator comprising unmagnetized and magnetized plasma layers. Physics of Plasmas. 2013; 20:043515. DOI: 10.1063/1.4802807
[3]. Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal.1948; 27; 379-423; 623-656
[4]. J. M. Velázquez-Arcos, "Fredholm's equations for subwavelength focusing" J. Math. Phys. 53, 103520 (2012); doi: 10.1063/1.4759502
[5]. J. M. Velázquez-Arcos, "Fredholm's alternative breaks the confinement of electromagnetic waves" AIP Advances 3, 092114 (2013); doi: 10.1063/1.4821336

ABSTRACT: Transformantalism is a scientific hypothesis which says that there is a unique law of nature enabling a universe to transform into another universe, leading to the existence of transformant universes. This law is the following: u = ∞ Ps ÷ E, such that u is uncertainty, ∞ Ps is all of the infinite probabilities, and E is energy. We could call this law the transformantalist law because it explains how a universe could transform into a different universe......

[1]. Seth Lloyd: Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes on the Cosmos. 2007. Vintage.
[2]. David Lindley: Uncertainty: Einstein, Heisenberg, Bohr, and the Struggle for the Soul of Science. 2008. Anchor

ABSTRACT: In Einstein's General Relativity, both space and time are not absolute quantities. They can change with local gravity and become bigger at a massive gravitational field. In comparison, based on Yangton and Yington Theory and Principle of Equilibrium, both space (dimension) and time (duration) as the properties of an object or event, are dependent on the local gravitational field at constant aging of the universe. In addition, in compliance with Principle of Correspondence, both space (dimension) and time (duration) of a corresponding identical object or event can become bigger in a larger gravitational field at constant aging of the universe. This is because that large gravitational......

Key Word: General Relativity, Gravitational Time Dilation, Spacetime, Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Subatomic Equilibrium, Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Correspondence

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu" Five Principles of the Universe and the Correlations of Wu's Pairs and Force of Creation to String Theory and Unified Field Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 10, no. 4, 2018, pp. 17-21.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Gravitational Waves, Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Coulomb's Law of Electrical Forces Interpreted by Particle Radiation and Interaction Theory Based on Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 20-24. doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20160502.11.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity and Spacetime Based on Yangton & Yington Theory, and Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, pp. 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20160504.13.
[4]. Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1965). "A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s". The Astrophysical Journal. 142 (1): 419–421. Bibcode: 1965ApJ… 142..419P. doi:10.1086/148307.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Equilibrium and Subatomic Properties as Foundations of Wu's Spacetime Theories and Wu's Spacetime Field Equations." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 12(6), 2020, pp. 42-51