IOSR-JAP   Volume-14 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2022

ABSTRACT: Studies have proved that old X-ray machine has a tendency of failed kVp above acceptable limit of 5% , but for > 10 years old machines have a tendency to failed for up to 20%. In this reaserch an old X-ray machine is used and a Caldose_X 5.0 software has been used to estimate the entrance skin doses (ESD), and the ESD with Weighing factor (WT) to determined the Effective doses (ED) of Adult Patient Undergoing X-ray examinations in Murtala Muhammad Specialist Hospital(Public) at X-ray emission angle of 170 and X-ray tube filtration of 2.5mm Al. A total of 240 patients were surveyed, the imaging parameters and patient data used in the software include tube voltage(kVp), current-time per second(mAs), age, sex, type of projection, examination and focus to film distance (FFD).........

Keywords: Dose, Entrance Surface Dose (ESD), Effective Dose (ED), Patient, Anterior to Posterior (AP), X-ray.

[1]. Akhdar, H. (2007). Assessment of entrance skin dose and effective dose of some routine X-ray examinations using calculation techniques. KSU (M.Sc thesis).
[2]. American Association of Physicist in Medicine. (1990). Standardized methods for measuring diagnostic x-ray exposures. AAPM.
[3]. Bushong, S. C. (2001). Radiologic science for technologists. St. Louis: Mosby, ISBN 0-323-01337-6.
[4]. Cameron, J. R., & Skofronick, J. G. (1978). Medical physics (2nd ed.). John Wiley and Sons.
[5]. Ciraj, O., Markovi_c, S., & Ko_suti_c, D. (2005). First results on patient dose measurements from conventional diagnostic radiology procedures in Serbia and Montenegro. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 113(3), 330 - 335.

ABSTRACT: The study was intended to identify an aquifer zones with a view to attending to the challenges of fresh water scarcity around the study area. Twenty (20) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) field data using Schlumberger array were obtained with maximum current electrode spread of 150m using ABEM Terameter SAS 1000 in order to evaluate the groundwater potential of Wudil General Hospital. The Data acquired were analyzed using IPI2win Computer Software. Several geo-electric curve types were identified with HK curve type being the most dominant, accounting for 65% of the total curve types of the study area. Four geo-electric layers were identified. The results of the interpretation has grouped the Aquifers of the study area.......

Keywords: Vertical Electrical Sounding, Aquifer, weathered, Fracture Schlumberger Array.

[1]. Abubakar Y. Ismail, A and Lawal Y. (2012). Geoelectrical Investigation of Groundwater Potential of Dawakin Tofa Local Government Area of Kano State Nigeria; American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 2 No.9; September 2012, pp 1-10
[2]. Abdulazeez Issah (2017). Geoelectrical Investigation using Vertical Electrical Sounding at Male Student's Hostel Isa Kaita College of Education Dutsinma, Katsina State; Undergraduate Student Project Department of Physics Federal University Dutsinma.
[3]. Anudu, G.K., Onuba, L.N. and Ufondu, L. S. (2011). Geoelectric Soundings for Groundwater Exploration in the Crystalline Basement Terrain Around Onipe and Adjoining Areas, Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmrental Sanitation, 1 (4), 343-354.
[4]. Hotoro M. Abubakar, (2016). Integrated Remote Sensing and Geophysical Technique in the Assessment of Groundwater Potentials of Northeastern part of Kano State, Northern Nigeria; unpublished PhD Thesis, Department Physics Ahmadu Bello University Zaria
[5]. Hazell J.R.T, Cratchley C.R, Preston A.M (1988). The Location of Aquifers in Crystalline Rocks and Alluvium in Northern Nigeria using Combined Electromagnetic And Resistivity Techniques. Q. J. Eng. Geol., 21:159 175.

ABSTRACT: The light is one of the most investigated phenomena. According to mainstream Physics, the light source emits a light quantum, then it does not care, what happens to the light later (let us call it photon or wave). In other words, the light source does not need a detector to emit the light. The problem with this approach is, that the light cannot be detected "on the fly". If we observe a light quantum, we annihilate it at the same time. This fact encouraged some physicists to develop an alternate view: the light source and the (necessary) detector are in entanglement during the light emission-detection process. That is, light emission cannot occur without an available detector........

[1]. Okun. L.B.: Photon: history, mass, charge. International Conference on the Structure and Interactions of the Photon "Photon 2005: its first hundred years and the future", Warsaw University, 31.08.–04.09.2005
[2]. Walker, Jim: http://web.archive.org/web/20190718131722/http://nobeliefs.com/light.htm
[3]. Pope, Viv.: 'The Dogma of the Photon', in 'Philosophies', the Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Meeting of the Alternative Natural Philosophy Association, 175-188.
[4]. Ojima, I.: Who has seen a free photon? iv:1101.5782v1 [physics.gen-ph] 30 Jan 2011
[5]. Blazsó, T.: Doppler Effect without Light Waves IOSR_JAP Vol 13 Ser II 2021

ABSTRACT: Knowledge of materials behaviour placed in an electromagnetic field was found to be of immense significance in military hardware, electronics, communication and industrial applications. An overlay microstrip antenna was employed in this study to determine scattering parameters of an overlay microstrip antenna using finite element method (FEM). The substrate thickness used on the microstrip was 10 mm thick and 8 x 12 cm (width and length). All simulation were carried out at X band frequency range (8-12 GHz) using FEM. The result amongst others showed that the transmission coefficient depends on the permittivity of the sample. It also showed that lowest permittivity of material produced the greatest transmission coefficient. It is then concluded that the results obtained for the transmission and reflection coefficients can be used for the prediction of complex permittivity of materials used as overlay on a microstrip antenna.

Keywords: Microstrip Antenna, Duroid, FEM, Transmission and Reflection coefficients

[1]. Balanis, C. A. (2005). Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Publication.
[2]. Kingsley, S., Velan, S., Kanagasabai, M., Subbaraj, S., Panneer Selvam, Y. and Balasubramaniyan, B. (2019). Signal integrity analysis on a microstrip ultra-wideband coupled-line coupler. International Journal of Electronics. Vol. 106 (4), Pp. 620-633.
[3]. Křivánek, I. (2008). Dielectric properties of materials at microwave frequencies. Acta univ. agric. Et silvic. Mendel. Brun., LVI, No. 5, Pp. 125–132
[4]. Pozar, D. M. (2009). Microwave Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition
[5]. Rogers, C. (2010). Dielectric properties of high frequency materials. Retrieved from http://www.rogerscorp.com

ABSTRACT: Terrestrial gamma radiation dose is among the major contributors to the mean dose rate received by the population of the world. This work aimed at assessing the level of terrestrial gamma radiation due to long live occurring radionuclides (232Th, 238U and 40K) from two identified soil types (Arenosol and Acrisol soil) at different locations of the study area using γ-ray spectrometry. Measurements of Terrestrial gamma radiation dose rates (TGRD) of Dange-Shuni Local Government Area (L.G.A) were carried out using a Geiger Muller (GM) Detector handheld radiation survey meter (RADOS RDS-31). The range of the TGDR from the Arenosol soil falls between 40 - 190 nGyh-1 with arithmetic mean of 93.5 nGyh-1. While the range of measured TGRD from the Acrisol soil type is 100 - 170 nGyh-1, with arithmetic mean of 130 nGyh-1. The overall result from the study area shows that the measured.....

Keywords: gamma, dose rates, effective dose, Arenosol, Acrisol, Mines

[1]. Senthilkumar B, Dhavamani V, Ramkumar S, and Philominathan P, (2010), 'Measurement of gamma radiation levels in soil samples from Thanjavur using γ-ray spectrometry and estimation of population exposure' Journal of Medical Physics 35(1):48-5
[2]. UNSCEAR (2008) Source and effects of ionizing radiation, United Nations. Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations, New York
[3]. Ako¨zcan S (2013) Natural and artificial radioactivity levels and hazards of soils in the Ku¨cu¨k Menderes Basin, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 71(10):4611–4614
[4]. Erees¸ FS, Ako¨zcan S, Parlak Y, Cam S (2006) Assessment of dose rates around Manisa (Turkey). Radiat Meas 41:598–601
[5]. Jankovic´ M, Todorovic´ D, Savanovic´ M (2008) Radioactivity measurements in soil samples collected in the Republic of Srpska. Radiat Meas 43:1448–1452

ABSTRACT: Asymmetric electric force exerted due to the asymmetric electric field in the light wave is studied and found to be responsible for photoelectric effect. It suggests that the asymmetric electric force, expressed in terms of fieldfield interaction, causes to produce an apparent force which is frequency dependent and is always perpendicular to the velocity of the subjected electron and seems to be the actual magnetic force. Therefore, magnetic force in EM waves should be frequency dependent. As frequency increases, the magnetic force exerted by EM wave increases which may be verified experimentally. It further suggests that the electric field and magnetic field in EM waves are not in phase. They should have phase difference of 90 degree.

Keywords: Photoelectric effect, Electric field, Magnetic field, Asymmetric electric field, Asymmetric magnetic force, Apparent force, Field-field interactions

[1]. B. R. Wheaton, Philipp Lenard and the Photoelectric Effect, 1889-1911, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 9 (1978), 299-322
[2]. I. J. Falconer, J J Thomson and the discovery of the electron, Physics Education, 32 (1999), 226-231
[3]. P. Lenard, Über die Lichtfortpflanzung im Himmelsraum, Annalen der Physik, 378 (1924), 89-1048
[4]. H. Kubbinga, Niels Bohr's Collected Works, Isis, 100 (2009), 119-126
[5]. A. B. Arons, and M. B. Peppard, Einstein's proposal of the photon Concept – a translation of the Annalen der Physik Paper of 1905, American Journal of Physics, 33 (1965), 367-374

ABSTRACT: Dealing with wave nature of light, its wavelength, frequency and speed can be estimated well, however, the total length of single light wave emitted by an atom is not estimated yet. While producing light wave by transition of electron from higher energy level to lower one in an atom, the transition time is finite, therefore, the corresponding light wave emitted there must have a finite length. A simple air-wedge method experiment, usually performed to determine thickness of a thin wire in lower division physics laboratories, is found to be useful to roughly estimate the total length of a monochromatic light wave emitted by sodium atom.

Keywords: Frequency, Wavelength, Single Light Wave, Newton's Ring Experiment, Air-Wedge Method

[1]. Isaac Newton, Opticks: Or, a treatise of the reflexions, refractions, inflexions and colours of light (Royal Society, London, 1704), 13-17
[2]. Erik Gregersen, Ed., The Britannica Guide to Sound and Light (Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011), 81-147.
[3]. A. I. Sabra, Theories of Light, from Descartes to Newton, Philosophy, 43 (165) (1968), 291-293
[4]. Frank Träger, Ed., Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012), 3-33
[5]. Young Thomas, Bakerian Lecture: Experiments and calculations relative to physical optics, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 94 (1804), 1-16

ABSTRACT: Equation of Light Speed C' = C + V is proposed as a general law in physics. In which, Normal Light Speed C' – the light speed observed at the reference point (observer) is a vector summation of Absolute Light Speed C – the light speed observed at light source (3 x 108 m/s) and Inertia Light Speed V – the speed of light source observed at the reference point. Absolute Light Speed is dependent on the local gravitational field. Inertia Light Speed is dependent on the relative motion between light source and reference point. As a result, Gravitational Redshift and Deflection of Light are caused by the changes of Absolute Light Speed due to massive gravitational field. Acceleration Doppler Effect and Even Horizon are formed because of the variations of Inertia Light Speed between the light source and the reference point. Furthermore, applying a detailed analysis on Michelson Morley Experiment with Equation of Light Speed, not only that Aether doesn't exist, but also light speed can't be constant.

Keywords: Special Relativity, General Relativity, Time Dilation, Vision of Light, Principle of Vision, Theory of Vision, Photon Inertia Transformation, Equation of Light Speed, Aether, Michelson Morley Experiment, Doppler Effect, Acceleration Doppler Effect, Gravitational Redshift, Cosmological Redshift, Event Horizon, Deflection of Light, Relativism, Wu's Pairs, Yangton and Yington.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Mass, Momentum, Force and Energy of Photon and Subatomic Particles, and Mechanism of Constant Light Speed Based on Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, pp. 45-50. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20160504.11.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu."Derivations of Planck Constant and De Broglie Matter Waves from Yangton and Yington Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 11, no. 5, 2019, pp. 68-72.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Vision of Object, Vision of Light, Photon Inertia Transformation and Their Effects on Light Speed and Special Relativity." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 9, no. 5, 2017, pp. 49–54.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13