IOSR-JAP   Volume-14 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. – Dec. 2022

ABSTRACT: Background: Iron surface hardening technology is done with a particular technique to minimize oxygen in order to avoid the formation of oxide compounds that can inhibit the diffusion process and reduce the reactivity between the iron and the reinforcement material. Conventionally, this technique is done by creating an inert gas conditions using argon gas flow, or it can also be done by creating a system under vacuum conditions during heating. This technique is operationally costly because it must provide argon gas or vacuum machines are expensive. This study is intended to reduce the magnitude of these costs using the new methods with less operational costs.......

Keywords: Hardening, Iron Surface, Efficiency, Pressure-Heating Technique, Boriding Powder

[1]. BintangAdjiantoradanRomiyarso, T.B. (2005). Karakterisasi Material Baja Karbon Rendah Hasil Proses Boronisasi Padat, Jurnal Metalurgi, Vol.20, No.1, 3 – 11
[2]. Dybkov, W Lengauer, P Gas, Formation of boride layers at the Fe-25% Cr alloy-boron interface, J Mater Sci (2006) 41:4948 – 4960
[3]. Gopalakrishnan, P. Shankar, M. Palaniappa, SS. Ramakrishnan, Interrupted Boriding of Medium-Carbon Steels, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol.33A, May 2002, 1475-1485
[4]. Martini, G. Palombarini, Mechanism of Thermochemical Growth of Iron Borides on Iron, Journal of Material Science 39 (2004) 933-937
[5]. Roumiana S. Petrova, N. Suwattananont, V.Samardzic, The Effect of Boronizing on Metallic Alloys for Automotive Applications, Journal Material Engineering and Performance, Vol. 17(3) June 2008, 340-345

ABSTRACT: Einstein postulated that the curvature of space would cause even light to bend through it- an electromagnetic wave length that traditionally follows a straight line. So, it seems space indeed was curving around masses in Space. If this was gravity of the result of gravity, no one is still sure. But if light was affected it seem to that other or all energy wave lengths might be affected. If light was curving then it was slowing. Might be the same be true of Space? Then if time and space were continuous, might it then also be true of that greatest mystery/Time? Could we slow time by bending space?.......

Keywords: Space and Time, speeding cars, Albert Einstein,Spinning of the Earth, Four-dimensional world

[1]. Lorentz W.A., Einstein, Albert Minkowski, Herman and Weye (1952) The principle of Relativity – A collection of original Memoirs, Dover.
[2]. Lucas, John Randolph (1973) A treatise on Time and Space, London; Methuen
[3]. Rowe, E.G Peter (2013) Geometrical Physics in Minkowski Apace Time. Springer Science & Business Media. P 28
[4]. Einstein Right using the most sensitive Earth rotation sensors ever made – Phy.org. Science network. Retrieved July 2017
[5]. Taylor , E.F. Wheeler , John A(1992) – Space Time Physics, Second Edition. Internet Archine : W: H. Freeman . ISBN 0-7167-2327-1
[6]. Arkani – Hamied , Nima (1 Dec 2017) The Doom of Space - Time : Why it must dissolve into more fundamental structures(Speech) The 2,384 the meeting of the society , Washington , DC. Retrieved 16 July 2022

ABSTRACT: The main part of a thruster is an unclosed conductor in which an alternating Foucault electric current flows, created by an alternating field source. The average self-force with which the unclosed conductor acts on itself is compensated by the hidden Abraham force acting on the displacement currents that arise between the ends of the open conductor. The average value of other forces acting in the system is equal to zero and does not compensate for the self-action force. The average value of the force acting on the system is proportional to the square of the current strength and the square of the frequency of current change in the source of an alternating magnetic field.

Key Word: Self-force, Displacement Current, Abraham Force, Foucault Current, Alternative Current

[1]. Puthoff HE Can the Vacuum Be Engineered for Spaceflight Application? Overview the Theory and Experiments. Journal of Scientific Exploration. 1998; 12(1); 295-302.
[2]. Feynman RP, Leighton RB, Sands M. The Feynman Lectures of Physics. Vol. 2, Addison-Wesley: London, 1964.
[3]. Puthoff HE, Little SR, Ibison M. Engineering the Zero-Point Field and Polarizable Vacuum for Interstellar Flight. JBIS. 2002; 55;137-144.
[4]. Tamm IE Fundamentals of the Theory of Electricity. Mir Publisher: Moscow, 1979.
[5]. Graham GM, Lahoz DG Observation of Static Electromagnetic Angular Momentum in Vacuo. Nature. 1980; 285; 154-155.

ABSTRACT: In this research three samples were prepared of double perovskite compound (SrPrFeTiO6) by using eosin (Red color), yamidine (blue color), and blue Nile(blue color) dyes. The effects of this dye increase the efficiency of solar cell, we found that the yamidine dye is more efficient then eosin and blue Nile dyes, that is, η =(3.73) % yamidine and (3.29,3.48)% eosin and blue Nile respectively ,then this increase of efficiency to increase the absorption of color of yamidine. Then the energy band gaps were calculated, that is 3.789 ev,this range of band gap is good for semiconductor material. The electronic transition and molecular vibration were studied by using FTIR Spectroscopy, and studied........

Key Word: Double Perovskite, Optical Properties, Solar Cell

[1]. E.A. Perianu., Ioana. Aurodea., Rev. (Bucharest), 62 (2011), 17-22.
[2]. A.A. EIbedawie, O. A Yassin., Abbasher. A. Gismelseed., Magnetism and Magnetic Material 32, (2013),1-6.
[3]. Dhahri, Ahmed, Laifi, J., Gouadria, Soumaya, Elhadi, M., Dhahri, E., Hlil, E. K., RSC Advances, Issue 7, 2022.https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA07059B
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ABSTRACT: Real-world systems are characterized by a high degree of uncertainty due to external influences such as friction and a lack of accurate information about the system's conceptual circumstances. It has studied the effects of air resistance on a projectile moving (quadratic resistance law) in two dimensions (2D). Equations of motion in this situation may be solved across a wide range of projectile angles, while some solutions have been found for tiny projectile angles using perturbation theory. The technique can easily determine the Taylor series expansion for a resistive material by applying a quadratic........

Key Word: Projectile motion, Quadratic resistance law, Power series, Taylor series method, Equation of the projectile, Drag force.

[1] Jankowski, K. (2011). Dynamics of double pendulum with parametric vertical excitation. Technical University of Lodz. Master of Science Thesis.
[2] Marszal, M., Jankowski, K., Perlikowski, P., &Kapitaniak, T. (2014). Bifurcations of oscillatory and rotational solutions of double pendulum with parametric vertical excitation. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2014.
[3] Yaren, T., Kizir, S., &Yildiz, A. B. (2019, April). Electrical equivalent circuit based analysis of double pendulum system. In 2019 6th International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICEEE) (pp. 258-262). IEEE.
[4] Ray, S., & Fröhlich, J. (2015). An analytic solution to the equations of the motion of a point mass with quadratic resistance and generalizations. Archive of Applied Mechanics, 85(4), 395-414.
[5] Ribeiro, W. J., & Sousa, J. R. D. (2021). Projectile motion: the "coming and going" phenomenon. The Physics Teacher, 59(3), 168-171.

ABSTRACT: Here we are reporting preparation and characterization of ZnO incorporated PVB matrix based Nanocomposites in Methyl trichloride (CHCl3) organic solvent. Solution casting technique is used to prepare the Nanocomposite films in Teflon Petri dishes at ambient temperature. In the characterization part we have studied XRD, FESEM, DLS, Zeta and Dielectric Studies of PVB, ZnO and their nanocomposites. The XRD studies of ZnO are showing crystalline structure but when nanocomposite is formed with amorphous PVB the ZnO is losing its crystallinity. FESEM images also indicating that strong interaction between ZnO and PVB polymer fibers. In DLS studies........

Key Word: ZnO/PVB, XRD, FESEM, DLS, zeta potential

[1]. Fabrication and characterization of recyclable carbon nanotubes/polyvinyl butyral Composite fiber Yuanqing Li , Ting Yua, Tzesian Pui , Peng Chen , Lianxi Zhengb, Kin Liao Composites Science and Technology 71 (2011) 1665–1670
[2]. Core–Shell polymers: a review Ros Azilnawati, waham Ashaier Laftah, Sharir Hashim RSC Adv., 2013, 3, 15543-15565. doi.org/10.1039/C3RA41296B
[3]. Synthesis of MWCNT/PPY nanocomposite using oxidation polymerization method and its employment in sensing such as CO2 and humidity Utkarsh Kumar, B.C. Yadav, Toton Haldar, C.K. Dixit, Pramod Kumar Yadawa Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 113 (2020) 419_427
[4]. Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline nano-fibers, B Kavitha, K Siva Kumar & N Narsimlu, Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics Vol. 51, March 2013, pp. 207-209
[5]. Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl butyral/ Graphene Nano-composite Mortaza Hajian, Mohammad Reza Reisi, Gholam Ali Koohmareh, Ali Reza Zanjani Jam, J Po lym Res (2012) DOI 10.1007/s10965-012-9966-6.

ABSTRACT: MWCNT incorporated PVA nanocomposite films were prepared using the solution casting method with 0.3Wt. %, 0.6 Wt.%, and 0.9 wt.% concentration of MWCNT. The FTIR technique revealed the presence of functional groups of MWCNT. The effect of MWCNT concentration on the electrical conductivity of the PVA nanocomposites was studied. It was observed that the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites was increased with the concentration of MWCNT. PVA with 0.9 Wt.% multi-walled carbon nanotubes loaded nanocomposite showed better electric properties. UV-Vis spectrophotometry analysis shows that adding 0.3 Wt.% MWCNT has maximum transmittance........

Key Word: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT), Nanocomposite, and Spectroscopic techniques..

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ABSTRACT: The story of batteries is a rich tapestry that interweaves ancient civilizations, mysteries, and pioneering scientific breakthroughs. Beginning with the fabled Baghdad Battery, discovered in 1938 near Baghdad, Iraq, the journey of understanding electrical energy storage is a captivating one. This artifact, dating back to the Parthian period (250 BC – 225 AD), consisted of a ceramic pot containing a copper cylinder that enveloped an iron rod. While its exact purpose remains a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists, some suggest it might have been an early attempt......

[1]. Anderson, K., & White, T. (2016). Battery Discharge Dynamics. London, UK: ElectroTech Press.
[2]. Baxter, J., & Chen, L. (2004). Temperature Sensitivity of Alkaline Batteries: An In-Depth Analysis. Journal of Energy Storage and Conversion, 51(1), 23-29.
[3]. Clarkson, P., & Freeman, M. (2017). "The Global Distribution and Marketing of Batteries." Business & Energy Quarterly, 12(1), 45-52.
[4]. Chen, L., & Gupta, P. (2010). Alkaline and Lithium-ion: A Comparative Analysis for Portable Devices. Advances in Energy Storage, 54(1), 15-23.
[5]. Davis, W., & Roberts, S. (2012). Recycling of Alkaline Batteries: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Materials Management, 60(4), 88-97.