IOSR-JAP   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ Jul. – Aug. 2023

ABSTRACT: This Research Work Brings Out A Novel Equation For Photo Electric Effect, Which Doesn't Involve The Mass And Velocity Of The Electron Emitted Due To The Incident Photon, Rather It Involves The Frequency Of Motion Of The Ejected Electron, Which Is Under Motion.

Keywords -Electron, Photon, Photo Electric Effect, Frequency, Wave Length, Frequency Based Kinetic Energy Equation.

[1]. Physics Part II By Halliday & Resnick Wiley Eastern Limited, P.1179;
[2]. Advanced Level Physics - By M. Nelkon & P. Parker - Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London, (1987), P.847.
[3]. Bhargava R. Kotur. "Kinetic Energy Of A Particle Independent Of Its Mass & Velocity." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR
JAP), 15(1), 2023, Pp. 34 41, DOI: 10.9790/4861 1501013441
[4]. Physics Part I By Resnick & Halliday Wiley Eastern Limited, P.142;
[5]. University Physics By Mark Zeamansky Etc., Addison Wesley Publishing, P.1201;
[6]. University Physics By Mark Zeamansky Etc., Addison Wesley Publishing, P.159;2

ABSTRACT: In This Research Article, The Minimum Number Of Si-C Bilayers Needed In Polytypes Of Sic Semiconductor Are Calculated, Such That The Semiconductor Materials Exhibit Bandgap Of Bulk Materials.

Keywords: Bandgaps, Sic, MOS Device, Composite Semiconductor Materials

[1]. H. Morkoc, S. Strite, G.B. Gao, M.E. Lin, B. Sverdlov, And M. Burns, "Large-Band-Gap Sic, Iii-V Nitride, And Ii-Vi Znse-Based Semiconductor Device Technologies", Journal Of Applied Physics, 1994;76(3):1363-1398.
[2]. J. Borysiuk, J. Soltys, R. Bozek, J. Piechota, S. Krukowski, W. Strupinski, J.M. Baranowski, R. Stepniewski, "Role Of Structure Of C-Terminated 4h-Sic (000-1) Surface In Growth Of Graphene Layers: Transmission Electron Microscopy And Density Functional Theory Studies", Arxiv.Org, Cornell University Run Website, 2011.
[3]. R.K. Chanana, "Computation And Confirmation Of Conduction Band Offset And Oxide Breakdown Fields From A Combination Of Electrical And Physical Measurements On An N-Type C-Face 4h-Sic Mos Device", Iosr-Journal Of Electrical And Electronics Engineering, 2020;15(1):1-6.
[4]. H. Nemoto, D. Okamoto, X. Zhang, M. Sometani, M. Okamoto, T. Hatakeyama, S. Harada, N. Iwamuro, H. Yano, "Conduction Mechanisms Of Oxide Leakage Current In P-Channel 4h-Sic Mosfets", Jpn. J. Applied Phys., 2020;59(4):044003.
[5]. R.K. Chanana, K. Mcdonald, M. Diventra, S.T. Pantelides, L.C. Feldman, G.Y. Chung, C.C. Tin, J.R. Williams, R.A. Weller, "Fowler-Nordheim Hole Tunnelling In P-Sic/Sio2, Structures", Appl. Phys. Letts. 2000;77(16):2560-2562

ABSTRACT: It Is Proposed That "Yangton And Yington Bubbles", A Temporary Yangton And Yington Particle Pair With Inter-Attractive Force Of Creation, Are The Building Blocks Of Space. Also, "Wu's Pairs", A Permanent Yangton And Yington Particle Pair With Inter-Attractive Force Of Creation Circulating Against Each Other On An Orbit, Are The Building Blocks Of Matter. As Yangton And Yington Bubbles Are Created From None, And Wu's Pairs Are Produced From Yangton And Yington Bubbles, Both Corresponding Space And Energy Are Cogenerated In Order To Keep Yangton And Yington Bubbles And Wu's Pairs In A Corresponding Space And Stay At A Corresponding Energy State Resulting From.....

Keywords: Space, Energy, Matter, Time, Big Bang, Singularity, Subatomic Particles, Wu's Pairs, Yangton And Yington Bubbles, Five Principles Of The Universe, Yangton And Yington Theory, String Theory, Unified Field Theory, Dark Matter

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu. "What If God's Particles Does Exist And How Do They Build The Universe." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics
(IOSR-JAP), 13(6), 2021, Pp. 26-41.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington–A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015,
Article ID Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures And Unified Field Theory Based On Yangton And Yington Hypothetical
Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, Pp. 165-171. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp. 20150404.13.
[4]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521672295.
[5]. Beyond Art: A Third Culture Page 199. Compare Uniform Field Theory.

ABSTRACT: In the present work nanoparticles of magnesium nickel zinc Ferrite (Mg0.6-xNixZn0.4Fe2O4) for x = 0.3 was synthesized by sol-gel auto combustion method. Prepared sample were sintered at different temperature viz 1500C, 3000C and 4500C. Formation of single phase cubic spinel structure without addition of other peaks was confirmed from XRD data. Infrared spectra was recorded at room temperature for different wave numbers ranging from 250 – 500 cm-1. Surface morphology of sintered sample was studied using SEM. The magnetic properties of prepared sample at different sintering temperature were studied using VSM. Chemical composition for prepared sample was confirmed by using EDAX.

[1]. S. Kumar, V. Singh, S. Agarwal, U. Mandal, R. Kotnala, Mater. Sci. Eng. B 166 (2010) 76
[2]. B.P. Rao, A.M. Kumar, K.H. Rao, Y.L.N. Murthy, O.F. Caltun, I. Dumitru, L. Spinu, J. Optoelectric. Adv. Mater. 8 (2006) 1703
[3]. U.R. Lima, M.C. Nasar, R.S. Nasar, M.C. Rezende, J.H. Arajo, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320 (2008) 1666.
[4]. C. Washburn, J. Jorne, S. Kurinec, Key Eng. Mater. 314 (2006) 127
[5]. M. Jalaly, M.H. Enayati, F. Karimazadeh, P. Kameli, Powder Technol. 193 (2009)

ABSTRACT: In this study, we present efficient truncated apertures for modulating the Point Spread Function (PSF) of an optical system. The selected amount of apodization, along with the value of the truncated parameter, has demonstrated significant improvements in the resolution of the optical system compared to clear circular apertures. Through careful optimization of the apodization process, we were able to tailor the PSF intensity distribution, leading to increased resolution. These findings have promising implications for enhancing
image quality and resolving finer details in various imaging applications.

Key words: Point Spread Function (PSF), truncated apertures, Optical system, Apodization, optical side lobes, Resolution, Image quality

[1]. Andhra Naresh Kumar Reddy, Ramprasad Lachimala, Mahdiesh Hashemi, Dasari Karuna Sagar, Truncated Apodizers For Engineering The Point Spread Function Of Optical Systems,
Https://Ieeexplore.Ieee.Org/Xpl/Conhome/9648913/Proceeding
[2]. Naresh Kumar Reddy, S.N. Khonina, "Apodization For Improving The Two-Point Resolution Of Coherent Optical Systems With Defect Of Focus," Appl. Phys. B, Vol. 124:229, Pp. 1-9, November 2018
[3]. Naresh Kumar Reddy, M. Hashemi, And D. Karuna Sagar, "Effects Of Aberrations On The Point Spread Function And The Two-Point Resolution With Versatile Apodization Pupils," Pramana – J. Phys., Vol. 94:145, Pp.1-10, October 2020.
[4]. L. N. Hazra, P. K. Purkait, And M. De ' Apodization Of Aberrated Pupils' Canadian Journal Of Physics September 1979
[5]. L Cheng1 And G G Siu1 'Asymmetric Apodization 'Measurement Science And Technology, Volume 2, Number 3 DOI 10.1088/0957-0233/2/3/002

ABSTRACT: The images of a straight edge produced by an optical system with a circular aperture and apodized with several filters under coherent light have been explored. The edge-ringing issue is the most typical one with coherent imaging systems. Variable apodization method has been proposed to reduce edge-ringing. Edge-ringing values are assessed when image intensity distribution curves are produced. The outcomes of single, double, and triple filtering are contrasted with those of the airy situation.

[1]. T. Asakura And T. Araki, "Apodization In Coherent Image Formation," Optik, Vol. 46, No. 4, Pp. 365–375, 1976
[2]. P. K. Mondal, K. Prabhakar Rao, And S. Subramayam, "A Unified Review Of Phase Contrast, Dark-Ground And Annular Imaging Techniques," Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, Vol. 35, No.4, Pp. 527–540, 1980
[3]. R. Barakat, "Solution Of The Luneberg Apodization Problems,"The Journal Of The Optical Society Of America, Vol. 52, No. 3, Pp.264–272, 1964. Papoulis, A., "Systems And Transforms With Applications In Optics", (Mcgraw-Hill, Usa) P.442, (1968).
[4]. D. Parthasaradhi, K. Prabhakar Rao, And P. K. Mondal, "Variable Apodization Of Apertures With Straudel Class Of Pupil Functions,"Atti Della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi, Vol. 34, No. 3, P. 244, 1979.
[5]. Asakura And Araki, Optika, 46, 365 (1976)

ABSTRACT: Recently, in the era of the 4th Industrial Revolution, the educational field of 3D printers is in- creasing, and the demand for 3D printers for home use is also increasing. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) are representative 3D printer's output methods, but the FDM method, which uses filaments as the main material, is inexpensive and convenient to use, so it is widely used for home and education. However, this method tends to waste the amount of filament used due to the support during output, and the problem of long output time has not been solved yet, so there is a need to improve this. This study proposes a "non-support output system" technology by designing several models that can be output without a support through simulation......

[1]. B. P´Erez, H. Nykvist, A. F. Brøgger, M. B. Larsen, And M. F. Falkeborg, Impact Of Macronutrients Printability And 3d-Printer Parameters On 3d-Food Printing: A Review, Food Chemistry 287, 249 (2019).
[2]. C. Schubert, M. C. Van Langeveld, And L. A. Donoso, Innovations In 3d Printing: A 3d Overview From Optics To Organs, British Journal Of Ophthalmology 98, 159 (2014).
[3]. N. Shahrubudin, T. C. Lee, And R. Ramlan, An Overview On 3d Printing Technology: Technological, Materials, And Applications, Procedia Manufacturing 35, 1286 (2019).
[4]. D. Roberson, D. Espalin, And R. Wicker, 3d Printer Selec- Tion: A Decision-Making Evaluation And Ranking Model, Virtual And Physical Prototyping 8, 201 (2013).
[5]. M. E. Mackay, Z. R. Swain, C. R. Banbury, D. D. Phan, And D. A. Edwards, The Performance Of The Hot End In A Plasticating 3d Printer, Journal Of Rheology 61, 229 (2017).

ABSTRACT: In paper the results of radiation monitoring of natural radionuclides on objects of the territory, technological equipment, raw materials samples, ready products of oil and gas production enterprises is date. The results of the study show that natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th and their fission products 214Bi, 214Pb, 228Ac are extracted from the earth's interior together with oil and gas condensate and accumulate in the form of radioactive salt deposits in the internal surfaces of closed technological equipment us tanks, separators, pipelines and metal scraps with total specific activity.....

[1]. Manahov D., Egorov Z. Formy Of Finding Radium-226 In Podsols Of Northeast Of Island Sakhalin In Zone Of Influence Oil Production Enterprises. Soil Science.2014; 6:744–749.
[2]. Saleh I. H., Othman I. M., Ghatass Z.F., Metwally M.A. Radiological Risk Assessment In A Type Of Complex Petroleum Refinery In Egypt. Arab J. Nucl. Sci. Appl.2018; 51(4): 31–43.
[3]. Bandong B.B., Kreek S.A., Bazan J.M., Torretto P.C., Dixon J.A., Edwards W.L., Guthrie E.B., Ruth M.A., Zaka F.A., Hall H.L. Validation Of A Gamma Spectrometric Method For The Measurement Of 226,228Ra In[4]. Environmental Media Relevant To The Offshore Oil And Gas Industry. J. Radioanalytical And Nuclear Chemistry,
2005; 264 (2): 429–435. [5]. Bakhur А., Manuilova L., Ivanova T., Zuev D., Gulinin A.. Method Of Definition Of Isotope Radium In Natural Waters With Use Low Beckround Alpha-Beta-Radiometer. Equipment And News Of Radiating Measurements. Moscow, 2005;4(43):21–24

ABSTRACT: This paper delves into the exploration of optical properties and phenomena observed in everyday materials and environments. It focuses specifically on their applications in a significant area: electrochromic thin films for electrochromic devices (ECDs). By conducting an extensive review of existing literature, the paper establishes crucial formulas and criteria for assessing material performance in both these applications. Furthermore, it carefully evaluates three different synthesis methods for electrochromic coatings to determine the most effective approach. WO3 is experimentally synthesised through electrodeposition method and characterised to provide a practical aspect and understanding for the study of electrochromism.

[1]. Hughes, Harold K. "Beer's Law And The Optimum Transmittance In Absorption Measurements." Applied Optics 2, No. 9 (1963): 937. Https://Doi.Org/10.1364/Ao.2.000937.
[2]. Info Note 804: UV-VIS Nomenclature And Units - Nanopartztm. Accessed July 10, 2023.
Https://Www.Nanopartz.Com/Pdfs/Info%20Notes/IN804%20UV-VIS%20Nomenclature%20and%20Units.Pdf.
[3]. Swinehart, D. F. "The Beer-Lambert Law." Journal Of Chemical Education 39, No. 7 (1962): 333.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1021/Ed039p333.
[4]. The Bouguer-Beer-Lambert Law: Shining Light On The Obscure. Accessed June 7, 2023.
Https://Chemistry-Europe.Onlinelibrary.Wiley.Com/Doi/10.1002/Cphc.202000464.
[5]. "Theory Of Absorbance ." Turner Designs. Accessed June 20, 2023. Http://Docs.Turnerdesigns.Com/T2/Doc/Appnotes/S-0075.Pdf.

ABSTRACT: It is proposed that Yangton and Yington Bubbles are the building blocks of Space and Wu's Pairs are the building blocks of Matter. It is also believed that not only Corresponding Spaces can be generated with Yangton and Yington Bubbles and Wu's Pairs, but also Corresponding Energy can be generated by the interaction between Force of Creation and the Corresponding Spaces created by Yangton and Yington Bubbles and Wu's Pairs. In addition, Time reflects the changes of distribution of energy and motion of matter. As a result, four elements of the universe....

Keywords: Space, Energy, Matter, Time, Big Bang, Singularity, Subatomic Particles, Wu's Pairs, Yangton and Yington Bubbles, Five Principles of the Universe, Yangton and Yington Theory, String Theory, Dark Matter, Singularity, Big Bang Explosion, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Principle of Parallelism, Cosmological Redshift, Hubble's Law, Universe Expansion and Earth Shrinkage.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu. "What If God's Particles Does Exist And How Do They Build The Universe." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 13(6), 2021, Pp. 26-41.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington–A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures And Unified Field Theory Based On Yangton And Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, Pp. 165-171. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp. 20150404.13.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Space And Dark Matter Made Of Yangton And Yington Bubbles." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 15(4), 2023, Pp. 06-13

ABSTRACT: A comparative study has been performed on the Vibrational Dynamics of the bio-polymers poly(L-Histidine) and poly(L-Glutamine). We have compared the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectra and the dispersion curves reported for these polymers which help us in comparing the amide modes of these polymers and a comparison of their density curves.

Keywords: poly(L-Histidine), poly(L-Glutamine), FT-IR Spectroscopy, Dispersion Curves, Amide Modes, Bio-Polymers..

[1]. Dvir T, Timko BP, Kohane DS, Langer R. Nanotechnological strategies for engineering complex tissues. Nat Nano. 2011;6(1):13-22.
[2]. Dhandayuthapani B, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Polymeric scaffolds in tissue engineering application: a review. Int J Polym Sci. 2011;2011.
[3]. Yin H, Chen X, Shu Y, et al. pH-Responsive polypeptide-based polymers for drug delivery. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2014;4(2):134-142.
[4]. Lee ES, Gao Z, Bae YH. Recent progress in tumor pH targeting nanotechnology. J Control Release. 2008;132(3):164-170.
[5]. Kwon IK, Lee SC, Han B, Park K. Analysis on the current status of targeted drug delivery to tumors. J Control Release. 2012;164(2):108-114.

ABSTRACT: Thermoelastic properties of semiconductor nanomaterials are directly connected with the isothermal equation of states (EOS). The EOS of a system establishes a relationship between thermodynamical variables at different pressures. In this paper, we have theoretically predicted th e val ue of bulk modulus, its first pressure derivative and the Grüneisen parameter ( γ ) for InP, InAs, and InSb under different compression values (V/V0). The analysis of pressure volume compression relationships revealed linear growth in pressure with compressi on, indicating nanocrystal contraction. The results of this study contribute valuable insights into nanomaterial mechanics, emphasizing the significance of EOS selection and compression range for accurate predictions in materials science applications..

Keywords : Equation of States EOSs )); Semiconductor Nanomaterials ; High pressure; Bulk modulus; Grüneisen parameter (γ)

[1]. C.B . Jeewan, K. Kholiya, and K. Ravindra . High Pressure Equation of State for Nanomaterials, Hindawi Publishing Corporation
ISRN Nanotechnology, Volume 2013, Article ID 404920, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/404920 ,(
[2]. S. Gitte, H. F. Christian , Steffen, Pagh A. Klaus , Kathe ,H. M. Sonja ,C. Frans . Occurrence and effects of nanosizedanatase titanium
dioxide in consumer products, Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 DK 1401 Copenhagen K
Denmark, ISBN no. 978 87 93283 02 2, www.mst.dk ,(
[3]. F.D. Stacey, Phys. Earth Planet. In. 89 (1995) 219
[4]. O.L. Anderson, Equation of State of Solids for Geophysics and Ceramic Science, Oxford University press, New York, 1995.
[5]. F.D. Stacey, B.J. Brennan, R.D. Irvine, Geophys. Surv. 4 (1981) 189..