IOSR-JAP   Volume-15 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. – Dec. 2023

ABSTRACT: The point spread function (PSF) produced by a coherent optical system under the influence of defocus, primary spherical aberration (PSA) and astigmatism is examined in this work. This paper discusses the use of amplitude apodization to mitigate the impact of monochromatic aberrations on the diffracted Point Spread Function (PSF). It effectively conveys the main idea of the paper's focus on using amplitude apodization to address the influence of monochromatic aberrations on the diffracted Point Spread Function (PSF). We computed the central peak intensity and Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) and then analyzed the results. The resolution of a diffraction-limited optical imaging system can be improved by using a symmetric optical filter to minimize the impact of defocus.

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ABSTRACT: Silver nanoparticles have been fabricated by a variety of techniques. The green synthesis process presents several benefits, such as cost-effectiveness and simplicity in production, as well as the potential to eliminate chemical waste. Microwave assistance has the potential to speed up the green synthesis process. The present study successfully conducted a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing Citrus sinensis peel extract with the help of microwaves at a power of 300W for 5 minutes. Silver nanoparticle colloids were prepared using varying precursor concentrations, specifically 1 mM and 50 mM. The UV-Vis analysis results indicate that the peak wavelength of silver nanoparticles is 404 nm at a concentration of 1 mM, and 416 nm at a concentration of 50 mM. The TEM analysis results indicate that both samples have an average diameter of 10.6 and 11.8 nm, respectively

Keywords: Silver nanoparticles, citrus sinensis, green synthesis, microwave-assisted irradiation.

[1] S. A. Polash, N. Y. Nadaf, A. Rahman, and A. M. Shohael, "Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles ( AgNPs ): Agricultural Applications and Future Vision," J. Biodivers. Environ. Sci., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 35–57, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://innspub.net/jbes/green-synthesis-silver-nanoparticles-agnps-agricultural-applications-future-vision/
[2] S. P. A. N. K. PATEL, "a Review on Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles - a Green Expertise," Life Sci. Leafl., vol. 4297, pp. 16–24, 2021.
[3] N. Saleh and Z. Yousaf, Tools and techniques for the optimized synthesis, reproducibility and scale up of desired nanoparticles from plant-derived material and their role in pharmaceutical properties. Elsevier Inc., 2017. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-813629-4.00003-6.
[4] A. Khumaeni, M. Z. Alhamid, C. Anam, and A. Budiono, "Synthesis of Colloidal Silver, Platinum, and Mixture of Silver-Platinum Nanoparticles Using Pulsed Laser Ablation as a Contrast Agent in Computed Tomography," Iran. J. Med. Phys., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 49–57, 2022, doi: 10.22038/IJMP.2021.51781.1849.
[5] S. Mamdouh, A. Mahmoud, A. Samir, M. Mobarak, and T. Mohamed, "Using femtosecond laser pulses to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of silver nanoparticles colloids in distilled water synthesized by laser ablation," Phys. B Condens. Matter, vol. 631, no. February, p. 413727, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2022.413727.

ABSTRACT: This experiment focuses on novel ways of optimizing the microwave-based nanoparticle formation process and using the juice of citrus aurantifolia as a reducing, stabilizing, and capping agent. For the synthesis process, citrus aurantifolia juice and a 1:5 volume ratio of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution were utilized. Investigations were conducted into the effects of power and time on AgNP production. The dark brown colored biogenic synthesized silver nanoparticles are characterized using UV-Vis. spectroscopy, and XRD. The optimal duration for microwaving citrus....

Key Word: Cirus aurantifolia juice, Silver nanoparticle

[1]. A Thanasakonpong, B Ksapabutr and M Panapoy. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of mint leaves.Materials Science and Engineering. 2023.1280.
[2]. V. N. Anjana, Majo Joseph, Sijo Franchis, Alex Joseph, Ebey P. Koshy, and Beena Mathew.Microwave-assisted green synthesis of silver nanoparticles for optical, catalytic, biological, and electrochemical applications.Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology.2021;49(1):438-449
[3]. Hamouda HI, Abdel-Ghafar HM, Mahmoud MHH.Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications, J Environ Chem Eng. 2015;2(1):1-11
[4]. W. B. Ayinde, W. M. Gitari, Amidou Samile.Optimization of microwave-assisted synthesis of silver nanoparticle by Citrus paradisi peel and its application against pathogenic water strain, Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews. 2019; 12(3):225-234.
[5]. Thomas, B., Prasad, A., dan Vithiya, S.M.Evaluation Of Antioxidant, Antibacterial And Photo Catalytic Effect Of Silver Nanoparticles From Methanolic Extract Of Coleus Vettiveroids – An Endemic Species, Journal Nanostruct. 2018;8(2): 179-190

ABSTRACT: In this study, we report the synthesis of nanocomposite material composed of zinc tungstate (ZnWO4) and Hydroxyapatite (HAp/ZnWO4) nanocomposite by a simple hydrothermal method. The prepared nanocomposites have been characterized by XRD, FESEM, HRTEM, EDX analysis, photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Prominent band edge emission of HAp-ZnWO4 nanorods observed from PL confirmed the significant reduction in photogenerated charge carriers with doping of donor impurities. The higher activity of HAp/ZnWO4 nanorods compared HAp may be due to their enlarged surface area which enhances the photogeneration of active OH- radicals in water. The as-synthesized g-C3N4/ZnWO4 nanocomposite were analyzed its antibacterial properties against Gram-positive and Gram-negative clinical pathogens like E.coli and S.aures bacterial strain.

[1]. Ding, W, Wu, X & Lu, Q 2019, 'Structure And Photocatalytic Activity Of Thin-Walled Cuwo4 Nanotubes: An Experimental And DFT Study', Mater. Lett, Vol. 253, Pp. 323-326.
[2]. Dong, P, Hou, G, Xi, X, Shao, R & Dong, F 2017, 'WO3-Based Photocatalysts: Morphology Control, Activity Enhancement And Multifunctional Applications', Environ. Sci. Nano. Vol. 4, Pp. 539-557.
[3]. El-Khatib, M, Doma, AS, Abo-Zaid, GA, Badawi, MS, Mohamed, MM & Mohamed, AS 2020, 'Antibacterial Activity Of Some Nanoparticles Prepared By Double Arc Discharge Method', Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects, Vol. 23, P. 100473.
[4]. Huang, K, Hong, Y, Yan, X, Huang, C, Chen, J, Chena, M, Shia, W & Liu, C 2016, 'Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Hap/Cdwo4 Nanocomposite And Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity For Tetracycline Degradation Under Visible Light', Cryst. Eng. Comm. Vol. 18, Pp.6453–6463.
[5]. Kolahalam, LA, Viswanath, IK, Diwakar, BS, Govindh, B, Reddy, VY & Murthy, LN 2019, 'Review On Nanomaterials: Synthesis And Applications', Mater. Today: Proc. Vol. 18, Pp. 2182-2190.

ABSTRACT: In this article, the validation of the Equivalence of Information flow and Energy is provided step by step. First, the validation of the Equivalence of Information flow and Time [1] is carried out and then the validation of Equivalence of Energy and Time [2] is carried out. The validation of the Equivalence of Information flow and Energy then results automatically. In this way, the validation of Information flow and Time and the validation of Energy and Time are carried out at the same time

Keywords: Information flow, Energy, Validation, indirect confirmation, age of the universe, dark energy.

[1] JÖGE F.M.: Equivalence Of Information Flow And Time. OSP Journal Of Physics And Astronomy October 30, 2022
[2] JÖGE F.M.:Equivalence Of Energy And Time. International Journal Of Physics And Astronomy June 2022, Vol.10, No.1, Pp.1-2
[3] JÖGE F.M.: Information & Effect: An Introduction To The Concept Of Immanence As A Physical Quantity. Scientific GOD Journal, December 2018, Volume 9, Issue 8, Pp.598-613
[4] PAGEL L.: Information Is Energy. Definition Of A Physically Based Concept Of Information Springer Vieweg Wiesbaden 21.Juni 2023.

ABSTRACT: A series of ZnAl2-yCeyO4 (y = 0.0 - 0.10) ceramics were prepared by using microwave-hydrothermal method at 200°C /60 min. The ceramic powders were conventionally sintered at 1250°C/4 h. All of the samples have a cubic crystal structure and belong to the space group Fd-3m. The lattice constant (a) linearly increased from 8.085 Å (y = 0.0) to 8.404Å (y = 0.10).The average crystallite size (<D>) in the range of 61 – 90 nm. The FESEM images show irregular morphology and non-distribution of grains.The Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) shows tetrahedral and octahedral absorption bands in the region, 411 - 431 cm-1 and 497 – 649 cm-1, respectively. The UV-vis spectra shows that the bandgap energy (Eg) value is decreased from 3.51 eV (y = 0.0) to 4.11 eV (y = 0.10) with Ce3+ doping. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the valence states of Zn, Al, Ce and O.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, microwave- hydrothermal method, X-ray diffraction, XPS, Energy band gap.

[1]. N.J. Van Der Laag, M.D. Snel, P.C.M.M. Magusin, G. De With, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 (2004) 2417.
[2]. G. Baldinozzi, D. Simeone, D. Gosset, S. Surble, L. Mazerolles, L. Thome, Nuclear Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 266 (2008) 2848.
[3]. Z. Lou, J. Hao, Appl. Phys. A 80 (2005) 151.
[4]. P. Latha, K. Prakash, S. Karuthapandian, Adv. Powder Technol. 28 (2017) 2903.
[5]. R. Ma, S. Zhanga, T. Wen, P. Gu, L. Li, G. Zhao, F. Niu, Q. Huang, Z. Tang, X. Wang, Catal. Today 335 (2019) 20.

ABSTRACT: According to Standard Model, quarks and gluons are subatomic particles derived from a mathematical model based on quantum field theory and Yang Mills Theory. In contrast, based on the Yangton and Yington Theory, all subatomic particles are composed of string structures made of Wu's Pairs, the building blocks of the universe. In this paper, it is proposed that quarks are composed of three twisted strings made of positron, electron and graviton which can very well explain that up quark has 2/3 charge and down quark has -1/3 charge. In addition, with the directions of up quark and down quark of string structures, eight gluons can be formed in one to one correspondence to the gluons of Standard Model having up quarks and down quarks of red, blue and green colors.

Keywords: Subatomic Particle, Standard Model, Wu's Pairs, Yangton and Yington, String Theory, Quark.

[1]. "Subatomic Particle" Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
[2]. R. Oerter (2006). The Theory Of Almost Everything: The Standard Model, The Unsung Triumph Of Modern Physics (Kindle Ed.). Penguin Group. P. 2. Isbn 0-13-236678-9. [3]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington - A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015, Article Id Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242.
[4]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press Isbn 0521672295.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures And Unified Field Theory Based On Yangton And Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, Pp. 165-171. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp. 20150404.13.

ABSTRACT: A biggest challenge for today's astrophysicist is to solve the mystery of primordial evolution of the universe. This is also known as belongs to Planck's era. In this stage space-time singularity and inflationary phase all occur when universe was just of the size 10-5m. All this evolution occurs in a tiny fraction of a second. This description is made by joining the cosmological principle of isotropy and homogeneity, the Hubble law, and the Einstein's field equations of General Relativity in the Big Bang Theory or Standard Cosmological Model (SCM). The SCM...

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ABSTRACT: This article investigated the effect of processing the iron doped Zinc Sulphide(ZnS) thin films deposited on glass substrates via successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) . The doping with iron ions were done at different concentrations (x = 0.05, 0.03 and 0.02). The resulting iron Zinc sulphide thin films were annealed between 283K and 500K.
The percentage elemental composition studies were performed by Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS) Analysis. The Uv-visible studies were done using spectrometer in the Technical University, Ibadan. The direct band gap varied from 4.81eV...

Keywords: iron-Zinc Sulphide; concentration of iron ions; SILAR; band gap

[1]. Bala, E.J., Ojosu, J.O., And Umar, I.H., Government Policies And Programmes On The Development Of Solar PV Sub-Sector In Nigeria.(2008) Nigeria Journal Of Renewable Energy, 8(1 And 2): 1-6
[2]. Agbo, P. E. And Nnabuchi, M. N. (2011). Core-Shell Tio2/Zno Thin Film: Preparation, Characterization And Effect Of Temperature On Some Selected Properties, Chalcogenide Letters, 8(4), 273-278.
[3]. Whitefield, D. (2000). Solar Dryer System And The Internet Important Resources To Improve Food Preparation. A Paper Presented At International Conference On Solar Cooking, Kimberly, South Africa, And 24th June, 2000.
[4]. Augustine, C., Nnabuchi, M.N., Anyaegbunam, F.N.C And Nwachukwu, A.N. (2017). Study Of The Effects Of Thermal Annealing On Some Selected Properties Of Heterojunctionpbs-Nio Core-Shell Thin Film, Digest Journal Of Nanomaterials And Biostructures, 12(2), 523-531.
[5]. Nwoke, O. O., Okonkwo, W. I. And Oparaku, O. U. (2008). Solar Energy Use In Nigeria: Constraints And Possible Solutions. Nigeria Journal Of Solar Energy, 19(1), 90-93

ABSTRACT: The doping effect of iron on copper sulphide(CuS) thin films deposited on glass substrates via successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) Technique in alkaline medium annealed between 283K and 500K was investigated. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) Analysis and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were studied to determine the structure and morphology respectively for use in poultry farms in (Asa Road) Ishiagu- Ebonyi State. The XRD showed PbS thin films being cubic and crystalline nanoparticles. The transmittance was high and the absorbance low.

Keywords: Doping: lead sulphide structure; XRD studies; SEM Analysis

[1]. Adegbenro, O. (2011). Challenges And Prospect Of Energy Efficiency And Conservation. Journal Of Energy Policy, Research And Development, 1(1) , 104-110.
[2]. Akujor, C (1988): Energy Technology, Summer Educational Publishers (Nig.) Limited, Onitsha..1,4-6
[3]. Allah, F.K., Abe, S.Y., Nunez, C.M., Khe A., Cattin, I., Morsli, M., Berned, J.C., Bougrine, A., Del Valle, M. A. And Diaz, F. (2007) Characterization Of Porous Doped Zno Thin Films Deposited By Spray Pyrolysis Technique, Journal Of Applied Surface Science 253, 9241 - 9242
[4]. Bala, E.J., Ojosu, J.O., And Umar, I.H., Government Policies And Programmes On The
[5]. Development Of Solar PV Sub-Sector In Nigeria.(2008) Nigeria Journal Of Renewable Energy, 8(1 And 2): 1-6..

ABSTRACT: This research investigated the variations in atmospheric and solar radiation parameters in Portharcourt, Nigeria, focusing on the periods before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown exploring how changes in human activities and reduced anthropogenic emissions during the lockdown may have influenced the atmospheric conditions and solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The study compared the variation of solar radiation and atmospheric parameters in Portharcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria before, during, and after the COVID-19 (2019, 2020, and 2021) lockdown. Data was obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Center (NIMET) in Abuja and MINITAB's time series method and procedures were used to analyze the data. Results showed that Portharcourt witnessed......

Keywords: Solar radiation, atmospheric parameters, COVID – 19, lockdown and Portharcourt.

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[2] Moriarty, P. and Honnery, D. (2016). Can Renewable Energy Power the Future? Final Version Published in Energy Policy. 93 (1), 3-7.
[3] Hansen, J., Sato, M., Kharecha, P., Von Schuckmann, K., Beerling, D. J., Cao, J., ... & Ruedy, R. (2017). Young people's burden: requirement of negative CO 2 emissions. Earth System Dynamics, 8(3), 577-616. [4] Abdulaziz, T. (2021). Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols over Cape Town: Role of Biomass Burning. Journal of Geophysical Research. 34, 1-4.
[5] Meszaros, E. (2000). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Aerosols Chemistry. Akademiai Kiado. 308, ISBN: 9630576246

ABSTRACT: Abstract Recently Giorgio Toro did an experiment on a pendulum clock made of different metals and had found that the fixed mass pendulums at 90o to the swing plane had slower clock rates than those parallel to the swing plane. These results can be explained nicely by vertical dynamic gravitational force and Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory. Because of the large projection cross area of the fixed mass pendulum at 90o to the swing plane, the vertical dynamic remote gravitational force is larger. Therefore, the total graviton bombardment is bigger such that the clock rate is slower (Gravitational Time Dilation) based on Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory. This experiment also gives an indirect proof to the existence of static and dynamic graviton fluxes based on Yangton and Yington Theory.

Keywords: Graviton, Graviton Force, Graviton Radiation, Graviton Flux, Static Graviton Flux, Dynamic Graviton Flux, Remote Gravitational Force, Effective Graviton Flux, Effective Remote Gravitational Force. Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Pendulum Clock.

[1]. Giorgio Toro, Https://Www.Academia.Edu/104230456 /Inertia_And_Shape.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Graviton Bombardment, Static And Dynamic Graviton Fluxes And Their Effects On Space, Time, Light And Properties Of Objects And Events." IOSR Journal Of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 15(2), 2023, Pp. 16-25.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton And Yington - A Hypothetical Theory Of Everything", Science Journal Of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID Sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, Doi: 10.7237/Sjp/242.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures And Unified Field Theory Based On Yangton And Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, Pp. 165-171. Doi: 10.11648/J.Ajmp. 20150404.13.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Gravitational Waves, Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation And Coulomb's Law Of Electrical Forces Interpreted By Particle Radiation And Interaction Theory Based On Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal Of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, Pp. 20-24. Doi:10.11648/J.Ajmp.20160502.11.

ABSTRACT: In order to address the growing demand for clean, fresh water for industrial or domestic use, a geophysical survey utilizing the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and laboratory technique was conducted to assess groundwater potential and vulnerability of Makurdi North Central Nigeria's North Bank Areas. Fifteen (15) VES in all were conducted using four to five geoelectric layers, with five layer types appearing most frequently in the fourth layer, which is the aquifer zone. The aquifer's thickness and resistivity range from 7.70 to 155.60 m and 20.80 to 209.60 m, respectively, with an average value of 44.47 m and 93.34 m. With an average value of 0.65 Ω-1, 4618.51....

Keywords: Intrathecal; Bupivacaine; Buprenorphine; Nalbuphine; Postoperative analgesia.

[1]. Arulbalaji P, Padmalal D, Sreelash K. GIS And AHP Techniques Based Delineation Of Groundwater Potential Zones: A Case Study From Southern Western Ghats, India. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9.
[2]. Gleeson T, Cuthbert MO, Ferguson GA, Perrone D. Global Groundwater Sustainability, Resources, And Systems In The Anthropocene. Annual Review Of Earth And Planetary Sciences. 2019
[3]. Edet A, Okereke CS. Hydrogeologic Framework Of The Shallow Aquifers In The Ikom – Mamfe Embayment, Nigeria Using An Integrated Approach. Journal Of African Earth Sciences. 2014; 92:25 – 44.
[4]. Perdomo S, Ainchoil JE, And Kruse E. Hydraulic Parameters Estimation From Well Logging Resistivity And Geoelectrical Measurements. Journal Of Applied Geophysics, 2014; 105:50 – 58
[5] Anomoharan O. Assessment Of Groundwater Potential And Aquifer Characteristics In The Vicinity Of Igun, Eku And Oria In Delta State, Nigeria. Journal Of Water Resources And Protection 2014; (6):731 – 740.