IOSR-JAP   Volume-16 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2024

ABSTRACT: As demand for solar PV modules steadily increases studies on cheaper alternative TCO materials, with low resistivity and high transmittances in the visible spectrum to replace ITO are been undertaken. Among TCO materials considered as alternative to Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is Cd2SnO4, owing to its availability in large quantities at relatively lower costs. Studies on optical properties of N2 and F2 doped Cd2SnO4 films have revealed increased transmittance 99%, and reduced band gap 3.3 eV. On the other hand Fe doped films have been observed to exhibit higher refractive indices, extinction and absorption coefficients with lower transmittance and optical band gap.....

Keywords: Zinc- doped Cadmium Stannate, Optical and Structural properties, Annealing temperature

[1] Adel, H., Omran, A., Imad, A., Disher A., Oday, A.& Chichan A. (2014).Annealing Effect On The Structural And Optical Properties Of Solgel Deposited Nanocrystalline Cdo Thin Films. 34 (1), 2014.
[2] Ahmed, S., Ahmad, M., Babu, S. & Saiqa, I. (2016). Green Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Azadirachta Indica Aqueus Leaf Extract. Journal Of Radiation Researchand Apllied Sciences. 9 (1), 1-7.
[3] Ali, N., Ahmed, R., Shaari, A., Rahim, I., Shah, M., Hussain, A., Ahmad, N. & Abbas, S., M. (2014). Annealing Effects On The Structural And Optical Properties Of Thermally Deposited Tin Antimony Sulfide Thin Films .Brazilian Journal Of Physics, 44 (6), 733-738.
[4] Alnaimi, M. & Al-Dileamy, N. (2007). Determination Of Optical Constants Of Cadmium Stannate Films. Doha: University Of Qatar.
[5] Andreas, S. (2012). Transparent Conducting Oxides: An Up-To-Date Overview. Materials, 5, 661-683.

ABSTRACT: The present manuscript is to provide information about the preparation, and identification of the glassy nature, primary physical parameters, and structural studies of the effect of Mn2+ on K2B4O7 -TeO2 and Li2B4O7-TeO2 MnO[LTM] glasses. The glasses of thickness around 1 mm were obtained by the melt quenching method. These glasses are transparent enough to recognize them as glassy species but their amorphous nature was scientifically identified with peak-free XRD spectra. Several properties like density, molar volume, optical absorption, FTIR, Raman, and EPR spectra.....

Keywords: Density, Molar volume, XRD, FTIR, Raman and EPR

[1] B.S. Chary, A. Balakrishna, B. Srinivas, K.C. Sekhar, A. Hameed, M. Shareefuddin, Impact Of Baf2 On Physical And Spectroscopic Studies Of Teo2-Li2b4o7 Glasses Modified With Cu2+ Ions, Opt. Mater. 137 (2023) 113517.
[2] S. Ghosh, A. Ghosh, Ion Dynamics In Mixed Alkali Cadmium Fluoride Glasses, J. Chem. Phys. 121 (2004) 9611–9616,
Https://Doi.Org/10.1063/1.1806813.
[3] S. Sanghi, S. Sindhu, A. Agarwal, V.P. Seth, Physical, Optical And Electrical Properties Of Calcium Bismuth Borate Glasses, Radiat. Eff. Defect Solid 159 (2004) 369–379.
[4] B. Srinivas, K.M. Katubi, A. Bhogi, S. Ahammed, T. V Surendra, A. Hameed, M. Shareefuddin, M.S. Al-Buriahi, Synthesis, Optical, And Spectroscopic Studies Of Bismuth Boro-Tellurite Glass System Containing Bao And V2o5, Opt. Quant. Electron. 56 (2024) 1–23.
[5] K.C. Sekhar, B. Kavitha, N. Narsimlu, V. Sathe, M.A. Alothman, I.O. Olarinoye, M. S. Al-Buriahi, M. Shareefuddin, Enhancement....

ABSTRACT: Take up some examples of multi-valued structure of the governing Hamiltonians namely, the branched Hamiltonians are explored, as recently advocated by Shapere and Wilczek. These are in fact cases of switchback potential, in the continuous interpolation of discrete time dynamical systems that exhibit chaotic behaviour enabling incorporation of a canonical quasi-Hamiltonian formalism.

Keywords: Branched Hamiltonian, nonstandard Lagrangian, multi-valued, quantum

[1] C. M. Bender, P. E. Dorey, C. Dunning, A. Fring, D. W. Hook, H. F. Jones, S. Kuzhel, G. Levai, And R. Tateo, Pt Symmetry: In Quantum And Classical Physics, World Scientific, Singapore.
[2] B. P. Mandal, B. K. Mourya, K. Ali And A. Ghatak, Ann. Phys. 363, 185 (2015).
[3] A. Shapere And F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 200402 (2012).
[4] A. Shapere And F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 160402 (2012).
[5] F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 160401 (2012).

ABSTRACT: The point spread function of a complex three-zone pupil function is analyzed in the presence of primary spherical aberration and defocus. The second zone is phase-shifted by -π/5, and the third zone by +π/7. Apodization is applied using three filters: a Bartlett amplitude filter for the inner zone, a shaded amplitude filter for the second zone, and a Hanning amplitude filter for the third zone. The primary goal is to enhance the central maximum's intensity, eliminate side lobes, and reduce the radius of the first dark ring. A notable increase in the central maximum occurs when the apodization parameter is set to β = 1.0, and minimized the first dark ring's radius under high spherical aberration and defocus.

[1] Jacqui Not, P. Roizen-Dossier, B. Apodization. Progress In Optics, 1964. - Vol.3. – P. 29-32.
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[4] Barakat, R. Solution To The Lunenberg Apodization Problems. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1962. – Vol.52. – P. 264- 272.
[5] Khonina, Sn. Ustinov, Av., And Pelevina, Ea. Analysis Of Wave Aberration Influence On Reducing The Focal Spot Size In A Highaperture

ABSTRACT: Glass of the system:(30-x)P2O5:10ZnO:10Li2O:10Na2O:10BaO:10CaO:10Al2O3: 10Y2O3: x Nd2O3. (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. (where x=1,1.5 and 2 mol%) have been prepared by melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Optical absorption, Excitation, fluorescence and Raman spectra have been recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4 and 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross–section of various emission lines have been evaluated.

Keywords: YZLSBCAP Glasses, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Raman Spectra.

[1]. Ahmadi,F.,Mallawany,R.El.,Papanikolaou,S.,Asteris,P.G(2024). Prediction of optical properties of rare-earth doped phosphate glasses using gene expression programming, Scientifc Reports, 14:15505.
[2]. Meena, S.L. (2024).Spectral and Thermal analysis of praseodymium doped bismuth borate glasses for thermionic applications. IOSR J.Appl.Phys.16,20-27.
[3]. Zhou,L.,Zhu,Z.(2021).Magneto-optical and luminescent properties of Tb3+ ions doped GBPZ magneto-optical glass,J.Non-Cryst.Solids,574,121165.
[4]. Li,H.,Zou,H.,Sun,Z.,Xu,Y.,Wang,C.,Xie,X.,Yi,J.,Zhao,F.(2022).Spectroscopic and Surface crystallization characterizations of yttrium doped phosphate glasses,Crystals,12,109,1-9
[5]. Dogan,A.,Erden,M.,Esmer,K.,Eryurek,G.(2021).Upconversion luminescence and temperature sensing characteristics of Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurite glasses,J.Non-Cryst.Solids,571,121055.

ABSTRACT: Ytterbium zinc lithium lead alumino antimony borophosphate glasses containing Er3+ in (25-x)P2O5: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10PbO: 10Al2O3: 10Sb2O3: 10Y2O3: 15B2O3: Er2O3 (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies. Optical absorption, excitation Spectrum and fluorescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4, 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross–section of various emission lines have been evaluated.

Keywords: YZLLAABP Glasses, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Rare earth ions.

[1]. S.L.Meena,Structural, physical and optical properties of Pr3+ doped in bismuth borate glasses, Appl.Phys A 130:404(2024).
[2]. S.Mao,C.Ta,H.Wen,R.A.Talewar,Optical properties of 40ZnO-40P2O5-x(10Li2O-10Nb2O5-0.2Pr3+) glass, Results Opt.12,100429(2023).
[3]. P.P.Pawar,S.R.Munishwar,R.S.Gendam,Physical and Optical properties of Dy3+/Pr3+ co-doped lithium borate glasses for W-LED,J.Alloys-Compd.660,347-355(2016).
[4]. R.Kumar,R.B.Rakesh,S.G.Mhatre,V.Bhatia,D.Kumar,H.Singh,S.P.Singh,A.Kumar,Thermolunescence,structural and optical properties of Ce3+ doped borosilicate glasses.J. Mater Sci.Mater Electron, 32, 18381-18396(2021).
[5]. M.A.Khan, R.J.Amjad, M.A.Ahmad, A.Sattar, S.Hussain, S.Yasmeen, M.R.Dousti, Structural and optical study of erbium doped borophosphate glass. Optic, 206, 16370(2020).

ABSTRACT: Glass sample of yttrium zinc lithium lead sodium alumino borotellurite (25-x) TeO2:10ZnO:10Li2O:10PbO:10Na2O:10Al2O3:10Y2O3:15B2O3:xDy2O3. (wherex=1,1.5 and 2 mol%) have been prepared by melt-quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the prepared glass samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Optical absorption, excitation spectrum and fluorescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4 and 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross–section of various emission lines have been evaluated.

Keywords: YZLLSABT Glasses, Thermal Analysis, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Thermal properties

[1]. H.M.Zakaly,A.S.Abouhaswa,S.A.M.Issa,M.Y.A.Mostafa,M.Pyshkina,Optical and nuclear radiation shielding properties of zinc borate glasses doped with lanthanum oxide,J.Lumin.543,120151(2020).
[2]. S.L.Meena, Structural,physical and optical properties of Pr3+ doped in bismuth borate glasses,Appl. Phys. A,130:404,1-12(2024).
[3]. I. Kashif ,A. Ratep, S.Ahmed, Spectroscopic properties of lithium borate glass containing Sm3+ and Nd3+ ions, Int. J. of Adv. in App. Sci. 9( 3), 211-219(2020).
[4]. A.S.Abouhaswa,Y.S.Rammah,S.E.Ibrahim,A.A.El-Hamalaway, Structural,optical and electrical characterization of borate glasses doped with SnO2,J.Lumin.494,59-65(2018).
[5]. P.S.Wong,M.H.Hussin,Lintang,H.O.Lintang,S.Endud, Structural and luminescence studies of europium ions in lithium aluminium borophosphate glasses,J. Rare Earth 32,585-592(2014).

ABSTRACT: Recently, detection of giant (1017 to 1020eV ) and super giant ( Ep >1020 eV ) air showers is gaining importance as the investigation of EAS in these energy ranges is expected to give necessary information on characteristics of high energy nuclear interactions in one hand and for solving the astrophysical problem of Cosmic Ray origin , beyond the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin cut-off energy near 1020 eV. Due to the very low Cosmic Ray flux in the UHE range ( > 1017 eV ) direct measurement by balloons or satellites are not possible. The experimental approach realized conventionally uses extended ground-based installations catching data of the induced air showers . An alternative approach is to use a low cost particle detector array called mini-array for detecting.....

Keywords: Extensive air showers, Ultra high energy, PMT, DSO, GPIB

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