IOSR-JAP   Volume-4 ~ Issue-4 ~ Sep–Oct 2013

Abstract: The effect of ammonia concentration on electrical properties, optical properties and structural properties of chemical bath deposited (CBD) Cadmium sulphide (CdS) thin films has been revealed. The films were prepared by using cadmium acetate as cadmium ion (Cd2+) source, thiourea as sulphur ion (S2-) source and ammonia as the complexing agent. Ammonia concentration was changed from 0.1 M – 3.0 M. Ammonia concentration at 2.0 M uniform, dense and continuously coated films were obtained. Not only typical cadmium-pure but also unusual sulphur deficiency phenomena were observed for CBD CdS thin films. In the present investigation, the carrier concentration varied form 1.831X106cm-3 to 1.026X106cm-3 when ammonia concentration is changed from 0.5M to 2.5 M. The direct band gap energy at 0.5M is 1.92eV while at 2.5M is 2.65eV. The surface morphology of as deposited thin films is almost smooth and no grains were observed clearly at low molar concentration and predominant grains at the concentration of ammonia is 2.0M. By estimated Cd:S ratio value is found to be 1.04 by using EDAX. The thin film deposited at 2.0M concentration shows the highest degree crystallinity. The formation mechanism of the films with various ammonia concentrations is discussed.

Keywords: Ammonia effect, CBD-CdS thin films, Optical studies, SEM, XRD

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Abstract: The current paper reports discovery of superluminal velocities of X-rays, and Bharat Radiation in 12.87 to 31 nm range from solar spectra. The discovery challenges the 100 year old Albert Einstein's assertion that nothing can go faster than velocity of light c in vacuum while formulating E = mc2 in his special theory of relativity reported in 1905 [1]. Several solar spectra recorded at various wavelengths by Woods et al in 2011 demonstrated GOES X-rays arriving earlier than 13.5 nm emission, which in turn arriving earlier than 33.5 nm emission [2]. Finally, the investigators faced difficulty in concluding that short wavelengths traveled fast because of lack of information whether all the three emissions originated from the same source and at the same time. Very recently the author has reported GOES X-rays (7.0 nm) cause 13.5 nm (Bharat Radiation), which in turn causes 33.5 nm Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission from same excited atoms present in solar flare by Padmanabha Rao Effect [3, 4]. Based on these findings, the author succeeded in explaining how the solar spectral findings provide direct evidences on superluminal velocities of GOES X-ray and 13.5 nm Bharat Radiation emissions, when 33.5 nm EUV emission is considered travelling at velocity of light c. Among X-ray wavelengths, the short wavelength 7.0 nm X-rays traveled faster than 9.4 nm X-rays, while X-rays go at superluminal velocities. Among Bharat radiation wavelengths, short wavelengths showed fast travel, while Bharat Radiation goes at superluminal velocities as compared to 33.5 EUV emission.

Keywords: Albert Einstein, special theory of relativity, energy-mass equivalence, E=mc^2, velocity of light c, superluminal velocities, solar spectra, GOES X-rays, 13.3 nm, 33.5 nm, EUV, Bharat Radiation, relativistic mass, Cherenkov radiation, Solar flare.

[1] Einstein, Albert (1905). "Ist die Trägheit eines Körpers von seinem Energieinhalt abhängig?". Annalen der Physik 18 (13): 639–641. Bibcode:1905AnP...323..639E. doi:10.1002/andp.19053231314. English translations: "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?". Translation by George Barker Jeffery and Wilfrid Perrett in The Principle of Relativity, London: Methuen and Company, Ltd. (1923).

[2] Thomas N. Woods, Rachel Hock, Frank Eparvier, Andrew R. Jones, Phillip C. Chamberlin, James A. Klimchuk, Leonid Didkovsky, Darrell Judge, John Mariska, Harry Warren, Carolus J. Schrijver, David F. Webb, Scott Bailey, and W. Kent Tobiska, New solar extreme-ultraviolet irradiance observations during flares, The Astrophysical Journal, 739: 59, 2011, 1-13. http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/739/2/59/pdf/0004-637X_739_2_59.pdf

[3] M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Sun"s Bharat Radiation emission causing Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) and UV dominant optical radiation, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, IOSR-JAP, e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 3, Issue 2 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), p 56-60. http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol3-issue2/H0325660.pdf

[4] M.A.Padmanabha Rao, Discovery of Self-Sustained 235U Fission Causing Sunlight by Padmanabha Rao Effect, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) e-ISSN: 2278-4861. Volume 4, Issue 2 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 06-24,
http://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jap/papers/Vol4-issue2/B0420624.pdf

[5] Stephen Boughn, Fritz Hasenöhrl and E = mc2, The European Physical Journal H, March 2013, Volume 38, Issue 2, pp 261-278, DOI 10.1140/epjh/e2012-30061-5
[6] How one equation, The worldʼs most famous equation, E = mc2, revolutionized physics, redefined strategic arms, and promises to transform our economy and environment with plentiful, clean energy, S & TR September 2005, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S.A, https://www.llnl.gov/str/September05/pdfs/09_05.2.pdf

[7] Special relativity, Encyclopedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/558565/special-relativity

[8] M.A. Padmanabha Rao, Solar X-rays, gamma rays, and electrons cause EUV by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human Ecology and Nature (HEN2008), Moscow-Ples, Russia, 2008, edited by Vladimir V. Zaitsev (Moscow Scientific and industrial Association "Radon") p.45. http://www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/Solarfission.html

[9] Geoff Brumfiel and Nature magazine, Particles found to travel faster than speed of light, Scientific American, September 22, 2011, Refer author‟s comment 123: A fresh interpretation of Einstein‟s mass –energy equivalence, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=particles-found-to-travel

[10] RHESSI captures new light from sun, reveals surprises in solar flares, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. June 05, 2002. http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewpr.html?pid=8563

Abstract: The Monte Carlo technique of random sampling was reviewed in this work. It plays an important role in Statistical Mechanics as well as in scientific computation especially when problems have a vast phase space. The purpose of this paper is to review a general method, suitable to fast electronic computing machines, for calculating the properties of any system which may be considered as composed of interacting particles. Concepts such as phase transition, the Ising model,ergodicity, simple sampling, Metropolis algorithm, quantum Monte Carlo and Non-Boltzmann sampling were discussed. The applications of Monte Carlo method in other areas of study aside Statistical Physics werealso mentioned.

Keywords: Ising Model, Phase transition, Metropolis algorithm, Quantum Monte Carlo, Observables, Non-Boltzmann Sampling.

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Abstract: P-type doping is excessively difficult in wide-band gap semiconductors, such as GaN, ZnSe, and indeed ZnO. Practically it is very difficult to obtain stable and true p-type ZnO. Under standard conditions there are reports on decaying or even completely absent p-type conductivity. Several hypotheses have been formulated to explain this unusual behaviour. The commonly accepted theory is that the elements assume undesired (non-substitutional) positions or form complexes, resulting in self-compensation of the p-type conductivity. Note that p-dopants can be compensated by low energy native defects, such as Zni or VO, or background impurities, such as aforementioned H. Deep impurity levels can cause significant resistance to the formation of a shallow acceptor level. In this work the p-type doped Zno based samples are prepared where incorporation of Co into the ZnO crystal lattice is done and various measurements like Sheet resistivity, Hall Voltage, Hall mobility and 2d hole concentration are made. From the results it has been clearly found that the p-type doping takes place successfully and can be used for various future applications.

Keywords. Hall Voltage, Dopant, Semiconductors, Hall mobility

[1] C. Klingshirn, M. Grundmann, A. Hoffman, B.K. Meyer and A. Wagg, Physik Journal, January (2006), pp33-38.
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[5] B. Claflin, Look D. C., S. J. Park, and G. Cantwell. Journal of Crystal Growth, 287(2006) pp16–22.
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Abstract: Interaction of up going ion beam forming current flow in the pre-ionized stepped leader plasma and the way, how the kinetic energy of the beam particles is converted into electromagnetic energy have been discussed. The ion beam interaction with the plasma wave modes in the stepped leader channel produces perturbations in the return stroke current flow and changes its uniformity and becomes non-uniform. In the present study, the return current is taken to be deeply modulated at a given modulation frequency, and considered that it behaves like an antenna for electromagnetic radiation. In this paper the total amount of energy associated with return stroke is given to electromagnetic waves is estimated.

Keywords: Anomalous Doppler Shift, Brillouin radius, Cernkov resonance, Cyclotron frequency, Cyclotron resonance, Equipartition of energy, Fourier – Laplace Transform, Gyro frequency, Modulation frequency.

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Abstract: One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.

Key words: radon gas, seasonal effective dose, chimney effect, Ramsar, Iran

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[7]. Barros-Dios, J.M., et al., Residential Radon Exposure, Histologic Types, and Lung Cancer Risk. A Case–Control Study in Galicia, Spain. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2012. 21(6): p. 951-958.
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[9]. Mortazavi, S., M. Ghiassi Nejad, and M. Beitollahi. Very High Background Radiation Areas (VHBRAs) of Ramsar: Do We Need any Regulations to Protect the Inhabitants. in Proceedings of the 34th midyear meeting, Radiation Safety and ALARA Considerations for the 21st Century, California, USA. 2001.

Abstract: Urea Thiourea Sodium sulphate (UTNS) crystal have been grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. The crystal structure was confirmed by powder XRD technique and it reveals that UTNS crystal belongs to orthorhombic system. Microstructure and compositions of the grown single crystal UTNS was carried out by SEM with EDS. The molecular structures present in the crystal were identified by recording the FTIR spectrum. Optical property was established by UV-Visible spectrum and the mechanical strength of the grown crystal was estimated by the Vicker's microhardness test.

Keywords: FT-IR, Microhardness, Powder XRD, SEM, Slow evaporation.

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[7] XU. JiXiang, Fangyan, Fange Chunhui, Structure of aqueous sodium sulfate solutions derived from X-ray diffraction, Chinese Science Bulletin, S4, 2009, 2022-2027.

[8] P.M. Ushasree, R. Muralidharan, R. Jayavel, P. Ramasamy, Growth of bis thiourea cadmium Chloride single crystals, Journal of Crystal Growth, 218, 2008, 365-371.

[9] S. Gopinath, S. Barathan, R. Rajasekaran, Growth and characterization of semi-organic nonlinear optical crystal, Journal of Pure and Applied Science and Technology, 21, 2012, 27-33.

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Abstract: In this report pure poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films were prepared by casting method using acetone solvent. The crystallization of both α and β phase from acetone solvent by varying the time of crystallization has been described. This paper also describes the enhancement of β phase at different annealing condition. β phase dominant thin films were obtained when as cast thin films were annealed at 90 ºC for 5 hours. The PVDF films with dominant α-phase were obtained, when time of crystallization is extend. From (X-ray diffraction) XRD and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FTIR) it is confirmed that the PVDF thin films, cast from acetone solution and annealed at 90 ºC for 5 hours, have maximum percentage of β-phase. Presence of the crystalline α and β phases in each sample was confirmed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We found that of PVDF when crystallized from its acetone solutions led to the formation of β phase. UV-visible optical absorption analysis revealed a change in the optical gap and shift in absorption edge with annealing temperature.

Keywords: Annealing, casting, polymorphism, polar, PVDF

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Abstract: Potassium Pentaborate nonlinear optical (NLO) material was synthesized by the solution growth method. The grown crystals were subjected to structural, optical and mechanical property studies. Crystal with excellent transparency were grown with maximum size of 9mm×8mm×5mm and the grown crystals were characterized by single crystal Single crystal XRD, FT-IR, TGA-DTA&DSC, and UV–vis-NIR studies. The crystal belongs to orthorhombic with a space group of mm2 having unit-cell dimensions a = 11.068Åb= 11.175Å c = 9.058Åand α = 90°; β = 90°; and γ =90°; Z=4, at 298(2) K. The second-order nonlinear optical property of the polycrystalline sample has been confirmed by Kurtz-Perry powder SHG analysis. Third order nonlinear optical properties were also studied by Z-scan techniques. Nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refractive index were found out and the third order bulk susceptibility of compound was also calculated.

Keywords: Single crystal X-ray diffraction; FTIR; UV-Vis-NIR; Thermal analyses; nonlinear optical material, Z-scan method.

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Abstract: Weak mean reversion of interest rates towards the long term mean suggests high probability of agents in financial markets failing to interpret monetary policy signalling efficiently and financial market related interest rate unable to achieve equilibrium. Increased randomness penetrating interest rate markets is due to the weak monetary policy signalling effect which dilutes information flow from central banks' to agents in the financial market. In such cases the effectiveness monetary policy erodes as it departs from the objectives of central banks and financial regulators

Keywords: Vasicek, Cox Ingersoll Ross Interest rate models, Ornstein – Uhlenbeck process, Mean Reversion, Drift term PACS: 02.50.Fz, 89.65.Gh

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