IOSR-JAP   Volume-5 ~ Issue-4 ~ Nov–Dec 2013

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Spatial and Temporal Variation of Rainfall in IRAQ
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Dr. Waleed I. AL-Rijabo; Hanee M. Salih
	:	10.9790/4861-0540107

Abstract: Rainfall in Iraq is characterized by unorganized distribution of both spatial and temporal. The annual, seasonal and monthly mean rainfall varies considerly with years. The recorded rainfall quantity in the different meteorological stations varies from location to another according to sea surface elevation and the geographical position of meteorological stations.
Variation of rainfall with space and time were studied in Iraq for the period (1980-2010) using 22 meteorological stations. Mean monthly, seasonally and annually values of rainfall were found in different meteorological stations. Winter months represent about (42-56) % of total annual rainfall. The annual variability of rainfall in all these stations is high. Isohyetal method was used to estimate the mean monthly values of rainfall in Iraq. Simple and Multiple Regression Equations were found in Mosul, Baghdad and Basrah stations between rainfall and different meteorological elements.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Estimation of clearness index from different meteorological parameters in IRAQ
Country	:	Iraq
Authors	:	Dr. Waleed I. AL-Rijabo, Zahraa M. H.
	:	10.9790/4861-0540816

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to estimate the mean monthly values of clearness index in five meteorological stations in Iraq (Mosul , Kirkuk , Rutba , Baghdad , Nasiriya) for the period (1970-2000) using different meteorological parameters. Five different models (Linear , Quadratic , Logarithmic , Linear logarithmic , Power) were used to estimate clearness index. The performance of this regression models were evaluated by comparing the calculated clearness index and the measured clearness index . Several statistical tests were used to control the validation and goodness of the regression models in terms of correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination , Mean absolute error and root mean square error . Results showed that Linear model between (KT & n/N) and between (KT & Rainfall) were the best fit in all stations. Quadratic model were the best fit between (KT & cloudiness) , and power model were the best fit between (KT &Evaporation). Linear model and Quadratic model were the best fit between (KT & RH) , while power model , Quadratic model , and Linear model were the best fit between (KT & Tmean).

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Study of Heat Generation and Viscous Dissipation on Mhd Heat And Mass Diffusion Flow Past A Surface
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	K. Bhagya Lakshmi, G. S. S. Raju, P. M. Kishore, N.V.R.V. Prasada Rao
	:	10.9790/4861-0541728

Abstract: The present work is devoted to the numerical study of magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection flow of heat and mass transfer past a plate taking into account viscous dissipation and internal heat generation. The governing equations and the associated boundary conditions for this analysis are made non dimensional forms using a set of dimensionless variables. Thus, the non dimensional governing equations are solved numerically using finite difference method Crank-Nicolson's scheme. Numerical outcomes are found for different values of the magnetic parameter, Modified Grashof number, Prandtl number, Eckert number, heat generation parameter and Schmidt number for the velocity and the temperature within the boundary layer as well as the skin friction coefficients and the rate of heat and mass transfer along the surface. Results are presented graphically with detailed discussion.

Keywords: MHD, heat generation, free convection, viscous dissipation, finite difference method.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Optical characterization of Se90S10-xCdx thin films
Country	:	Egypt
Authors	:	A.Elfalaky, K. F. Abdel-El-Rahman, M. M. Fadel
	:	10.9790/4861-0542944

Abstract: Thin films of different thicknesses of Se90S10-xCdx, (x=0 and 5) were deposited by thermal evaporation technique onto glass substrates. X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) studies were carried out for samples in powder and thin film forms. XRD indicates that all the deposited thin films have an amorphous structure. The transmittance at normal incidence for these films was measured in the wavelength range 350–2500 nm. Applying Swanepoel's method successfully enabled to determine, with high accuracy, the film thickness, the real index of refraction and imaginary part of index of refraction. Regarding the optical absorption measurements; the type of optical transition and optical band gap were estimated as a function of photon energy. The effect of Cd addition on the refractive index, absorption coefficient and the optical band gap were investigated. The high frequency dielectric constant, the single oscillator energy, the dispersion energy and refractive index dispersion parameter were evaluated. Solar cell criterions have been considered. The results are interpreted in terms of concentration of localized states.

Keywords: Chalcogenides; Amorphous Se-S-Cd; EDX; Optical constants.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystals
Country	:	India
Authors	:	J. M. Kavitha, C. K. Mahadevan
	:	10.9790/4861-0544553

Abstract: Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.

Keywords: Crystal growth, Epsomite crystals, Electrical properties, Mechanical properties, Optical properties, Single crystals, X-ray diffraction.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Synthesis and structural characterization of Al-CNT metal matrix composite using Physical Mixing Method
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Lubna Rais, Dr. Rajneesh Sharma, Dr. Vimal Sharma
	:	10.9790/4861-0545457

Abstract: In the present study Carbon nanotube(CNT) reinforced (Al) composite was synthesized by physical mixing method and CNT's distribution within the matrix was traced and characterized. Ultrasonication was used to disperse the CNTs in Al nano powder followed by magnetic stirring. Samples of different weight percentage of CNT(0.5wt %, 1wt %, 1.5wt %, 2wt % of CNT) were obtained using this technique. Stuructural characteristics of the samples were explored using X-Ray diffraction(XRD),Scanning Electronic Microscope(SEM) and Transmission Electronic Microscope(TEM) technologies. Uniform distribution of CNTs within the matrix and the strength of metal/CNT interface were confirmed from SEM and TEM images. Along with the distribution of CNTs, XRD also validates the phase composition of the composite.

Keywords: Carbon nanotube, , physical mixing method ,uniform distribution, structural characteristics.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Explanation Of The Relationship Between The Temperature And Mass Of The Black Hole Through Gravitational Waves
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Tryambak De
	:	10.9790/4861-0545860

Abstract: This thesis explains the phenomenon of the lowering of the temperature of the black hole and hence less radiation of energy from the black hole (Known from the concept of Hawking Radiation) with the increase in the mass of the black hole through the concept of gravitational waves.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticles
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sanjay Srivastava, Mahendra kumar, Arvind Agrawal, Sudhanshu Kumar Dwivedi
	:	10.9790/4861-0546165

Abstract: Cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical route by calcinations at a higher temperature from 300oC to 400 oC. For the comparison transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were made through JCPDS. There is good agreement between data produced by spectroscopy and the microscopic measurements.

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