IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

ABSTRACT: Dust Storms play a key role in environmental pollution. They have a significant impact on climate-forcing factor by solar and terrestrial radiation by scattering and absorption. The dust storms represent a familiar phenomenon of frequent occurrence over Iraq atmosphere, especially during the period (April-September) of each year. In present study, the effect of 20 dust storms struck Baghdad city during the period (2008-2012) on meteorological parameters was investigated. These parameters include visibility, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure, air temperature and relative humidity. Through the comparison among the impact of the selected dust storms, it was found that the dust storm which struck Baghdad city 16th May 2008 had a more severe Impact on the meteorological variables than the other dust storms. the difference in the radiation to the (5229) W\m2 from the day before the storm and the temperature dropped by 2.5 oC and visibility deteriorated greatly to be the difference from the day before the storm of dust in limits 6467 m. It has been found that this storm has had a greater impact on the meteorological variables from other storms.

[1]. Middleton NJ: Dust storms in the Middle East. J Arid Environ 1986;10:83–96.
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[4]. Hagen LJ, Woodruff NP: Air pollution from dust storms in the Great Plains. Atmos Environ 1973;7:323–332.
[5]. Warner, T.T. Desert Meteorology. Cambridge University Press, 2004.

ABSTRACT: The effect of p-layer and i-layer characteristics such as doping concentration and thickness on the electrical behaviors of the p-n and p-i-n GaInN solar cells such as electric field, photo generation rate and recombination rate through the cells are studied. Introducing i (un-doped) layer between p and n-doped layers to form the p-i-n solar cell is an effective approach in improving performances with respect to p-n cell. The efficiency improvement of 3.0 % of p-i-n cell over p-n cell is observed for low doping concentration (<5×1016 𝑐𝑚−3) and high surface recombination (107𝑐𝑚/𝑠) of less passivated p-layer surface of the device. The photo-generated short-circuit current density (Jsc) and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of both structures under AM 1.5G (one sun) illumination (1kW/m2, 0.32 – 0.88 μm) of photon flux from ASTM G173-03 are simulated for different p-layer doping concentrations varying from 5×1016 to 1×1020𝑐𝑚−3.
Keywords: AMPS-1D simulation, electric field, efficiency, photo-generation and recombination, GaInN thin film, solar cell.

[1]. Jani, O., Ferguson, I., Honsberg, C., Kurtz, S., "Design and characterization of GaN/InGaN solar cells," Appl. Phys.Lett., 91, 2007,
132117.
[2]. Xiaobin Zhang et al, "Simulation of In0.65Ga0.35 N single-junction solar cell" J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 40, 2007, 7335–7338.
[3]. Hamzaoui, H., Bouazzi, A. S. and Rezig, B., "Theoretical possibilities of InxGa1 -xN tandem PV structures," Sol. Energy Mater.
Sol. Cells 87, 2005, 595-603.
[4]. Tae Hoon Seo et al., "Improved photovoltaic effects in InGaN-based multiple quantum well solar cell with graphene on indium tin
oxide nanodot nodes for transparent and current spreading electrode" Appl. Phys. Lett., 102, 2013, 031116.
[5]. Fonash, S. et al., http://www.cneu.psu.edu/amps/.

ABSTRACT: Ferroelectric lithium and titanium modified Lead Potassium Neobate Ceramics were prepared by solid state reaction method. The modulus represents the real dielectric relaxation process. The usefulness of the modulus representation in the analysis of relaxation properties was demonstrated both for ionic conductors and polycrystalline ceramics. The complex electrical modulus is a parameter that can be expressed as Fourier transform function (t) gives the time evolution of electric field with in the dielectric. Variation of real part (𝑀′)of electrical modulus with frequencyand temperatures was measured on the prepared modified and unmodified materials.The high frequency side of 𝑀′′ peak represents the range of frequency in which the ions are strictly confined to their potential well and ions can make only localized motions with in the wells. The activation energy of D.C conduction can be obtained from Arrhenius plot of 𝑀′′ peak frequencies.
Keywords: Ferroelectrics, electrical modulus, D.C.conduction, Arrhenius plot

[1]. H. D. Megaw, Ferroelectricity in Crystals (Methuen, London, 1957)
[2]. W. G. Cady, Piezoelectricity (Dover Publications, New York, 1962)
[3]. M. Deri, Ferroelectric Ceramics (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1969)
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ABSTRACT: The pollution is increasingly becoming a serious problem in Bangladesh for unplanned urbanization and industrialization, have severely affected the environmental components like soil, water and air. Recently, the experimental set-up of 3 MV VDG accelerator laboratory has been renovated to achieve better control and high quality research and to perform different ion beam techniques simultaneously to extract maximum information from the target in a single experiment. Atomic fluorescence based ion beam analytical technique 'Proton Induced X-ray Emission' (PIXE) has been used for environment pollution study. The calibration and standardization experiments have been also done to be ensuring that, the experimental setup is capable for high quality research works and of international standard level. The atomic fluorescence based PIXE technique has been applied to analyze the soil samples around the Jamuna Fertilizer area of Sarishabari. The detected elements and their average concentrations are Al(5081.76 ppm), Ca(4169.98 ppm), Cu(16.66 ppm), Fe(11264.78 ppm), S(40.6 ppm), K(9176.8 ppm), Si(1798.58 ppm), P(146.8 ppm), Ti(2975.92 ppm), Cr(82.74 ppm), etc. Comparing with the elemental concentration of IAEA soil-7 standard, the experimental value of maximum elements is higher that may be harmful for the environment as well as human being.
Keywords: Analytical, GUPIX, MCA, MAESTRO-32, PIXE, [Si(Li)] detector, X-rays.

[1] M. Govil, Proton Induced X-ray Emission – A tool for non-destructive trace element analysis, Current Science, 80(12), 2001, 1542-1549.
[2] Md. Lokman Hossen, S. M. Azharul Islam, M. J. Abedin, S. Akter, O. F. Rasel, M. M. Ahsan, R. Khatun, A. N. Monica, Elemental profile analysis of some traditional medicinal plants of Bangladesh using PIXE technique, Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics, 4(5), 2014, 137-141.
[3] S. A. E. Johanson and J. L. Campbell, PIXE: A novel technique for elemental analysis (New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1988).
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ABSTRACT: The idea of basic research is a comparison between (6) solar collectors with different design ( Box , Circle 1 , Circle 2 , Zigzag 1 , Zigzag 2 , H - section ) and similar in the form in the outer materials and a cost but they differ in the engineering design by expose them to the same ambient environmental conditions for a period of (9) months in the province of Basrah which lies on the longitude (47o45΄) and latitude (30o33΄) to see the optimum solar collector.
Keyword: solar collector , solar energy , solar water heating.

[1]. Ali Mahmoud Shamseen 0.1984, solar powered water desalination, solar energy research center, Iraq - Bghdad, p.1.
[2]. IORDANOU, GRIGORIOS (2009) Flat-Plate Solar Collectors for Water Heating with Improved Heat Transfer for Application in Climatic Conditions of the Mediterranean Region. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/174/
[3]. Duffie, J. A., and W. A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991.
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ABSTRACT: Ferrites, which are a class of magnetic oxide compounds that contain Iron oxide as a major component, have found a large number of applications in various electronic and communication devices. The ferrite system NixZnxFe2—yO4 ; x=0.50, y=0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20.and 0.25 is prepared by solid state route method. Influence of La substitution in the prepared samples (Ni-Zn ferrites) enhances the electrical and magnetic properties. The Curie temperature, Saturation Magnetization values are found to decrease with La concentration. The variation in Curie temperature can be explained on the basis of exchange interactions. The density of samples is low up to y=0.10 and then increases gradually with the increase of dopant content. The value of Dielectric constant slowly increases initially up to y=0.10 and then increases sharply at higher La concentration. The variation of dc resistivity as function of temperature for the concentration of La at y=0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.1, 0.20, 0.25 was studied.
Keywords: Ferrite, density, Saturation Magnetization, Curie temperature, dielectric constant, Resistivity.

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ABSTRACT: In recent years study of Non linear optical (NLO) materials is gaining rapid momentum due to their increased need in several device applications. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate(KDP) is a well known NLO material, whose non linearity is enhanced by doping with amino acids.In the present study single crystals of Phenylalanine doped KDP have been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The crystallinity and cell parameters were characterised by X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD), the shift in frequency assignments of various functional groups of KDP due to the addition of phenylalanine was analysed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the single crystals were studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures and the activation energies were determined from Conductivity studies. Kurtz-Perry powder technique was employed to determine the SHG efficiency of Phenylalanine doped KDP single crystals.
Keywords: NLO, XRD, SHG efficiency, Dielectric studies, Kurtz- Perry.

[1] P.N.Prasad, and D.J.Williams, Introduction to nonlinear optical effects in organic molecules and polymers (New York, Wiley Publications, 1991).
[2] T. Prasanyaa and M. Haris, Growth and characterization of semiorganic NLO L-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF) added KDP single crystals, Archives of Physics Research, 2 (4), 2011, 60-66.
[3] M. Iyanar, J. Thomas Joseph Prakash , C. Muthamizhchelvan and S. Ponnusamy, Synthesis, Growth, and Characterization Studies of a Semiorganic Nonlinear Optical Single Crystal of Gamma Glycine, Journal of Physical Sciences, 13, 2009, 235-244.
[4] B.Suresh Kumar and K.Rajendra Babu, Effect of L-arginine, L-histidine and glycine on the growth of KDP single crystals and their characterization, Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, 46(2), 2008, 123-126.
[5] K. D. Parikh, B. B. Parekh, M. J. Joshi, Structural, SHG and Dielectric Study of L-tryptophan Doped KDP Crystals, Proc. International Conference on Materials and Characterization Techniques, VIT University, Vellore, 2014, 1559-1562.

ABSTRACT: We report the heat treatment of BFO thin film deposited on Si (111) substrate by Pulse laser deposition technique. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study reveals the electronic bonds structure and stoichiometry of Bi and FeO3. It is observed in XPS spectra that above 600 0C, Bi evaporate drastically compare to Fe and O. The quantification of Bi, Fe and O has been determined by XPS peak fitting programme. Raman spectra shows the presence of several A and E modes but the mode are diminishes at higher annealing temperature. The different modes are prominent and pronounced at 200 0C to 350 0C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows that film deposited on Si (111) substrate does not have any single phase of BFO (BiFeO3) rather it has tendency of amorphous structure.

[1]. M Fiebig, T Lottermoser, D Frohlic, A V Goltsev and R V Pisarev, Nature, vol. 419, pp 818, 2002
[2]. W. Eerenstein, N. D. Mathur, and J. F. Scott, Nature, vol. 442, pp. 759, 2006.
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ABSTRACT: Spherical particles of mesoporous silica SBA-16 with cubic Im3m structure were synthesized at low pH using Pluronic F127 as template and TEOS as silica source. The diameter of the spherical particles can be controlled in the range of 0.5–8 μm by varying{Spherical particles of mesoporous silica SBA-16 with cubic Im3m structure were synthesized at low pH using Pluronic F127 as template and TEOS as silica source. The diameter of the spherical particles can be controlled in the range of 0.5 – 8 μm by varying synthesis temperature t 45 °C. A sharp transition from large particle is observed. It is suggested that this morphology transition is due to a change in hydrolysis and condensation rate of the silica source and as a result the assembly of F127 micelles will differ. The SBA-16 samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmissionelectron microscopy (TEM) and Nitrogen adsorption techniques.
Keywords: SBA-16; Spherical particles; Synthesis temperature; Morphology; F127

[1]. J.S. Beck, J.C. Vartuli, W.J. Roth, M.E. Leonowicz, C.T. Kresge, K.D. Schmitt, C.T.W. Chu, D.H. Olson, E.W. Sheppard, S.B. McCullen, J.B. Higgins, J.L. Schlenker, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114 (1992) 10834.
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ABSTRACT: An attempt has been made to study the dependence of various characteristics of relativistic charged particles, produced in 4.5 A GeV/c 12C- nucleus interactions on the multiplicity of grey particles. The results reveal that the peaks on η -distributions shift towards the smaller values of η with increasing multiplicity of grey particles. The results also reveal that the value of mean normalized pseudo rapidity density is less than unity in the projectile fragmentation region; while the value of this parameter is found to increase in the target fragmentation region. Finally, it is observed that the clusterization of final state relativistic charged particles occurs significantly in 4.5 A GeV/c 12c-nucleus reactions.

Keywords: relativistic charged particles, pseudo rapidity, projectile and target fragmentation region, clusterization

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ABSTRACT: The structural and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with different concentrations (0, 0.15, 0.5, 1, 2, 2.5, and 3 wt %) of ZnO nanoparticles were studied. ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by the sol- gel methode, and nanocomposite films were prepared using the solution casting methode. Nanocomposites films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transformer Infrared (FTIR). The optical properties and optical constants of ZnO/ PVA nanocomposite films have been investigated by means of transmittance and reflectance spectra. The optical band gap Eg was determined and the optical absorption spectra showed that the absorption mechanism is a direct transition. The refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and dielectric constant of the films were determined. We have applying Wemple – Didomenico single oscillator model to calculate the dispersion of the refractive index.. The nanocomposite ZnO/ PVA (3% wt) shows the lower optical band gap value and the higher optical conductivity as compared to other concentration of ZnO.

Keywords: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA); Zinc Oxide ZnO; nanocomposite; XRD; FTIR; optical properties.

[1]. N. Bouropoulos, G.C. Psarras, N. Moustakas, A. Chrissanthopoulos, S. Baskoutas, Phys Status Solidi A 205 (2008) 2033–2037.
[2]. J. Lee, D. Bhattacharyya, A.J. Easteal, J.B. Metson, Curr Appl Phys 8 (2008) 42–47.
[3]. C. M. Hassan, N.A. Peppas, Adv. Polym. Sci. 153 (2000) 37- 65.
[4]. M. Kokabi, M. Sirousazar, Z. Hassan, Eur. Polym. J. 43 (2007) 773- 781.
[5]. Y.W. Heo, D.P. Norton, L.C. Tien, Y. Kwon, B.S. Kang, F. Ren, Mater Sci Eng R 47 (2004)1–2.
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(2005) 590–4.

ABSTRACT: The electrical conductivity (EC) Resistively (calculated) and salinity of some selected soil samples collected from three landforms, namely Beach Ridge Sand (BRS), coastal plain sand (CPS), sandstone/shale Hill ridges (SHR) from Akwa Ibom State of the Federal Republic of Nigeria were measured the obtained data were subjected to spearman rank order statistics and result shows that there were positive correlation of 0.20 between soil EC and salinity. The electrical conductivity of the area under study falls within the range of 0.031 ds/m for SHR 3A t0 0.200ds/m for SHR 2A while the salinities are between 0.6mg/l for BRS 3B and 0.9mg/l for SHA 2A
soil samples. Soil sample SHR 3A has the highest resistivity measurement of 32.Ωm, while SHR 2A soil sample has the lowest of 6. Ωm. from the EC data the signal strength of EC measurements decreases with soil depth and most of the EC values falls within the range of 20 – 80 (μs/cm) which is the optimum level for most plants, usually indicates well – fertilized soils and salt sensitive plants may be insured.
Key words: Salinity, Electrical conductivity, Resistivity, soil and samples.

1]. Akpan U. E. Okon A. A. and Itue E. E. (2002) measurement of salinity and Electrical Conductivity of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Global Journal of pure and applied sciences 8(3): 399 – 403.
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[6]. Stephen O.E (1997): characteristics and hydrologic grouping of representative wetland soils of Akwa Ibom State (a there is unpublished), department of soil science. University of Uyo. Pp. 38-43.

ABSTRACT: Maxwell's equations accounting for diffusion current was derived. Maxwell's equations are used to derive Klein-Gordon equation by replacing the electric field intensity by the wave function. Anew quantum equation which accounts for relativistic rest mass energy beside potential energy as well as medium friction is also derived.
Keywords: Klein-Gordon equation, Maxwell's equations, massive photon

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ABSTRACT: In these work Maxwell's equations are used to derive Schrödinger quantum equation beside Einstein relativistic energy-momentum relation. The derivations are made by considering particles as oscillators and by using Plank quantum hypothesis. The electric field intensity vector is replaced by the wave function since the two terms are related to the photon number density.
Keywords: Schrödinger equation, Maxwell's equation, electric fie

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ABSTRACT: The maximum electricity conversion efficiency of the Solar Photovoltaic panel is 8-18% under the Standard Test Condition (STC) temperature of 25°C. The atmospheric temperature of Sokoto, North-West Nigerian climatic condition is mostly about 30°C - 45°C, it incites 30°C - 80°C heat over the panel since black body of the PV panel observe more heat, and this temperature majorly affect the electrical efficiency of the panel.A thermosiphonic solar PV/T water heating system which could be used for domestic purpose has been designed constructed and tested using locally available materials. Solar energy is received by the PV surface which then utilize a small fraction of the incident solar radiation to produce electricity and the remainder is turned mainly into waste heat in the cells, this waste heat is utilized by attaching an oscillatory flow heat exchanger brazed to a copper sheet and adhered at the back of the PV panel to extract heat from the PV panel, thereby increasing its electrical efficiency, and an insulated casing is placed at the back of the heat exchanger to reduce heat loss to the environment.

[1]. Adegoke, C.O. and Bolaji, B.O., (2000). Performance evaluation of solar operated Thermosyphon solar hot water system. Int. J. Engineering and Engineering Technology. 2:35-40.
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ABSTRACT: ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by the sol- gel methode, and nanocomposite films of ZnO doped with polyvinyl alcohol were prepared using the solution casting methode. Different nanocomposites films were prepared according to the formula with compositions (w/w between ZnO and PVA solution concentration: 0%, 0.15%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 2.5%, and 3%), and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The electrical properties of nanocomposites as a function of filler as well as the matrix were determined. In ZnO/ PVA nanocomposites, ZnO is a semiconducting material; the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of PVA matrix were enhanced by adding ZnO nanoparticles due to its free electrons. The nanocomposite ZnO/ PVA (3% wt) shows higher conductivity as compared to other concentration of ZnO.

Keywords: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA); Zinc Oxide ZnO; nanocomposites; XRD; electrical properties.

[1]. C. Barry Carter, M. Grant Norton, Ceramic Materials Science and Engineering, (2007).
[2]. Ahmed Hashim, Majeed Ali, Bahaa H. Rabee, American Journal of Scientific Research, 69 (2012), 5-9.
[3]. N. Bouropoulos, G.C. Psarras, N. Moustakas, A. Chrissanthopoulos, S. Baskoutas, Phys Status Solidi A 205 (2008) 2033–2037.
[4]. J. Lee, D. Bhattacharyya, A.J. Easteal, J.B. Metson, Curr Appl Phys 8 (2008) 42–47.
[5]. C. M. Hassan, N.A. Peppas, Adv. Polym. Sci. 153 (2000) 37- 65.
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[8]. Ü. Özgür, Ya. I. Alivov, C. Liu, A. Teke, M. A. Reshchikov, S. Dogan, V. Avrutin, S-J. Cho and H. Morkoç, J. Appl. Phys., 98 (2005) 041301.

ABSTRACT: Generalized special relativity is one of the most promising models that is found to cure many defects of special relativity. These defects include un capability of explaining gravitational red shift and satisfaction of the Newtonian limit. Despite these successes generalized special relativity suffers from noticeable setbacks. First of all its way of derivation make it restricted to weak fields only. Although recent derivation make it applicable to fields other than the weak and gravitational field, but this derivation needs to be strengthed. In this study a light clock is used to derive a useful expression for time in General special relativity. These expressions are typical to that derived before by using curved space. Time, but they are not restricted gravitational and weak fields. The expressions for time hold for all fields.
Keywords: alight clock mirror, Generalized, gravitational, time Dilation.

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