IOSR-JAVS VOLUME-18 ~ ISSUE-9 ~ September 2025

ABSTRACT: Subsurface drainpipes installed in soils with limited cohesion (clay content is less than 30%) are typically enveloped with filter materials to prevent the entry of soil particles into the drains (filter function) and to reduce entrance resistance by creating a more permeable zone around drains (hydraulic function). Calcareous soils with calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content of more than 15% are among the most problematic soils that cause envelope clogging and sedimentation in the subsurface drainage network. Globally, earlier testing of synthetic drain envelopes has revealed poor performance in combination with calcareous soils.......

Keywords: subsurface drainage; filter materials; calcic soils; permeameter test; envelope performance.

[1]. Aǧar, A. I. (2011). Selection Of Geo-Synthetic Filter Materials As Drain Envelopes In Clay And Silty Loam Soils To Prevent Siltation: A Case Study From Turkey. African Journal Of Agricultural Research, 6(16), 3930–3935.
Https://Doi.Org/10.5897/AJAR11.716
[2]. Alavi, S. A., Naseri, A. A., Bazaz, A., Ritzema, H., & Hellegers, P. (2021). Performance Evaluation Of The Hydroluis Drainpipe-Envelope System In A Saline-Sodic Soil. Agricultural Water Management, 243(May 2020), 106486.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Agwat.2020.106486
[3]. Ayars, J. E., & Evans, R. G. (2015). SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE — WHAT ’ S NEXT ? †. 392(March), 378–392.
[4]. Bahçeci, I., Nacar, A. S., Topalhasan, L., Tari, A. F., & Ritzema, H. P. (2018). A New Drainpipe-Envelope Concept For Subsurface Drainage Systems In Irrigated Agriculture. Irrigation And Drainage, 67(S2), 40–50. Https://Doi.Org/Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Ird.2247
[5]. Byrne, I., Gerard, M., Fenton, O., & Tuohy, P. (2023). Geoderma Regional Investigating The Suitability Of Synthetic Envelopes As An Alternative Or Complement To Stone Aggregate In Clay-Textured Soils In Ireland. Geoderma Regional, 32(November 2022), E00598. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Geodrs.2022.E00598

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) inoculation (ERS – Endo Roots Soluble, 4 g/plant) on plant growth parameters in green and red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) varieties with different pigment contents, and how these effects varied in different growing media (peat and natural soil). AMF inoculation was applied during seedling transplantation using the “sandwich method” Within the scope of the study, morphological and physiological parameters such as plant age and dry weight, root age and dry weight, root length.......

Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, lettuce, pigment, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, symbiosis, peat, soil, plant growth.

[1]. Albert, N. W., Davies, K. M., Lewis, D. H., Zhang, H., Montefiori, M., Brendolise, C., And Schwinn, K. E. (2014). A Conserved Network Of Transcriptional Activators And Repressors Regulates Anthocyanin Pigmentation In Eudicots. The Plant Cell, 26(3), 962–980. Https://Doi.Org/10.1105/Tpc.113.121173
[2]. Augé R.M. Water Relations, Drought And Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Mycorrhiza. 2001; 11:3–42.
[3]. Bais, H.P., Weir, T.L., Perry, L.G., Gilroy, S., & Vivanco, J.M. (2006). The Role Of Root Exudates In Rhizosphere Interactions With Plants And Other Organisms. Annual Review Of Plant Biology, 57, 233-266.
[4]. Bayraklı, F., 1987. Toprak Ve Bitki Analizleri (Çeviri Ve Derleme) 19 Mayıs Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi., No:17, Samsun.
[5]. Bouyoucos, G. J., 1995. A Recalibration Of The Hydrometer Method For Making Mechanical Analysis Of The Soils. Agronomy Journal, 4(9): 434.

ABSTRACT: Intercropping, the agricultural practice of cultivating two or more crop species in proximity, is re-emerging as a cornerstone of sustainable agriculture. This review synthesizes the current understanding of how interspecific interactions—namely complementarity, facilitation, and competition within intercropping systems influence soil health. A healthy soil, characterized by its robust physical, chemical, and biological properties, is fundamental to ecosystem resilience and sustained productivity. We examine evidence demonstrating that intercropping, particularly......

Keywords: Intercropping, Soil Health, Interspecific Interactions, Nutrient Cycling, Sustainable Agriculture.

[1]. Baishya, L, Jamir, T, Walling, N, & Rajkhowa, D (2020). Evaluation Of Maize (Zea Mays L.) + Legume Intercropping System For Productivity, Profitability, Energy Budgeting And Soil Health In Hill Terraces Of Eastern Himalayan Region. Legume Research - An International Journal, (Of). Https://Doi.Org/10.18805/Lr-4190
[2]. Boudreau, M (2013). Diseases In Intercropping Systems. Annual Review Of Phytopathology, 51(1), 499-519.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1146/Annurev-Phyto-082712-102246
[3]. Brooker, R, Bennett, A, Cong, W, Daniell, T, George, T, Hallett, P, Hawes, C, Iannetta, P, Jones, H, Karley, A, Li, L, Mckenzie, B, Pakeman, R, Paterson, E, Schöb, C, Shen, J, Squire, G, Watson, C, Zhang, C, ... White, P (2014). Improving Intercropping: A Synthesis Of Research In Agronomy, Plant Physiology And Ecology. New Phytologist, 206(1), 107-117.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Nph.13132
[4]. Center, W, & Agriculture, S (2017). Africa RISING Tanzania- Intensifying Maize-Based Cropping Systems Through Pigeonpea Integrations. Harvard Dataverse, . Https://Doi.Org/10.7910/Dvn/Vs4fbu
[5]. Chen, X, Zhang, Z, Song, X, Deng, Z, Xu, C, Huang, D, & Qin, X (2023). Interspecific Root Interaction Enhances Cadmium Accumulation In Oryza Sativa When Intercropping With Cadmium Accumulator Artemisia Argyi. Ecotoxicology And Environmental Safety, 269, 115788-115788. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Ecoenv.2023.115788.

ABSTRACT: The study was conducted in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico, through interviews with jalapeño pepper producers. Based on information provided directly by the producers, five groups were formed according to their similar characteristics. This study identified deficiencies in crop management, mainly in terms of the timing of applications and the optimal quantities of inputs. This had a negative impact on production, resulting in low yields, and therefore actions and strategies need to be implemented to promote more sustainable production and short-chain marketing of the product.......

Keywords: Cluster analysis; discriminant analysis; jalapeño pepper.

[1]. Pozo O. Description Of Chili Pepper (Capsicum Spp.) Types And Cultivars In Mexico. Technical Brochure 77. SARH. 1981:1-40.
[2]. SIACON. State Agricultural Module. Agri-Food Information System For Consultation. 2023:
Https://Www.Gob.Mx/Siap/Prensa/Sistema-De-Informacion-Agroalimentaria-De-Consulta-Siacon.
[3]. Morón A, Alayón J. Productivity Of Jalapeño Peppers (Capsicum Annuum L.) With Conventional Or Organic Management In Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Advances In Agricultural Research 2014; 18(3):35-40.

ABSTRACT: Irrigation is essential for agricultural development in India; its distribution and significant use affect the sustainability of agriculture. Sustainable use of water plays a key role in enhancing agricultural production, income and environmental conditions. In Uttar Pradesh, a key farming state, irrigation has changed dramatically, reflecting a national trend shifting from surface water systems like canals, ponds, and dams to groundwater use. The present study is about Kaushambi district, located in the lower Ganga-Yamuna Doab, which is an essential case for studying these changes. This research examines block-level data on net and gross irrigated areas and irrigation sources for 2000, 2012, and 2024.......

Keywords: Irrigation patterns, irrigation system, net irrigation, spatial disparity, water management, agricultural sustainability.

[1] District Statistical Handbook. (2024). Kaushambi District Statistical Handbook 2024. Directorate Of Economics And Statistics, Government Of Uttar Pradesh. Http://Updes.Up.Nic.In
[2] Government Of Uttar Pradesh. (2022). Statistical Abstract Of Uttar Pradesh 2022. Lucknow: Directorate Of Economics And Statistics. Http://Updes.Up.Nic.In
[3] Shah, T. (2009). Taming The Anarchy: Groundwater Governance In South Asia. Routledge. Https://Doi.Org/10.4324/9780203874520
[4] Sharma, R., & Singh, A. (2017). Irrigation Development And Its Impact On Agricultural Sustainability In India. Indian Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 72(3), 321–334.
[5] Verma, S. (2019). Water Management Challenges In The Ganga-Yamuna Doab: A Regional Perspective. Economic And Political Weekly, 54(12), 45–53. Https://Www.Epw.In/Journal/2019/12

ABSTRACT: The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L., Anacardiaceae), originally considering that a forest plant, has become a cash crop. National production is growing significantly with the expansion of cultivated areas. However, yields remain low. This study aims to take stock of cashew producers and orchards in the Gbêkê Regions. The target population is all cashew producers. The field survey was conducted from October 20 to December 20, 2023, in four selected sub-prefectures. To this end, 100 producers were interviewed. Men represent 74 % of the population, while women represent 26 %........

Keywords: Cashew tree, rehabilitation, producers, survey, production.

[1]. M. Tandjiékpon, Characterisation Of The Cashew-Based Agroforestry System (Anacardium Occidentale L) In The Savannah Zone Of Benin. Thesis For The Advanced Studies Diploma (Dea), Faculty Of Arts, Humanities And Social Sciences, University Of Abomey-Calavi, Benin, 2005.
[2]. E. Dwomoh, B. J. Ackonor Et J. V. Afun, Étude Des Espèces D'insectes Associées A L'anacardier (Anacardium Occidentale Linn.) Et Leur Répartition Au Ghana. Revue Africaine De Recherche Agricole, Vol. 3, N° 3, Pp. 205-214, 2008.
[3]. Dao, B. A. Bationo, S. Traore, M. Cisse, A.Thiombiano, Biophysical And Socio-Economic Determinants Of Cashew (Anacardium Occidentale L.) And Mango (Mangifera Indica L.) Orchard Management In The Southern Sudanese Zone Of Burkina Faso (West Africa) Sciences Naturelles Et Appliquées Vol. 41, N° 2 (2), 2022.
[4]. Adaman Sinan And N’dri Kouame Abou (2016). Socio-Economic Impacts Of Cashew Cultivation In The Sub-Prefecture Of Odiénné (Côte D'ivoire). European Scientific Journal November 2016 Edition Vol.12, No.32 Issn: 1857 – 7881 (Print) E - Issn 1857- 7431.
[5]. Adegbola Y And Arouna A., 2005. Competitiveness Of The Cashew Nut Sector In Benin: An Analysis Of The Effects On Reference Prices. Papal Inrab Research Results. 12 P.