IOSR-JAVS VOLUME-19 ~ Issue-4 ~ April 2026

ABSTRACT: Food irradiation is a preservation technique that uses ionizing radiation like X-rays, gamma-rays, and electron beams for improving the safety and prolonging the shelf life of food and agricultural produce. Orange (Citrus sinensis) is a one of the outstanding dietary fruits of the world. Its quality and nutritional attributes, the scale of production and ability to grow in the tropical and subtropical regions makes orange fruits a popular fruit item. Population growth in recent years has increased global fruit consumption including oranges. This has increased the demand for quality fruits in large quantity. Most of the oranges in Nigeria are not necessarily grown where they are consumed.........

Keywords: X-irradiation, preservation, orange fruits, shelf life.

[1]. Inabo, H. I. (2006). Irradiation Of Foods: A Better Alternative In Controlling Economic Losses. Journal Of Applied Sciences And Environmental Management , 10 (2), 151 - 152.
[2]. Maherani, B., Hossain, F., Criado, P., Ben-Fadhel, Y., Salmieri, S., & Lacroix, M. (2016). World Market Development And Consumer Acceptance Of Irradiation Technology. Foods , 5 (4), 79.
[3]. United Nations. (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary Of Results. New York: United Nations.
[4]. Parmer, N. J. (2007). Food Irradiation As A Method Of Limiting Crop Losses In Developing Nations. Massachusetts Institute Of Technology.
[5]. Kaferstein, F. K., & Mccoy, G. G. (1993). Public Aspects Of Food Irradiation. Journal Of Public Health Policy , 14 (2), 149-163.

ABSTRACT: Over the years, the search for animal-safe, environmentally friendly and human-safe methods for sustainable control of nematode has increasingly focused on natural alternatives. In tomato production, lowering the population of nematodes minimizes economic loss, enhances vegetative growth and ultimately improves yield. This study considers the control of root knot nematode on tomato using selected plant extracts as organic amendments in Girei Local Government Area, Adamawa State, Nigeria. A pot experiment was conducted at the Plant Science Botanical.........

Keywords: Nematodes; Tomato; Plant Extract; Pest Infestation

[1]. H. Jeevan, R.K. Patidar, V. Kadam, P. Dutta, E. Nongbri, M.N.R. Gouda, S. Naik, N.S. Nysanth, “Implementing Sustainable Practices To Combat Root-Knot Nematode Infestation In Tomato Farming From Meghalaya,” Scientific Reports, 15, 602, 2025.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1038/S41598-024-84292-5.
[2]. S.O. Ajenifujah-Solebo, P.E Akin-Idowu, A.O. Aduloju, V.O. Adedeji, E.T. Akinyode, D.O. Ibitoye, O. Arogundade, A.O. Oke, E.A. Adesegun, V.O. Ntui, A.O. Akinbo, C.O. Adetunji, Y.O. Falana, R.I. Joseph And F. Bello, “Tomato Crop Improvement Efforts In Nigeria: Past, Current And Future Perspectives,” Intechopen Book Chapter, 2025. Https://10.5772/Intechopen.1009299.
[3]. N.A. Nafady, R. Sultan, A.M. El-Zawahry, Y.S. Mostafa, S. Alamri, R.G Mostafa, M. Hashem And E.A. Hassan, “Effective And Promising Strategy In Management Of Tomato Root-Knot Nematodes By Trichoderma Garzianun And Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,” Agronomy, 12(2), 315, 2022. Https://Doi.Org/10.3390/Agronomy12020315.
[4]. M.Y. Banora, “Impacting Of Root-Knot Nematodes On Tomato: Current Status And Potential Horizons For Its Managing,” Intechopen Book Chapter, 2023. Https://Doi.Org/10.5772/Intechopen.112868.
[5]. V.M. Williamson, “Root-Knot Nematode Resistance Genes In Tomato And Their Potential For Future Use,” Annal Review Phytopathology, 36, 277-293, 1998.

ABSTRACT: Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) produce a diverse array of vocalizations that play fundamental roles in social communication, predator avoidance, reproductive behavior, and parent-offspring interactions. Despite being one of the most numerically abundant domesticated birds worldwide, chicken vocalizations remain understudied compared to other avian species such as songbirds and parrots. This review synthesizes recent literature on.........

Keywords: Chicken vocalizations, animal communication, alarm calls, welfare assessment, acoustic analysis, referential signaling

[1]. Brumm, H., & Zollinger, S. A. (2011). The Evolution Of The Lombard Effect: 100 Years Of Psychoacoustic Research. Behaviour, 148(11-13), 1173-1198.
[2]. Claes, R., Muyshondt, P. G., Dirckx, J. J., & Aerts, P. (2017). Sound Attenuation In The Ear Of Domestic Chickens (Gallus Gallus Domesticus) As A Result Of Beak Opening. Royal Society Open Science, 4(11), 171286.[3].
Collias, N. E., & Joos, M. (2016). The Spectrographic Analysis Of Sound Signals Of The Domestic Fowl. Behaviour, 5(3-4), 175-188.
[4]. Edgar, J. L., Lowe, J. C., Paul, E. S., & Nicol, C. J. (2011). Avian Maternal Response To Chick Distress. Proceedings Of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1721), 3129-3134.
[5]. Edgar, J. L., Nicol, C. J., Clark, C. C., & Paul, E. S. (2016). Influences Of Maternal Care On Chicken Welfare. Animals, 6(1), 2..

ABSTRACT: In the two and a half decades that preceded Nigeria’s independence, Yorubaland recorded some socio-economic transformation that changed its rural and urban landscapes. Banking on the promise of self-rule and its attendant benefits, which included modernity, thousands of young men and women from cocoa-growing villages, yam fields, and palm oil groves migrated into the bustling streets of Ibadan, Lagos, Abeokuta, and other emerging urban centres. While the migration reflected aspirations for education, wage employment, and urban living, it quietly drained the countryside of its most energetic labour force. This work seeks to investigate how rural–urban migration reshaped agricultural labour in post-colonial Yorubaland between 1960 and 1985. It will explore demographic....

[1]. Western Nigeria Development Plan, 1962–68 (Ibadan: Ministry Of Economic Planning And Community Development, 1963), 5–15.
[2]. Ibid., 20–23.
[3]. Vanguard, “Independence: What Made Western Nigeria Tick In The First Republic,” Vanguard, October 1, 2020 (Reflecting On Archival Reporting).
[4]. “Railway Connection From Lagos To Kano Boosted Rural Mobility,” In Olujimi And Olanrewaju, “Rural–Urban Migration And Infrastructure,” From Rural To Urban, Accessed Via Researchgate.
[5]. Ibid.

ABSTRACT: In South Sudan, charcoal remains a cornerstone of the national energy matrix and a critical livelihood strategy for both rural and urban populations. This study examines the socio-economic dynamics of the charcoal trade in Juba County, exploring its role as a financial lifeline and its subsequent environmental toll. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach involving 100 respondents across three Payams (Kator, Munuki, and Rajaf), the study identifies a high dependency on charcoal for both income 53% and domestic energy 71%. Findings highlight that while the trade mitigates unemployment, it accelerates deforestation, specifically targeting Acacia seyal and Acacia Senegal due to weak regulatory enforcement and a lack of viable energy alternatives. The paper concludes by recommending integrated policy interventions, including the promotion of agroforestry, investment in solar and LPG technologies, and community- led conservation initiatives to balance economic survival with ecological sustainability.

Keywords: Charcoal trade, charcoal, environmental, energy alternatives, environmental dilemma

[1]. Abass, S.; Wong, M.S.; Wu, J.; Shazad, N.; Muhammad Irteza, S. Approaches Of Satellite Remote Sensing For The Assessment Of Above-Ground Biomass Across Tropical Forests; Pan-Tropical To National Scales. Remote Sens. 2020,12,3351. [Google Scholar] [Cross Ref].
[2]. Adetula, A. O. (2001). Energy Crisis In Nigeria: The Role Of Renewable Energy Sources. Nigerian Journal Of Renewable Energy, 9(1), 1-10.
[3]. Agostino, A. L., Sovacool, B. K., & Jain Bambawale, M. (2015). And Then What Happened? A Retrospective Appraisal Of The China Renewable Energy Development Project. Renewable Energy, 81, 356-366. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Renene.2015.03.048
[4]. Arnold, M., Kohin, G., Persson, R., & Shepherd. G. (2006). Fuelwood Revisited: What Has Changed In The Last Decade? CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 39. Center For International Forestry Research.
[5]. Barnes, D. F., Krutilla, K., & Hyde, W. (2004). The Urban Household Energy Transition: Social And Environmental Impacts In The Developing World—Resources For The Future