IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-11 ~ Nov-2015

ABSTRACT: The study analyzed the comparative fertilizer use amongst some sampled small-scale irrigation farmers in North-western Nigeria. A total of 240 irrigation farmers were selected from four States namely Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara and Kano. Descriptive analysis was used to explain the socioeconomic characteristics while a Probit analysis was carried out to identify the determinants of fertilizer use among the households.The results of the Kebbi's Probit analysis indicated that the variables that played significant roles in determining fertilizer use were Cultivation intensity, Education, Market distance, Non-farm activities, and Association membership. For Sokoto, the variables were Cultivated area, Cultivation intensity, Age, Market distance and wage. For Zamfara, they were Cultivation intensity, Demonstration trial, Crop choice and wage while that of Kano State included: Cultivated area, Cultivation intensity, Demonstration trial and Crop choice.

[1]. Africa Fertilizer Summit. (2009): African Union Special Summit of the Heads of state and Government. Abuja, Nigeria, 13 June 2006.Abuja Declaration on Fertilizer For African Revolution
[2]. Bumb, B. (1995). "Global Fertilizer Perspective, 1980–2000: The Challenges in Structural Transformation." Technical Bulletin T-42. Muscle Shoals, AL: International Fertilizer Development Center.
[3]. Byerlee, D., and C. K. Eicher, eds. (1997). Africa's Emerging Maize Revolution. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
[4]. Desai G. (2002): key issues in achieving sustainable rapid growth of fertilizer use in Rwanda. Consulting Report, Abt Associates, Bethesda MD
[5]. Desai G. (1988): Policy for Rapid Growth in the Use of Modern Agricultural Inputs: In Mellor, J., and R.Ahmed (Eds.), gricultural Price Policy for Developing Countries. John Hopkins University Press,Baltimore MD,pp204-218
[6]. Debertin, D. (1986): Agricultural Production Economics. New York :Mcmillian Publishing company

ABSTRACT: Ninety three grasscutters (Thryonomys Swinderianus) were sampled from various agro ecological areas of Benin and subjected to docility test by a scoring method. They were then submitted to blood sample collection and assaying of plasma concentration of catecholamines (adrenalin, noradrenalin) by HPLC as well as glucose concentration using Trinder's method. Multivariate analysis (MCA) revealed three distinct categories of animals according to docility and levels of catecholamines and glucose concentration. These results suggest good prospects of using catecholamines from the sympathic nervous system as physiological indicator traits for selection on docility in grasscutter.

Key words - catecholamines, docility, glycaemia, grasscutter, stress

[1] G. A. Mensah, Elevage expérimental d'aulacodes: 2ème rapport d'activité. DEP/MFEEP/Cotonou, Bénin, 1983.
[2] D. K. Belyaev, Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. J Hered, 70, 1979, 301– 308
[3] A. V. Kukekova, L. N. Trut, K. Chase, D. V. Shepeleva, A. V. Vladimirova, A. V. Kharlamova, I. N. Oskina, A. Stepika, S. Klebanov, H. N. Erb and G. M. Acland, A marker set for construction of a genetic map of the silver fox (Vulpes vulpes). J Heredity 95, 2004, 185–194.
[4] A. V. Kukekova, L. N. Trut, K. Chase, D. V. Shepeleva, A. V. Vladimirova, A. V. Kharlamova, I. N. Oskina, A. Stepika, S. Klebanov, H. N. Erb and G. M. Acland, Measurement of Segregating Behaviors in Experimental Silver Fox Pedigrees; Journal Behav Genet, 38, 2008, 185–194.
[5] F. W. Albert, Ö. Carlborg, I. Playusnina, F. Besnier., D. Hedwig, S. Lautenschläger, D. Lorenz, J. McIntosh, C. Neumann, H. Richter, C. Zeising, R. Kozhemyakina, O. Shchepina, J. Kratzsch, L. Trut, D. Teupser, J. Thiery, T. Schöneberg, L. Andersson and S. Pääbo. Genetic Architecture of Tameness in a Rat Model of Animal Domestication. Genetic society of America, 182, 2009, 541 – 554

ABSTRACT: The study is carried out in Sinjai Regency coastal waters. The study aims to analyze correlation and regression between mangrove ecosystem width gain and fishing and sea farming rising catch in Sinjai Regency coastal waters involving: (1) fishing catch, (2) sea farming product, (3) milkfish catch, and (4) shrimp catch. The findings found the coastal fishing and sea farming product as follows: (1) capture fisheries products correlate positively 0.886 with value R2 = 0.979, and it forms regression equation Y=19037+4.755X, (2) sea farming products correlate positively 0.981 with value R2 = 0.959, and it forms regression equation Y=10201-1.125X, (3) milkfish catch products correlate positively 0.756 with value R2 = 0.555, and it forms regression equation Y=2E+06-2.216X, and (4) shrimp catch products correlate positively 0.656with value R2 = 0.444, and it forms regression equation Y=39445-4.917X.
Keywords: Correlation of mangrove, capture fisheries and sea farming products.

[1]. Halmer M, Olsen AB. 2002. Role of decomposition of Mangrove and seagress detritus in sedimet, carbon and nitrogen eyeling in a tropical Mangrove forest. Marine ecology progreses series 230:87-101.
[2]. Supriharyono. 2005. Conservation of Biological ResourcesinCoastaland MarineTropical. LibraryStudent. Yogyakarta.
[3]. Bengen DG., dan Dutton IM. 2002. Interaction mangrove dan forestry management in Indonesia Procedings of the symposium on coatal management. ITB, 28 Juni 2002.
[4]. Beukeboom H, Lai CK, Otsuka M. 1992. Report of the Regional Expert Consultation on Partcipatory Agroforestry and Silvofishery System in Southeast Asia-Pasifik Agroforestry Network.
[5]. Alam S. 1997. Economicstudies-EcologyaquacultureonMangroveEcosystemEnvironmentAnticipating the impact ofdevelopmenton theCoastRegion. Journal ofEnvironmentalResearchCenterstudy2: 12-21.
[6]. Kuswadi, Mutiara E. 2004. Computer BasedStatisticsforPeopleNonstatistik(stanon). QuickandEasy Ways toUnderstandComputer-BasedStatisticsandIts Application. publisherPT. Elex Media Komputindo. Kelompok Gramedia. Jakarta.

ABSTRACT: Poverty reduction and creation of employment opportunities in both rural and urban communities are two slogans governments in developing economies are very much associated with. And as majority of the population in such nations heavily rely on agriculture for their livelihoods, a larger proportion of the programmes designed to address these inadequacies in human development are basically tailored toward improving agricultural production. This survey assessed the households income generation in Fadama III benefiting communities in Adamawa State, Nigeria, taking into account of particularly the success of the programme. Twenty Local Government Areas (LGAs) benefiting from the programme were purposely selected for the study.

[1]. Shepherd, A.; Scott, L.; Mariotti, C.; Kessy, F.; Gaiha, R.; Da-Corta, L.; Hanifnia, K.; Kaicker, N.; Lenhardt, A.; Lwanga-Ntale, C.; Sen, B.; Sajipati, B.; Strawson, T.; Thapa, G.; Underhill, H. and Wild, L. (2015). The Chronic Poverty Report 2014-2015: The road to zero extreme poverty. Chronic Poverty Advisory Network. Pp 176
[2]. Shepherd, A. and Scott, L. (2011). Tackling Chronic Poverty: The policy implications of research on chronic poverty dynamics. Manchester Chronic Research Centre
[3]. Oladele, O.; Koyoma, O. and Sakagama, J. (2004). Africa in Search of Extension System: Experience from Nigeria. Food, Agriculture and Environment.2(1):276-280
[4]. Ozor, N.; Agwu, A.; Chukwuone, N.; Madukwe, M. and Garfoth, C. (2007). Cost-sharing of Agricultural Technology Transfer in Nigeria: Perception of Farmers and Extension Professionals. Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension.13(1): 23-37

ABSTRACT: The occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites of ruminant has been on the increase leading to great economic and production losses with more fatal cases occurring in developing countries. Minna, a northcentral city in Nigeria is faced with this problem of helminthosis occasioned by instability in management.
This retrospective study was conducted to investigate and provide data on the prevalence and zoonotic impact of helminth and protozoan parasites of ruminants presented to the Niger state Veterinary hospital between 2012 and 2013. Faecal samples were examined by direct wet mount method.

[1]. Adejinmi, O. O. Adejinmi, J.O. Falohun, O.O. Aderoju O.R and Dauda, W.J. (2015): Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Goats in Ibadan, Southwest, Nigeria." World Journal of Agricultural Research, vol. 3, no. 2 49-51. doi: 10.12691/wjar-3-2-2.
[2]. Adejinmi, J.O. and Osayomi, J.O. (2010): Prevalence of intestinal protozoan parasites of dogs in Ibadan, south western Nigeria. Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, Vol. 7, (2): 783-788
[3]. Biu, A. A, Maimuna, A.Salamatu, A. F. and Agbadu, E. T. (2009): A faecal survey of gastro-intestinal parasites of ruminants on the University of Maiduguri research farm, 5, 175-179.
[4]. Boes, J, Willingham, A.L, Shi, F.H, Hu, X.G, Eriksen, L, Nansen, P, and Stewart, T.B. (2000): Prevalence and distribution of pig helminths in the Dongting Lake Region (Human Province) of the People's Republic of China. J. Helminthol. 74: 45-52.
[5]. Charles and Hendrix. (2006): Diagnostic Veterinary Parasitology for Technicians. Third Edition, Mosby.
[6]. Chiejina, S. N. and Ikeme, B. O. (2007): Arrested development of gastro-intestinal trichostrongylidsin goats in Nigeria. Veterinary Parasite, 28, 103 - 113.

ABSTRACT: This experiment was conducted and designed to evaluate the effects of feeding value of the feedstuffs utilized by Indigenous Chicken in farms. The suitability and choice by chicken in a cafeteria feeding system and the possibility of improvement using a selected commercial Molaplus poultry probiotics was done. Fifteen chicken were allocated in 5 cages (3 birds each) and allowed a free choice diet of various feedstuffs like maize, millet, sorghum, ''omena'', rice germ, sunflower meal and soya bean meal and water provided adlibitum. The results indicated that maize grains was the most preferred feed by the growing indigenous chicken (72%) compared to sorghum (1%) intake.

[1]. Alkhalf, A., Alhaj, M., & Al-homidan I. (2010). Influence of probiotic supplementation on blood parameters and growth performance in broiler chickens. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17(3), 219–225.
[2]. Alloui, M., Szczurek, W. & Świątkiewicz, S. (2013). The Usefulness of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Modern Poultry Nutrition: a Review / Przydatność prebiotyków i probiotyków w nowoczesnym żywieniu drobiu – przegląd. Annals of Animal Science, 13(1), pp. 17-32. [3]. Badubi, S. S., Rakereng, M., &Marumo, M. (2006). Morphological characteristics and feed resources available for indigenous chickens in Botswana. Livest. Res. Rural Dev, 18(1).
[4]. Gakige J K, King'ori A M, Bebe B O and Kahi A K 2015: Effects of targeted phase supplementary feeding on gut morphology of scavenging ecotypes of indigenous chickens in Kenya. Livestock Research for Rural Development. Volume 27, Article #193.
[5]. Islam, R., Kalita, N., & Nath, P. (2014). Comparative performance of Vanaraja and Indigenous chicken under backyard system of rearing. Journal of Poultry Science and Technology, 2(1), 22-25.
[6]. J O Khobondo, T K Muasya, S Miyumo, T O Okeno2, C B Wasike, R Mwakubambanya, A M Kingori and A K Kahi ( 2015) Genetic and nutrition development of indigenous chicken in Africa. Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 27 (7) 2015

ABSTRACT: The study, which was conducted on the pancreatic islets of 30 goats of three different age groups, has not shown the specific pattern of distribution of islets. However, the islets were encountered at the periphery of pancreatic lobes and near to interlobular connective tissue in the vicinity of blood capillaries. It was also confirmed that the abundance of islets were at the tail portion of pancreatic gland. Islets of Langerhans in goats were of mixed types with three varieties of cells viz. alpha, beta and delta. The alpha and delta cells were found located at the periphery while beta cells were placed at the center. Islets cells were distinguished by their cytological and nuclear contents.

[1]. Ali, S. S., M. M. Ali, B. J. Hering, R. G. Bretzel and K. Fedelin, 1991: Light and electron-microscopic studies on isolated bovine islets of Langerhans. Anat. Anz. 173 (2), 73-80.
[2]. Banks, W. J., 1981: Endocrine Pancreas. In: Applied veterinary histology, Williams and Wilkins Publication, pp 474-476.
[3]. Bloom, W. and D. W. Fawcett, 1968: Pancreas. In: A text book of histology, 9th edn. W. B. Saunders Co. pp 614-624.
[4]. Dorsche, H. H. Von. 1979: Histochemical and electron microscopical investigations of Wister-rats with streptozotocin diabetes (author's transl). Acta Histochem. 64 (1), 5-6.
[5]. Ganguli, A. and G. Prasad, 1995: Histology of goat pancreas. Indian J. of Vet. Anat. 8, 56
[6]. Ladukar, O. N. and V. R. Bhamburkar, 1994: Comparative studies on the innervations of islets in pancreas of Layers and Broilers. Indian J. of Vet. Anat. 6 (2), 101-103.
[7]. Maala, C. P., M. T. S. Onate and E. C. Bernardo, 2004: Electron microscopic study on the pancreatic acinus and islets of the Phillippine water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Phillippine-Journal-of-veterinary-medicine. 41 (1), 1-9.

ABSTRACT: Adaptive plasticity of the parasitoid Acerophagus papayae was estimated using the divergent natural selection process involves different host plants of papaya mealybug PMB Paracoccus marginatus like papaya, cotton, mulberry, brinjal, hibiscus, tapioca and comparatively with potato sprouts. The plasticity of parasitoid was exploited out using the infestivity and virulence studies through the parameters involved in the host selection process of the parasitoid on PMB. The results showed significant differences in parasitoid infectivity on their natal host compared with the non-natal hosts. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and nonnatal hosts, thus supporting a lack of host adaptation in these introduced parasitoid populations. The result concluded the role of phenotypic plasticity in fitness related traits of parasitoids, enabling them to maximize fitness on alternative hosts. This could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control of insect pests.

Keywords: Adaptive plasticity, parasitoid, Acerophagus papayae, natural selection, phenotypic plasticity, Paracoccus marginatus, papaya mealybug

[1]. Althoff, D.M. and J. N. Thompson. 2001. Geographic structure in the searching behaviour of a specialist parasitoid: combining molecular and behavioural approaches. J. Evolution. Biol., 14: 406–417.
[2]. Antolin, M. F., T. A. Bjorkstein and T. T. Vaughn. 2006. Host-related fitness trade-offs in a presumed generalist parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Ecol. Entomol., 31:242–254.
[3]. Araj, S. E., S. Wratten, A. Lister, H. Buckley and I. Ghabeish. 2011. Searching behavior of an aphid parasitoid and its hyperparasitoid with and without floral nectar. Biol. Control., 57:79–84.
[4]. Bowers, M. D. 1990. Recycling plant natural products for insect defense. In: Insect Defenses. Hogerth press, London, pp. 353-386.
[5]. Braimah, H. and H. F. Van Emden. 1994. The role of the plant in host acceptance by the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bull. Entomol. Res., 84: 303-306. [6]. Bull, J. J., C. Thompson, D. Ng and R. Moore. 1987. A model for natural selection of genetic migration. Am Nat., 129(1): 143-157.
[7]. Chow, F. J and M. Mackauer. 1992. The influence of prior ovipositional experience on host selection in four species of aphidiid wasps (Hymenoptera; Aphidiidae). J. Insect Behav., 5: 99-108.

ABSTRACT: In 1982, under the New Licensing Policy, the Department of Fisheries (DOF) had implemented the four-zone Marine Protected Areas (MPA) denoted as A zone (0-5 nm), B zone (5-12 nm), C zone (12-30 nm) and D zone (beyond 30 nm). At first glance, the decision by the DOF to introduce new zoning system justifies the need to enhance the protection of coastal areas not only in curbing the encroachment of trawlers but also to provide safe haven for fish juveniles as the areas are known to be the breeding and nursery grounds for most fishes. However, the move is not without cost; the creation of no-fishing zone or designated as "conservation zone" (0-1 nm) prohibits any fishing activity including by those fishermen using sampan. This paper studied fishing data as published by DOF and made an assessment on the success of the old zoning regime by comparing other fisheries in the region.

[1]. R. Pomeroy, Managing overcapacity in small-scale fisheries in Southeast Asia, Marine Policy, 36 (2), March 2012, 520–527
[2]. Pomeroy, Robert, John Parks, Kitty Courtney, Peter Collier, and Nives Mattich, 'Southeast asia regional fisheries stakeholder
analysis: a study undertaken for USAID/RDMA', Tetra Tech, ARD; Bangkok, Thailand, 11 July 2014
[3]. De Young, C. (ed.), Review of the state of world marine capture fisheries management: Indian Ocean. FAO Fisheries Technical
Paper. No. 488. Rome, FAO. 2006. 458p.
[4]. J. Yahaya, Fishery management and regulation in Peninsular Malaysia: Issues and constraints, Marine Resource Economics, 1988,
83-98.
[5]. Rodney V. Salm, John R. Clark, Erkki Siirila, Marine and Coastal Protected Areas: A Guide for Planners and Managers, ICUN
Marine Programme, 1989, 302 pages.
[6]. M.F. Alam, , I.H. Omar, and D. Squires, Sustainable fisheries development in the tropics: trawlers and license limitation in
Malaysia, Applied Economics,34(3), 2002, 325-337.
[7]. G.M.N. Islam, K.M. Noh, S.F. Sidique, A.F.M. Noh, and A. Ali, Economic impacts of artificial reefs on small-scale fishers in
Peninsular Malaysia, Human Ecology,42(6), 2014, 989-998.

ABSTRACT: The effects of plastic films and rice hull mulches and plant densities on the environment, growth and yield of cucumber were studied at Abakaliki, in a 4 x 3 factorial experiment in three replications for two cropping seasons. Rice hull mulch had the highest vine length (145.5 cm), leaf area (184.63 cm2), fruit weight (1.27 kg), fruit length (62.7 cm) and fruit diameter (9.43 cm) better than the unmulched and raised the average daily soil temperature from 28.1oC - 27.4oC, while transparent plastic mulch had the highest number of vine (5.2), number of leaves (32.5), number of fruits (7.98) and made the greatest improvement on the average daily soil temperature (28.8oC). Plant spacing 50 cm x 40 cm gave rise to a profuse branched plants with longer vines (144.7 cm), greater number of leaves (35.2) and leaf area (181.05 cm2), while fruit length of 20.4 cm and the highest fruit diameter (9.53 cm) resulted from the widest plant spacing of 50 cm x 50 cm.

[1]. Abu-Awwad, A.M., (1998). Effect of mulch and irrigation water amounts on soil evaporation and transpiration, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 181, 55-59
[2]. Abu-Awwad, A.M., (1999). Irrigation water management for efficient water use in mulched onion, Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 183, 1-7
[3]. Adeoye, K.B., (1984). Influence of grass mulch on soil temperature, soil moisture and yield of maize and gero millet in a savanna zone soil, Samaru Journal of Agricultural Research 2, 87-97
[4]. Akintoye, H.A., Adeyemi, A.O. and Adedipe, A.R. (2002). Influence of nitrogen and plant population on yield components of cucumber, Crop Research Hisar 23 (3): 493-500
[5]. Aliudin, T., (1986). Effect of soil tillage and application of mulch on yield of field grown garlic, Bulletin-penelitian-Hortikultural 8, 12-15
[6]. Anonymous, (2003). Commercial flowers vol. 11, 2nd revised edition, Naya Prokashan Calcutta, 351 pp
[7]. Arora, J.S., Amanpreet Kaur, Sidhu, G.S., Kaur, A., (2002) Performance of carnation in poly house, Journal of Ornamental Horticulture, New series 5, 58-63

ABSTRACT: Growth and yield performances of three elite varieties of maize were evaluated in twelve varieties of promiscuous soybean culture for their fertilizer-replacement value in Abakaliki derived sub-humid savanna belt, Southeastern Nigeria on a soil described as Eutric leptosol with pH of 5.18. The composite (Suwan) had the highest mean harvest index (HI) 51% with TGx1844-18E, the hybrid (Oba super II) had 50% with TGx1876-4E, while the local (Ikom white) had 48% with TGx1903-7F and TGx1909-3F.

[1]. Andrew, D.J. and Kassam, A.H. 1976. The importance of multiple cropping in increasing world food supplies In: Multiple cropping, Papendick, R.I., Sanchez, A. and Trippett, G.B. (eds.) American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI, USA, pp 1-10
[2]. Anikwe, M.A.N., Okonkwo, C.I. and Aniekwe, N.L. 1999. The effects of changing land use on selected soil properties in the Abakaliki agro-ecological zone, Southeastern Nigerian, Environmental Education and Information Vol.18, no.1, 79-84.
[3]. Anonymous, 2004. Farmers in the frontline. Spore Magazine, CTA, Netherlands. N0. 113, pp1-2
[4]. Anonymous, 2003. Soil Fertility: Are you still beating your Mother Earth? Spore Magazine, CTA, Netherlands. No. 105; pp4-5
[5]. Arnon, I. 1972.Mixed cropping In: Crop production in dry regions. London, England; Leonard Hill, vol. 1pp.475-476
[6]. Carmer, S.G. and Swanson, M.R. 1971. Detection of differences between means: A Monte Carlo Study of pair wise multiple comparison procedure, Agronomy Journal 63: 940-945.
[7]. Catacutan, D.C., Mercado, Jr. A.R. and Patindol, M. 2001. Scaling up the land care and NRM planning process in Mindanao, Philippines LEISA, Vol. 17, no. 3 pp 31-34

ABSTRACT: Twenty calves and steers of Crossbred Ongole (CO or PO as local name) and it's crossing breed (Limousine x PO= Limpo) breed in low land (5m above sea level; environment temperature and Relative Humidity of 35ºC and 48%) of Nguling district of Pasuruan Regency, East Java Province were treated by giving commercial concentrate as much as 0.75 and 1.5 kg kg for calves and steer, respectively. There was no difference of rectal temperatures between the two's. Before the treatment, the respiration rate of Limpo's was higher than PO but the difference was not exist anymore after the treatment. The same also occured for Heat Tolerance Coefficient.Therewas no effect of breed to plasma glucose, NEFA and Hsp70, before and after the treatment.

[1]. Adewuyi, A.A., E. Gruys and F.J.C.M. van Eerdenburg, 2005. Non Esterified FattyAcids (NEFA) in Dairy Cattle. Veterinary Quarterly 2005; 27 (3): 117-126
[2]. Beede, D. K. and R. J. Collier, 1986. Potential nutritional strategies for intensively managed cattle during thermal stress. Journal of Animal Science, 62(2): 543-554.
[3]. Behl, Rahul, Jyotsna Behl, and B. K. Joshi, 2010. Heat tolerance mechanisms in cattle status in zebu cattle: A review. The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 80.9.
[4]. Collier, R. J., J. L. Collier, R. P. Rhoads and L. H. Baumgard, 2008. Genes involved in the bovine heat stress response, J. Dairy Sci. 91: 445-454.
[5]. Djajanegara A. and K. Diwyanto, 2002. "Development Strategies for Genetic Evaluation of Beef Production in Indonesia." Development Strategies for Genetic Evaluation for Beef Production in Developing Countriesedited by Jack Allen and Ancharlie Na-ChiangmaiACIAR Proceedings 108

ABSTRACT: field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2012-2013 at the Water Technology Centre, College Farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to evaluate nutrient status, physical and biological properties. The soil nutrients in post harvest soil were highest in C4-green manure, C4-FYM, C4-green manure and C2-FYM respectively. Assay of soil enzyme activity at 60 DAS indicated higher activities of urease, dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase in plots irrigated with C2 water followed by C3 water and alternate irrigation with C3/C4 water.

[1] M.A. Kahlown, and M. Azam, Effect of saline drainage effluent on soil health and crop yield, Agricultural Water Management, 62, 2003, 127–138. [2] K. H. Amer, Corn crop response under managing different irrigation and salinity levels, Agricultural Water Management, 97, 2010, 1553–1563. [3] N.C. Brady, the nature and properties of soil- third edition. (Macmillan publishing company. New York, 1990). [4] P. Singaram, and K. Kamalakumari, Effect of continuous application of different levels of fertilizers with farm yard manure on enzymatic dynamics of soil, Madras Agricultural Journal, 87(4-6), 2000, 364-365. [5] R. Uma Reddy, Integrated nutrient management in tomato. - onion cropping system. Ph D thesis submitted to Acharya N G Ranga Agricultural University, Hyderabad, 1997. [6] D. N. Rietz, and R. J. Haynes, Effects of irrigation-induced salinity and sodicity on soil microbial activity, Soil biology and biochemistry, 35, 2003, 845-854.

ABSTRACT: Incidence and severity of S. rolfsii disease on tomato farms in Chile Island (Makurdi), Benue State, Nigeria was conducted. This was based on inspection of tomato fields randomly selected at 1 – 2km intervals along accessible routes in the study area. Disease symptoms observed on tomato plants include chlorosis, wilting, leaf spot, early blight, root and foot rot, stem rot and necrosis. Incidence ranged from 4 – 33 for the tomato farms sampled. Analysis of Variance showed no significant difference in the incidence of S. rolfsii disease on the sampled farms at p=0.05.

[1]. R.T. Michail, and E.H. Alcorn, An epidemiological simulation model with three scales of spatial hierarchy. Phytopathology, 94, 1984, 883 – 891.
[2]. Z.K. Punja, The biology, ecology and control of Sclerotium rolfsii. Annual review of Phytopathology, 23, 1985, 96 – 127.
[3]. L.V. Madden, and G. Hughes, An effective sample size for predicting plant disease incidence in a spatial hierarchy. Phytopathology, 89, 1999, 770 – 781.
[4]. A. Tekuaz, and A.W. Chiko, Leaf Stripe of barley caused by Pyrenophora graminea: occurrence in Canada and comparisons with barley stripe Mosaic. Plant pathology, 2, 1980, 152 – 158.
[5]. C.L. Campbell, and L.V. Madden, Introduction to plant disease epidemiology. John Wiley and sons, New York, NY, USA, 1999.
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[7]. R.C. Seem, Disease Incidence and Severity relationships. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 22, 1984, 133 – 150.