IOSR-JBM   Volume-18 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2016

Abstract: The study explored the adoption of ethical political marketing and public relations' communications by Nigerian politicians for checkmating electoral violence in the country. The objectives were to: ascertain the extent Nigerian politicians employ ethical political marketing communications in their electioneering campaigns, and determine the level of ethical public relations practices in their electioneering behavior. Survey design was employed in the study............

Keywords: Ethical Communications, Political Marketing, Political Public Relations, Electoral Violence, Nigeria.

[1]. Alemika, E. (2004). ―Elections as Organized Crime: Nigerian Experience‖. Paper Presented at the Centre for African Studies Seminar, University of Cape Town, May 12.
[2]. Alemka, Etannibi E.O (2011), ―Post-election violence in Nigeria-emerging trend.‖ Lagos: CLEEN Foundation.
[3]. Allafrica.com (2009), Nigeria: How Jos Crisis Erupted, www.allafrica.com/stories/200903240549.html.
[4]. Aniekwe, C. C. & Kushie, J. (2011), Electoral violence situational analysis: identifying hot-spots in the 2011 general elections in Nigeria, Lagos: National Association for Peaceful Elections in Nigeria (NAPEN).
[5]. Anifowose, R. (1982), Violence and Politics in Nigeria: The Tiv and Yoruba Experience, Enugu: Nok Publishers Ltd.

Abstract: This study investigated the effect of business characteristics on the choice of investment evaluation techniques of SMEs in Tanzania. The study used a cross-sectional design and the method of the study was the survey. Purposive sampling was used to collect data to a sample of 301 SMEs drawn from SIDO in Dar es Salaam and Dodoma regions. Questionnaires and personal interviews were used to collect data. Four hypotheses were proposed and tested using the multinomial logit regression.........

Keywords: Small business characteristics, investment evaluation techniques, choice, SMEs, Tanzania

[1]. Awomewe, A and O, Ogundele, (2008) The importance of the Payback method in Capital Budgeting Decision, MBA Thesis, Blekinge Institute of Technology.
[2]. Brigham E, and M, Erhardt, (2005). Financial management: Theory and practice. New York, The Dryden Press.
[3]. Brijal, P. and L. Quesada, (2009) The Use of Capital Budgeting Techniques in Businesses; A Perspective from the Western Cape. The journal of Applied Business Research-July/August 2009, volume 25, Number 4.pp 37-46
[4]. Danielson, M and J, Scott, (2006) The Capital Budgeting Decisions of Small Business. Journal of Applied Finance (Fall/Winter) 45-56.
[5]. Daunfeldt, S. and F, Hartwig, (2012) What determines the use of capital budgeting methods? Evidence from Swedish listed companies, HUI working papers 57, Sweden, the Swedish Retail Institute (HUI).

Abstract: Eastern Indonesia (KTI) is a disadvantage area in Indonesia, the local government allocated an education budget to increase human capital in order economic growth with good performance, but constrained by geographical factors. The study then found that education spending by local governments in KTI has a negative and significant impact to the percentage change educated labor force and the percentage change educated work force has a significant positive effect on employment, but education spending is not significant to the growth. There was no significant difference in economic growth by geography in KTI.

Keywords: Economic Growth,Education Spending, Educated Work Force, Employment

[1]. Anaduaka U S, (2014). Human Capital Development and Economic Growth: The Nigeria Experience. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 25-35.
[2]. Barro (1990). Government Spending in A Simple Model of EndogeneousGrowth . The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp. 103-125.
[3]. Barro and Sala-i-Martin, (1991). Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 106, No. 2, pp. 407-443.
[4]. Basu P and Bhattari K (2010), "Does Government Spending on Education Promote Growth and Schooling Returns? https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/255617953
[5]. Chude, Patricia N, 2013. Impact of Government Expenditure on Economic Growth in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 64-71

Abstract: Government can organize regional development with the bottom-up approach by discussion (Musrenbang). Musrenbang is a media people to express their aspirations to the government such as a Community Empowerment Program as one form of Musrenbang development. Kediri is one of the cities which organization development through a community-based empowerment program. Community Empowerment Program wants tp build an environment from very bottom levels of government (RT)........

Keywords: Regional Development Planning, People Participation, Community Empowerment Program

[1]. Christens, Brian D. 2012. "Targeting Empowerment in Community Development". In Community Development Journal, Vol.47, No.4, October 2012, pp. 538-554.
[2]. Erstad, Margaret. 1997. "Empowerment and Organizational Change". In International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 9/7[1997], pp. 325-333.
[3]. Khwaja, Asim Ijaz. 2004. "Is Increasing Community Participation Always A Good Thing?". In Journal of the European Economic Association, 2(2-2):427-436, May 2004.
[4]. Moczydlowska, Joanna M, et al. 2015. "Empowerment in Management Practice". In International Journal of Research Science and Management, 2(7): July 2015, pp. 16-19.
[5]. Muro, Jackson Estomith, dan G. S. Namusonge. 2015. "Governance Factors Affecting Community Participation In Public Development Projects In Meru District In Arusha In Tanzania". In International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Vol.4, No.6, June 2015.

Abstract: The winds of globalization sweeping across have taken the Indian economic environment in its fold and the proposals for further integration have gained momentum. The transformation has also changed the Indian consumer from a state of conserving resources; he's now ready to accept the shopping culture. The government encouraged by the outcome of economic policy of 1991 in India, has proposed retail reforms mainly as 100% FDI in the retail sector in India........

Keywords: Globalization, India, retailers, FDI policy, challenges and economic changes.

[1]. Amit guin (2012), FDI in Multi Brand Retail: Advantage All, retrieved from http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx relid=88301SS-184/SF-184/10-10-2012
[2]. Anusha Chair (2012) Foreign Direct Investment in India's Retail Bazaar: Opportunities and Challenges, The world economy,vol No.35, issue 1, pp 79-90.
[3]. Arun Kr. Singh and P.K. Agarwal (2012), Foreign Direct Investment: The Big Bang in Indian Retail, VSRD International Journal of Business & Management Research, Vol. 2, issue : 7, Pages 327-337
[4]. Chandu. K. L (2012 ), The New FDI policy in Retail in India: Promises, Problems and Perceptions, Asian Journal Of Management Research ,Volume 3 Issue 1.

Abstract: In the present era of globalization, more than 3600 multinational companies are establishing their businesses in the different sectors in India. These Indian business firms are presenting financial statements as per IFRSs, Indian GAAPs, USGAAPs, Japan GAAP, etc., With a view to avoid this kind of inconvenience, the accounting bodies across the world are working towards a standard set of accounting policies, valuation norms and disclosure requirements.........

Keywords: IFRS, Standard Setting, Uniform Accounting Standards, Financial Reporting.

[1]. Akinyemi, O. A., & others. (2012).The impacts of International Financial Reporting Standards Adoption on Financial Statements: The case of Nigeria. Retrieved from https://theseus32-kk.lib.helsinki.fi/handle/10024/41247
[2]. Atabey, N. A., & Akmese, H. (2014). Evaluations of Accounting Professionals and Accounting Academicians Regarding to International Financial Reporting Standards: A Comparative Analysis. In 2014 International Conference on Management, Education and Social Science (ICMESS 2014). Atlantis Press. Retrieved from http://www.atlantis-press.com/php/download_paper.php?id=11169
[3]. Ball, R. (2006). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors. Accounting and Business Research, 36(sup1),
[4]. Bhargava, V., & Shikha, M. D. (n.d.). The impact of international financial reporting standards on financial statements and ratios.

Abstract: In studying Africa on regional systems basis we should first find an appropriate model whereby the tremendously frightening massive amount of data can be reduced to practically manageable categories. Such a model is obtainable in terms of one of two methods. We can either attempt to compile an original model or we can adopt an existing one; and then apply this model to the concerned data. In this article we follow the second avenue in identifying five African sub – regional systems.

Keywords: Regional basis, model, originality, adoption, and manageable categories.

[1]. As used here, the term 'model' should be regarded as synonymous to the term 'theory'. An analytical model is a 'mental image' of something which actually exists is, and which is directed at knowledge of its variety and composition.
[2]. There are a few exceptions to this premise of Cantori and Spiegel that is the position of the two 'super' powers, the USA and USSR. However, Cantori and Spiegel regard these two powers as independent regional systems in their own right.
[3]. Some of the terms used here differ from those used by Cantori and Spiegel. These authors do not classify the core and peripheral sectors under the internal system, although it is implied to a certain extent. They use 'intrusive system' for our 'external system'. We are of the opinion, however, that the use of different terms enables us to form a cleared image of the framework of analysis.
[4]. The term 'system' is used here in a general sense, and related to a number of factors which interact within particular boundaries.

Abstract: On the basis of comparative study of public policy analysis, it is difficult to underrate or downplay the illustrious contributions of an eminent American public policy scientist in the name of Professor Robert A. Goldwin who has greatly assisted social scientists to view public policy analysis as an earnest, systematic and deliberate attempt to measure the costs and benefits of various policy alternatives and to evaluate actual........

Keywords: Public policy analysis, aid, costs and benefits, policy alternatives, evaluate and proposed governmental activities.

[1]. J. E. Anderson, Public policy – making, New York: Holt, Rinechart and Winston, 2nd edition, 1979.
[2]. J. J. N. Cloete, Introduction to Public Administration, Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik, 1984.
[3]. T. R. Dye, Understanding public policy administration: Pretoria; J. L. van Schaik, 1978
[4]. R. A. Goldwin (ed) Bureaucrats, public analysis, statesmen; who leads? Washington, D. C. 1980.
[5]. Nicholas Henry, Public administration and public affairs, New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc, 1975.

Abstract: Entrepreneurship is a common word nowadays but with the rise of globalization, global entrepreneurship has also become a well-known word. Global entrepreneurship is the term used for the entrepreneurs who operate on global level and businesses worldwide. Global entrepreneurship plays a key role in businesses today as many entrepreneurs look for multinational corporations to assess their leadership skills. Global entrepreneurship may have many challenges and opportunities that are discussed in this paper along with the ways to face those challenges. It is essential for the entrepreneurs to understand the global nature of the business and the environment they are operating in, in order to be successful.

[1]. Carraher, S. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship. Kendall Hunt Publishing Company
[2]. Casillas, J. (2007). International Entrepreneurship in Family Businesses. Edward Elgar Publishing
[3]. Dana, L. (2004). Handbook of Research on International Entrepreneurship. Edward Elgar Publishing
[4]. Hisrich, R. (2010). International Entrepreneurship: Starting, Developing, and Managing a Global Venture. SAGE
[5]. Kshetri, N. (2014). Global Entrepreneurship: Environment and Strategy. Routledge

Abstract: The economic output and job opportunities in emerging countries are greatly aided by the contributions of small companies. Thirty percent of jobs in low-income countries are generated by the informal economy, with 18 percent of those jobs being created by small and medium-sized businesses, according to recent World Bank data (SMEs). These two sectors contribute equally to 63% of GDP. Money is the lifeblood of any business, no matter how big or little. In contrast to the potentially lucrative returns offered by giant corporations, investors may be more wary of providing capital to small enterprises due to the higher risk associated with doing so.

Keywords: Micro Finance, Socio-Economic Development, Small businesses.

[1]. Hashemi, S.S. Schuler and I Riley(1996), "Rural Credit programs and Women"s Empowerment in Bangladesh". World Development Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 635-653.
[2]. Chen, Martha A. and Donald Snodgrass(2001), "Managing Resources, Activities, and Risk in Urban India". The Impact of SEWA Bank (Washington, D.C.: AIMS).
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[4]. Baumann, Ted. (2004), "Pro-Poor Microcredit in South Africa: Cost-efficiency and Productivity of South African Pro-Poor Microfinance institutions". Development Southern Africa, Vol.21, No.5, December.
[5]. Barnes, C., Gary Gaile, and Richard Kimbombo( 2001), "Impact of Three Microfinance Programs in Uganda". USAID-AIMS paper (Washington, D.C.: Management of Systems International).