iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-6 ~ June-2016

Abstract: Background: Multiple options are available for treating proximal tibial fractures. Functional outcome of tibial condylar fractures treated with locking plate and the importance of satisfactory reduction and post operative protocols in obtaining good results needs to be evaluated. Methods: A prospective descriptive study was carried out in patients having proximal tibialmetaphyseal fractures. In the present study, motor vehicle accident was the most common cause. Wound infections were the most common complications...................

Keywords: Tibiacondyle fracture, locking plate, anatomicreduction, physiotherapy

[1]. De Boeck H, Opdecam P. Posteromedial tibial plateau fractures. Operative treatment by posterior approach. ClinOrthopRelat Res
1995:125-8.
[2]. Horwitz DS, Bachus KN, Craig MA, Peters CL. A biomechanical analysis of internal fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures. J
Orthop Trauma 1999;13:545-9.
[3]. Borrelli J, Jr., Ellis E. Pilon fractures: assessment and treatment. OrthopClin North Am 2002;33:231-45, x.
[4]. 3.Patterson MJ, Cole JD. Two-staged delayed open reduction and internal fixation of severe pilon fractures. J Orthop Trauma
1999;13:85-91.
[5]. Sirkin M, Sanders R, DiPasquale T, Herscovici D, Jr. A staged protocol for soft tissue management in the treatment of complex pilon fractures. J Orthop Trauma 1999;13:78-84.

Abstract: Locked plating (LP) of distal femoral fractures are widely used now- a-days. Risk factors for implant failure, nonunion is limited. The purpose of this study was to assess outcomes of LP treatment for distal femoral fractures.30 distal femoral fractures were treated with locking plate. Nonunion and infection, and implant failure were used as outcome variables.20% of the patients developed a non union. 10% developed hardware failure.2% developed infection.Inspite new fixation techniques, distal femoral fractures resulted in worse clinical outcomes. Soft tissue management is important. Submuscular plate insertion decreases the nonunion rate.

Keywords: Femur Fracture Supracondylar Locked plating Outcome

[1]. Gwathmey FW, Jones-Quaidoo SM, Kahler D, Hurwitz S, Cui Q: Distal femoral fractures: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop
Surg. 2010, 18: 597-607.PubMedGoogle Scholar
[2]. Nasr AM, Mc Leod I, Sabboubeh A, Maffulli N: Conservative or surgical management of distal femoral fractures. A retrospective
study with a minimum five year follow-up. Acta Orthop Belg. 2000, 66: 477-483.PubMedGoogle Scholar
[3]. Herrera DA, Kregor PJ, Cole PA, Levy BA, Jonsson A, Zlowodzki M: Treatment of acute distal femur fractures above a total knee
arthroplasty: systematic review of 415 cases (1981–2006). Acta Orthop. 2008, 79: 22-27. 10.1080/17453670710014716.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
[4]. Henderson CE, Kuhl LL, Fitzpatrick DC, Marsh JL: Locking plates for distal femur fractures: is there a problem with fracture
healing?. J Orthop Trauma. 2011, 25 (Suppl 1): S8-S14.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar

Abstract: The purpose of this prospective study was to present the epidemiological profile of ocular diseases in elderly population living in villages of Bundelkhand..Advancing age is susceptible to numerous diseases especially the degenerative disorders.Estimates say that from 2015 to 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years will nearly double from 12% to 22%. By 2020, the number of people aged 60 years and older will outnumber children younger than 5 years. In 2050, 80% of older people will be living in lowand middle-income countries.The frequency of eye diseases may start increasing further around 60 years of age. Proper understanding of the occurrence of ocular diseases in the community would help in planning for geriatric eye care services...........

Keywords: ocular morbidities, geriatric, cataract, pterygium, refractive error

[1]. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya'ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, Pokharel GP, et al. Global data on Visual impairment in the year
2002. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82:844–51.
[2]. Thylefors B. Avoidable blindness. Bull World Health Organ. 1999;77:453.
[3]. Pizzarello LD. The dimensions of the problem of eye diseases among the elderly. Ophthalmology; 94:11911195, 1987.
[4]. Singh VP. A survey of ocular morbidity in the general population. Nagpur: University of Nagpur (MS Thesis), 1990.
[5]. Dawson CR, Schwab IR. Epidemiology of cataract–a major cause of preventable blindness. Bull World Health
Organ. 1981;59:493–501.

Abstract: Laparoscopically performed surgeries have increased manifold as they have provide many advantages when compared to traditional way of performing surgeries. But laparoscopic technique has its own disadvantages, which may be in form of metabolic effects of Co2 pneumoperitoneum. Current observation study was designed for observing metabolic changes in form of Paco2, Etco2, pH and bicarbonate levels in patients undergoing various laparoscopic gynaecological procedures and their effects on patient if any. To ascertain effect of head down, role of lung protective ventilation in managing Paco2 and the need of arterial blood gas monitoring in presence of Etco2 monitoring in laparoscopic gynaecological procedures............

Keywords: Laparoscopic, pneumoperitoneum, arterial blood gas, end tidal co2, surrogate.

[1]. Sharma, K. C., Kabinoff, G., Ducheine, Y., Tierney, J. & Brandstetter, R. D.Laparoscopic surgery and its potential for medical
complications. Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care 26, 52–64 (1997).
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1978;113:1196–1200
[3]. Dexter SP, Vucevic M, Gibson J, McMahon MJ. Hemodynamic consequences of high- and low-pressure capnoperitoneum during
laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 1999;13:376–381.
[4]. Hirvonen EA, Nuutinen LS, Kauko M. Ventilator effects, blood gas changes and oxygen consumption during laparoscopic
hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1995; 80: 961-9
[5]. Henny CP, Hofland J. Laparoscopic surgery: Pitfalls due to anesthesia, positioning, and pneumoperitoneum. Surg Endosc 2005; 19:
1163-1171.

Abstract: Aim and objectives: To assess the utility and complications of various locoregional flap in the reconstruction of surgical defect in the head and neck region. Material and methods: It is a retrospective study carried out in the department of head and neck oncology, Dr B Borooah Cancer Institute from 2005 to 2010. Patients undergoing surgery for head and neck malignancy, who required local flap for reconstruction were taken up for the study........

Keywords:Loco regional Flap, oral defects, nasolabial flap, reconstruction

[1]. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani Pet al. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55: 74-108
[2]. Harari PM. Promising new advances in head and neck radiotherapy. Ann Oncol 2005;16:vi13-9.
[3]. Toshihiro Y et al. Applicability of buccal fat pad grafting for oral reconstruction. Int J OralMaxillofac Surg.2012 Aug 16
[4]. AChandu et al. Reconstructivetechniquesfortherepairoforaland maxillofacialoncological procedures:Whatarethey,how dotheyworkandwhatdotheylooklike? AustralianDentalJournal2002;47:(2):99-105
[5]. Nazar G. Talabani, Khadija M. Ahmed, Farouk H. Faraj Oral Cancer in Sulaimani: A Clinicopathological Study , Journal of
Zankoy Sulaimani.2010,13(1) Part A

Abstract: Penile carcinoma accounts for 0.4 % to 0.6 % of all malignancies among men in United States and Europe. But it represents up to 10% of malignant neoplasm in men in some Asian African and south American countries (Gloeckler - Ries et al, 1990 Vatanasapt et al, 1995) The reason are unclear but may be related in part to increased attention to personal hygiene. Though incidence is decreasing in past few decades in India, still it is common disease present in Indian males.

Keywords:............

[1]. Misra S, Chaturvedi A, Misra NC: Penile Carcinoma, a challange for the developing world, Lancet Oncel 2004, 5:240-247
[2]. Srinivas V, Morse MJ, nerr HW et al: Penile Cancer: Relation of extant of nodal metastasis to survival. J Urol 1987, 137:870-82
[3]. Ficarra V, Zaltoni F, Cunico SC, et al: hymphatic and vascular embolizations are independent predictive variables. Inguinal lymph
node involvement in patients with squamouscell carcinoma of the penis: Gruppo Urooncologica del Nord EST (Northeast Uro -
oncological Group) Penile cancer data base data. Cancer 2005, 103:2507-2516.
[4]. Or nellas AA, Seixas AL, Marota A et al: Surgical treatment of invasion squamous all carcinoma of the penis retrospective analysis
of 350 cases. J Urol 1994, 151:1244 - 1249

Abstract: Objective: To assess the dental age based on the stages of third molar eruption stages following the four stages (A–D) method of Olze et al. Materials and Methods: In the present study, we determined the stages of third molar eruption in 169 females and 180 males aged 12 to 25 years based on radiological evidence from 349 digital orthopantomograms. The obtained data were analyzed by using t-test and f test. Results: The results of this study provide data on the age of alveolar, gingival and complete eruption of the third molars in the occlusal plane............

Keywords: Third molar eruption; Indian population; Dental age estimation.

[1]. Willems G. A review of the most commonly used dental age estimation techniques. J Forensic Odontostomatol2001;19:9-17.
[2]. Teivens A, Mörnstad H. Comparison between dental maturity rate in the Swedish and Korean populations using a modified
Demirjian method. J Forensic Odontostomatol 2001; 19:31-35.
[3]. Rai B, Krishan K, Kaur J, Anand SC. Age Estimation from Mandible by Lateral Cephalogram: A Preliminary Study. J Forensic
Odontostomatol2008; 27:24-28.
[4]. Teivens A, Mörnstad H. A modification of the Demirjian method for age estimation inchildren. J Forensic Odontostomatol2001;
19:26-30.
[5]. Panchbhai A.S. Dentomaxillofacial Radiology (2011) 40, 199–212.

Abstract: Introduction :- The evolution of carrying angle in early humans is related to the need to bring the centre of mass of the body beneath supporting hand during suspensory locomotion as seen in the lower limbs of human in which valgus knee bring the foot nearer the center of mass of the body during simple walk phase. Material And Methods: 184 healthy adult volunteers with an average age range from 17- 38 years and 60 children volunteers were participated in this study. The carrying angle measurements were performed first on
the dominant extremity and then on the non-dominant extremity. The carrying angle was measured with a fullcircle manual goniometer . It was positioned on the anterior surface of the arm and was aligned with the midaxis of the humerus to the extended elbow and mid-axis of the fully supinated forearm............

Keywords: Carrying angle, goniometer, adult and children.

[1]. GRAY "S Anatomy, 38th Edition, Churchil Livingstone, An Inprint Of Harcourt Brac And Company Ltd. 1999, Pg No. 1924.
[2]. Mall FP. On The Angle Of The Elbow. Am Anatomy 1905;4:391‐404.
[3]. Punia RS, Sharma R, Usmani JA (1994). The Carrying Angle In An Indian Population, J. Anat. Soc. India, 43(2):107–110.
[4]. Langer, 1865, Cited By Mall FP. On The Angle Of The Elbow. Am J Anatomy 1905; 4: 391-404 . Ltd., 1986.
[5]. Snell RS, Clinical Anatomy,7th Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004:551

Abstract: Histoplasmosis is a rare fungal infection reported in immunocompromised patients. We report a case of adrenal histoplasmosis in a diabetic patient with cirrhosis of liver with portal hypertension who presented with prolonged fever malaise and weight loss for 4 months. His imaging studies showed bilateral adrenal mass which on ultrasound guided FNAC and subsequent culture showed growth of H.capsulatum. He improved on treatment with amphotericin B and subsequent switch over to Itraconazole along with diabetic control. Though considered rare, histoplasmosis may be not so uncommon in North-East India..............

Keywords: Histoplasma capsulatum, adrenal masses, adrenal histoplasmosis, immunocompromised,

[1]. Furcolow ML (1963) Tests of immunity of histoplasmosis, NEJM 268,357-361
[2]. Edward LB, Aquaviva FA, Liversay VT et al (1969) An atlas of sensitivity to tuberculin, PPD-B and histoplasmin in united States.
American review of Respiratory disease 99(Suppl).1-132
[3]. Randhawa HS (1979) Occurrence of histoplasmosis in Asia. Mycopathologica et Mycologia Applicata; 41,75-89
[4]. Panja G and Sen S. A unique case of histoplasmasmosis; Journal of Indian Medical Association 1954; 23:257-258
[5]. Goswami PB, Pramanik N, Banerjee D, Maiti PK, Histoplasmosis in Eastern India : The tip of the iceberg ?, Tropical Medicine of
Hygiene; September 1999, P3(5):540-2

Abstract: Introduction: Students entering medical college have different backgrounds and expectations and need to be oriented towards Medical education. MCI has set clear regulations regarding the crucial foundation course to shape them into model doctors. In this context, Medical Education Unit of Osmania Medical College organized a week-long Orientation program for First M.B.B.S. students of 2014 batch. Objectives: To assess the continued usefulness and relevance of Orientation in priming students to the multiple arenas of medical curriculum.To study the impact of the program in the transformation of perceptual learning into experiential learning in medical students............

Keywords: Orientation program, First MBBS students, Student review feedback, Osmania Medical College, MCI Vision 2015

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[2]. Medical Council of India (homepage on the internet). Vision 2015. Available from http://www.mciindia.org/tools/announcement/M CI_booklet.pdf.

[3]. Arnold L.Stern DT. What is Medical Professionalism? In: SternDT,ed, Measuring Medical Professionalism . NewYork, NY: Oxford University Press;2006:15-37.

[4]. Singh Suman. Foundation course for MBBS at entry level: Experience at an Indian medical school. South East Asian journal of Medical education. 2007;1(1):33-37

[5]. Medical Council of India- Regulations on Undergraduate Medical Education 2012

Abstract: It is an established fact now that the normal skin of healthy human beings harbours a rich bacterial flora. Normally considered non-pathogenic, these organisms may be a potential source of infection of the surgical wound. Approximately 20% of the resident flora is beyond the reach of surgical scrubs and antiseptics. The goal of surgical preparation of the skin with antiseptics is to remove transient and pathogenic microorganisms on the skin surface and to reduce the resident flora to a low level. Povidone iodine (Iodophors) and chlorhexidine are most often used antiseptics for pre-operative skin preparation...................

Keywords: Povidine-Iodine, Chlorhexidine-Alcohol, skin-preperation, infection.

[1]. Thompson JD. Incisions for gynecologic surgery. 7th ed. In: TeLinde‟s Operative gynaecology. Philadephia: JB Lippincott
Company; 1992. pp. 239-77.
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Abstract:Objective: To determinechange in CRP levels inpediatric tubercular patients on ATT so as to prognosticate them. Method:CRP level of different types of Tubercular patients (200 cases) on ATT were compared with 60 healthy controls .The selection of Tubercular patients was based on Kenneth jone's criteria .CRP level were recorded at admission , at 1 month, at 3 – 6 months of therapy .There mean and standard deviation and Significance of the results were determined statistically . Result: In study group CRP was positive in 97 % of cases .................

Keywords: ATT,CRP, Kenneth jones criteria, Prognosis, Tuberculosis

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phosphocholine"Structure 7(2):169-77
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Abstract: Anatomical knowledge of variations in the branching pattern of the external carotid artery will be helpful in surgical procedures of the head and neck region and also in angiographic studies. Material And Methods: Present study was conducted in the neck region of 25 embalmed human cadavers to find out the variations in the branching pattern of the external carotid artery. Results: Common origin of linguo facial trunk variations was found in 2 cases unilaterally out of 50 cases. Conclusion: Present study concluded the incidence of common linguo facial trunk was 4%.

Keywords: linguo facial trunk, External carotid artery, Common carotid artery

[1]. Standring S. Gray's Anatomy. The Anatomical basis of clinical practice. 39th Ed. Edinburg. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone. 2005;
31: p.543-544.
[2]. Hayashi N; Surgical anatomy of cervical carotid artery for carotid endarterectomy. Neurol. Med .Chir, 2005; 45(1): 25-29.
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variations of the branches of the external carotid artery in human fetuses. Annals of Anatomy-Anatomischer Anzeiger, 2005; 187(4):361-369.
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Abstract: Context : Diabetes mellitus prevalence is in steady increase in sub-Saharan Africa. It constitutes an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Myocardial ischemia that it causes is frequently asymptomatic; its diagnosis is done by rest or exertion electrocardiograms (ECG). Association between electrocardiographic abnormalities and cardiovascular events has been largely demonstrated. Objective : The objective of our study is to describe ECG abnormalities found in a diabetic patient. Methods : It is a prospective cross – sectional study conducted to the University Teaching Hospital of Lubumbashi including the period from July 2014 to December 2015. The diabetic patients benefited from a resting electrocardiogram. The variables needed for the study was: Age, sex, antecedents (medical history), biochemical data and ECG results..............

Keywords : Diabetes Mellitus, Electrocardiography, Silent Ischemia, sub – saharan Africa : Diabetes Mellitus, Electrocardiography, Silent Ischemia, sub – saharan Africa

[1]. Dzudie A, Choukem S-PN, Adam AK, Kengne AP, Gouking P, Dehayem M, et al. Prevalence and determinants of electrocardiographic abnormalities in sub-Saharan African individuals with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc J Afr [Internet].
2012;23(10):533–7. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992779
[2]. Arsene Tshikongo K, Kipenge RK, Kalunga B, Kabadi J, Danny K, Mbikayi M, et al. ASPECTS OF THE PREVALENCE OF
DIABETES IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO : RESULTS FROM A RETROSPECTIVE SURVEY IN
KATANGA PROVINCE . Int Educ Res J. 2015;1(3):10–3.
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Serum albumin and albuminuria in type 2 diabetes in the Democratic Republic of Congo. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2016;11(1):66–9.
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in African Americans with type 2 diabetes. J Epidemiol Glob Health [Internet]. 2014 Dec [cited 2016 Jan 7];4(4):289–96. Available
from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210600614000471
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with type 2 diabetes than in men? J Diabetes Complications [Internet]. 2012;26(2):118–22. Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056872712000049

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the effect of 2% Chlorhexidine on antibacterial activity on Resin cement Methods: A total of 100 patients of 29-56 years of age who required Fixed dental Prosthesis were selected for the study. 2 teeth were prepared in each patient for All Ceramic crowns. In every patient, the 2 teeth prepared were divided in to 2 groups: Control(no antimicrobial agent applied after etching of tooth) , Test (2% Chlorhexidine applied after etching of the tooth) , .Bacteriologic samples were collected at 5 different sample times: Baseline visit,at the time of cementation,1 ,3 and 6 month after cementation.Microbiogical processing of all samples were done and the results were statistically analysed............

Keywords:...............

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Abstract: Aesthetic dentistry can promote a beautiful smile that parents and their children desire. We are fortunate to have dental materials and devices that provide us the opportunity to perform aesthetic dentistry. Many different composite resin products have found their way into dental practice.Composite consists of inorganic fillers chemically embeddedin a resin matrix. A newer type of composite known as "flowable composite" came into existance because of its low viscosity and ability to be syringed into a cavity preparation with a needle tip.There are many application of a composite resin that will flow into tight areas such as repairing crown margin or repairing porcelain.This article focuses on materials aspects, composition,properties and application of flowable composite.

Keywords:.............

[1]. Howard E.Strassler ,Flowable composite resin :clinical update ,Benco Dental ;63-68(2007)
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Abstract: Background: The present study was conducted to assess whether touch imprint cytology can help in rapid diagnosis of Gallbladder carcinoma and thus facilitate individualized treatment. Rapid and early diagnosis is essential to gain the benefits of initiating the treatment early. Cytological examination provides useful information for guiding therapeutic strategy. These cytological findings will subsequently be confirmed by histopathological findings. Methods: A prospective investigation was performed on 45 cases of suspected gall bladder carcinoma on the basis of clinical and radiological examination. Imprint smears were made intra-operatively of fresh samples from various representative areas, and stained with Leishman Giemsa for air-dried smears and Papanicolaou for alcohol-fixed smears.............

Keywords: Intraoperative diagnosis - touch imprint cytology - Gallbladder carcinoma.

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Abstract: Impaction of maxillary canines is a frequently encountered clinical problem in orthodontic therapy. When a preventive approach fails, treatment involves surgical exposure of the impacted tooth, followed by orthodontic traction to guide and align it into the dental arch. The primary goal of surgical phase is to provide the means for correct position of orthodontic anchorage. Additionally, the technique used must ensure favorable tissue anatomy that will permit long-term maintenance of periodontal health. This report describes the periodontal perspective in management of two cases with labially impacted maxillary canines. Also, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to achieve optimal esthetic and functional outcomes has been highlighted.

Key words: Impacted maxillary canines, apically repositioned flap, multidisciplinary approach

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Abstract: Malaria can be transmitted by transfusion of blood from infected donors and was first reported in 1911. This study was done to know the prevalence of malaria among voluntary blood donors, to compare the various screening methods and to find out the most sensitive technique to screen Malarial parasite among voluntary blood donors. A cross sectional study was conducted to study the prevalence of malaria among voluntary blood donors. Two ml of EDTA blood sample was collected and used for screening malaria parasite by Peripheral blood smear, Quantitative Buffy Coat method, Rapid Card Test. The prevalence of malaria among the voluntary blood donors was 0.4%...........

Keywords: Transfusion-Transmitted Infections(TTI), Peripheral blood smear, Quantitative Buffy Coat method, Rapid Card Test.

[1]. Standards for Blood Banks and Blood Transfusion services – National AIDS Control Organization (NACO), Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, Government of India.
[2]. Kitchen AD, Chiodini PL . Malaria and Blood transfusion. Vox Sang 2006;90:77-84
[3]. Oh JS, Kim JS Lee CH, Nam DH, Kim SH, Park DW, et al Evaluation of a malaria antibody enzyme immunoassay for use in blood
screening. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008;103:75-8
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Abstract: Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) are rare gastrointestinal tumours and are one of the causes of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Jejunal GISTs are extremely rare. We report a case of gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to bleeding jejunal GIST in a 49 years old gentleman. Endoscopic intervention failed to identify the source of bleeding and CECT showed hypervascular exophytic jejunal mass and patient underwent laparoscopic assisted segmental excision of jejunum and GIST with jejuno jejunal anastomosis. In view of
intermediate -risk of histopathological features, Imatinib mesylate 400 mg once daily was given as adjuvant chemotherapy............

Keywords: GIST- Gastro Intestinal Stomal Tumour, UGI Bleed, Imatinib, Endoscopic Laparatomy Malaena; Interstitial Cells Of Cajal, FDA.

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Abstract: Background: Short segment fixation is an established technique for Spondylolisthesis of the lumbar spine. We combined the technique with interlaminar fusion and followed the patients prospectively. Clinical and radiological outcomes were studied and efficacy of the procedure reviewed. Literature on this procedure is lacking. Methods: From November 2013 till September 2014, 20 patients with Spondylolisthesis L4-L5 or L5- S1 were operated with short segment fixation with pedicle screws and interlaminar fusion with autologous bone graft. The follow up duration was for 6 months.............

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Abstract: Localized gingival pseudo-recession occasionallypresents a problem in children and there is some confusion regarding the etiology and pathogenesis of such defects. A case of a 8 year-old boy with gingival pseudo-recession at a mandibular permanent central incisor was described.The situation was followed over a 1-year period with no treatment other than prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction. The final outcome was a stability of marginalperiodontal at theteeth andspontaneous improvementofperiodontal environment.

Keywords:pseudo-recession, permanent mandibular incisors, eruption

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ClinPeriodontol 1976;3:208‑19.
[2]. Mathur A, Jain M, Jain K, Samar M, Goutham B, Swamy PD, et al. Gingival recession in school kids aged 10‑15 years in Udaipur,
India. J Indian SocPeriodontol 2009;13:16‑20.
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[4]. Manchala SR, Vandana KL, Mandalapu NB, Mannem S, Dwarakanath CD. Epidemiology of gingival recession and risk indicators
in dental hospital population of Bhimavaram. J IntSocPrev Community Dent 2012;2:69‑74.
[5]. Arowojolu MO. Gingival recession at the University College Hospital, Ibadan – Prevalence and effect of some aetiological factors.
Afr J Med MedSci 2000;29:259‑63.

Abstract: Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of cancer worldwide, and is a common cause of cancer in the low-income countries. Risk factors for cervical cancer include Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, low immune system and oral contraceptives. HPV is implicated in virtually all cervical cancer. Vaginal bleeding, bleeding after sexual intercourse, vaginal mass may indicate the presence of malignancy. In advanced disease, metastasis may be present in the abdomen, lungs and elsewhere. Diagnosis by cervical screening, biopsy, squamous cell carcinoma(80-85%),and adenocarcinoma cervical cancer(15%).FIGO,staging system is based on clinical examination rather than surgical findings.Treatment of cervical cancer consist of surgery,chemotherapy, and radiotherapy,..............

Keywords: Cervical cancer, Risk factors, Human papilloma virus, Diagnosis, Screening

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[2]. Defining Cancer.National Cancer Institute.Retrieved 10 Jun 2014.
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[4]. World Cancer Report 2014.World Health Organization.2014.pp.Chapter 1.1.ISBN 9283204298.
[5]. National Cancer Registry Report.Malaysian Cancer Statictics-Data and Figure
.2007.(http://www.care.upm.edu.my/dokumen/1360NCR)