iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-4 ~ July-August 2015

Abstract: In our present article the concentration is given to the superconducting behaviour of CNTs. The superconductivity of a material depends on transition temperature Tc. the impact of coulomb interaction is also taken into account. A theory have been developed with resistivity and coherence length from the earlier experimental curve between transition temperature and resistivity for a single wall nanotube.The curvature of CNTs leads to the creation of new electron –phonon interaction can introduce superconductivity. In this part the resistivity of carbon nanotube has been derived theoretically with relaxation time and Fermi velocity.

[1]. L.X.Benedict,V.H.Crespy.S.G.Louie, and M.L. Cohen, Phys.Rev.B 52, 14935(1995).
[2]. M.Tinkham, introduction to superconductivity, Dover Publications Inc.Mineola. NY(2004).
[3]. M.Kociak, A.Y.Kasumov.S.Gueron.B.Reulet.L.I.Khodos,Y.B.Gorbatov, V.T.Volkov.L.Vaccarini, and H.Bouchiat, Phys.Rev.Lett.86.2416(2001).
[4]. Z.K.Tang.L.Zhang,N. Wang, X.X.Zhng. G.H. Wen, G.D.LiJ.N.Wang. C.T. chan, and P.sheng. science 292,2462 (2001).

Abstract: In Wireless/Mobile networks various kinds of encoding schemes were used for transmission of data over a bandwidth. The desired quality and generated traffic varies with the requirement with this bandwidth. A generic video telephony may require more than 40 kbps whereas a low motion video telephony may require about 25 kbps for data transmission. From the designing point of view these requirements demands for an alternative resource planning, especially for bandwidth allocation in wireless networks. In wireless network where bandwidth is a scare resource, the system may need to block incoming user if all of the bandwidth has been used to provide highest quality of service to existing users. However this bandwidth resource planning may be unacceptable for larger application.

[1]. S. Sen, J. Jawanda, K. Basu, and S. Das, "Quality-of Service Degradation Strategies in Multimedia Wireless Network," Proc.IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., vol. 3, pp. 1884-1888, May 1998.
[2]. S. Singh, "Quality of Service Guarantees in Mobile Computing," Computer Comm., no. 19, pp. 359-371, 1996.
[3]. M.R. Sherif, I.W. Habib, M.N. Nagshineh, and P.K. Kermani,"Adaptive Allocation of Resources and Call Admission Control for Wireless ATM Using Generic Algorithm," IEEE J. Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 268 -282, Feb. 2000.
[4]. T. Kwon, Y. Choi, C. Bisdikian, and M. Naghshineh, "Call Admission Control for Adaptive Multimedia in Wireless/Mobile Network," Proc. First ACM Int'l Workshop Wireless Mobile Multimedia, pp. 111-116, Oct. 1998.
[5]. S. Choi and K.G. Shin, "Location/Mobility-Dependent Bandwidth Adaptation in QoS-Sensitive Cellular Networks," Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., vol. 3, pp. 1593-1597, 2001.

Abstract: Free space optical communication (FSO) is the future technology for high speed and highly secure data communication. Terrestrial operation is one of the applications of FSO where data communication is established between ground to ground platforms. But the FSO has to face challenges against atmosphere in form of attenuation and turbulent channel. The atmospheric attenuation is mainly caused by scattering. The atmospheric attenuation affects the overall quality of the system. In this paper the effects of scattering on the terrestrial FSO which have a link length of 2 km, is simulated using OptiSystem 7.0.

[1] Arun K. Majumdar and Jenifer C. Ricklin. "Free-Space Laser communications, Principles and Advances". Number ISBN: 987-0-387-28652-5. Springer, 2008.
[2] Hennes Henninger and Otakar Wilfert. "An Introduction to Free-space Optical Communications". Radio Engineering, 19(2):203-212, June 2010.
[3] Abdulsalam Alkholidi and Khalil Altowij. "Effect of Clear Atmospheric Turbulence on Quality of Free Space Optical Communications in Western Asia", Optical Communications Systems, Dr. Narottam Das (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0170-3, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/351 86, 2012.
[4] Ghassemlooy Z. and Popoola W. O. "Terrestrial Free-Space Optical Communications, Mobile and Wireless Communications Network Layer and Circuit Level Design", Salma Ait Fares and Fumiyuki Adachi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-042-1, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/7698, 2010.
[5] Isaac I. Kim, Bruce McArthur, and Eric Korevaar, Comparison of laser beam propagation at 785 nm and 1550 nm in fog and haze for optical wireless communications, Optical Access Incorporated, Web: http://www.opticalac cess.com.

Abstract: Nowadays security has become a major concern in our modern world due to the high rate of robbery, thief etc. in many important places such as home, museum, office, and other business places. Due to the importance of security in our lives as humans, this research work aims at designing a security system that could be used in home, museum, office, and other business places as well. The designed security system is simple, effective and cheap. An oscillator circuit is designed to produce a desired frequency and a photo transistor is used as a sensor.

[1]. Warnes L., "Electronics and Electrical Engineering: principles and practice", 2nd Ed., Macmillan Press Ltd. London, (1998), pp. 136-157.
[2]. C.F. Tsai and A.K. Theraja., "Review of Scientific Instruments‟, Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor, (2003), pp.5273 – 5273
[3]. C. K. Ng, K. S. Wee, N. K. Noordin, M. I. Saripan and R. Syamsul and A. R. Abdullah, "Theft Prevention using Wireless Security Syste m (WSS)", IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference, (2008), pp. 257-261.
[4]. C. C. Tan, B. Sheng and Q. Li, "Secure and Serverless RFID Authentication and Search Protocols", IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 7, no. 4, (2008), pp. 1400 - 1407.
[5]. R. Weinstein, "RFID: A Technical Overview and Its Application to the Enterprise", IT Professional, vol. 7, no. 3, (2005) May – June, pp. 27 - 33.
[6]. K. Domdouzis, B. Kumar and C. Anumba, "Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) applications: A brief introduction", Advanced Engineering Informatics, vol. 21, no. 4, (2007), pp. 350-355.

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network consists of sensor nodes, used for monitoring the environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, etc. In order to provide efficient clustering and to increase the lifetime of the network the K-Medoids algorithm is used for clustering. As compared to K-Means K-Medoids is more effective for larger sensor networks. The Target Tracking is one of the important application in wireless sensor networks, where it follows steps as first senses the objects, provides the tracking algorithms and then communicates. Tracking is important in order to provide security in highly alert areas. In tracking we trace the path of object which is moving all over in the network.

[1]. Priyanka Devi, Doaba "A Robust Cluster Head Selection Method Based On K-Medoids Algorithm To Maximize Network Life Time And Energy Efficiency For Large Wsns" International Journal Of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181IJERTV3IS051191 Www.Ijert.Org Vol. 3 Issue 5, May – 2014.
[2]. Preeti Chauhan1 And Prachi Ahlawat2 1"International Journal Of Information & Computation Technology. ISSN 0974-2239 "Volume 4, Number 6 (2014), Pp. 643-648 © International Research Publications House Http://Www. Irphouse.Com.
[3]. Aashima Singla And Ratika Sachdeva. "International Journal Of Advanced Research In Computer Science And Software Engineering" Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013.
[4]. Xufei Mao, Shaojie Tang, Xiang-Yang Li, And Joliang Wang."IEEE Sensor Journal Vol 13 No.10 October 2013".

Abstract: Digital watermarking technology has been playing an important role in protecting copyrights in images, audio and video. these can be accurately copied and arbitrarily distributed more easily. Watermarking algorithm has good robustness against the attacks like rotation, image compression, noise addition, filtering and MP4 compression etc. The most popular algorithm in spatial domain is LSB methods. In transform domain watermarking algorithms based on DCT,DWT, discrete Hadamard transform, singular value decomposition and discrete Fourier transform all are discusses this literature. Digital watermarking is the process of embedding information into a digital signal in a way that it difficult to remove.

Keywords: DWT,DCT,DHT, patchwork, alpha blending, invisible image watermarking, audio and video watermarking.

[1]. A. Herrigel et al., "Secure copyright protection techniques for digital images," in Information hiding,vol.1525 ,pp.169-190,Springer Verlag,1998.
[2]. Ravi K. Sharma, and Steve Decker, "Practical Challenges For Digital Watermarking Applications", IEEE, 2001
[3]. E. Brannocket et al., "Watermarking with Wavelets simplicity leads to Robustness", IEEE, 2008.
[4]. A.K. Goyal, N.Agrawal, S.Verma, "Robust Watermarking in Transform domain using edge detection technique", IEEE, 2007.
[5]. Yusof Yusnita and Khalifa, O. Othman"Digital Watermarking For Digital Images Using Wavelet Transform", IEEE, 2007.
[6]. Kahn. David, "Codebreakers : Story of Secret Writting", Macmillan 1967.

Abstract: The demand for high speed wireless applications increased the popularity of MIMO-OFDM systems, which provides high data rates with improved link reliability and capacity. One of the key challenges faced by a MIMO-OFDM system is accurate Channel Estimation (CE). Adaptive Channel Estimation (ACE) is widely used for CE as it can track the time varying wireless channel rapidly. Among different ACE algorithms Least Mean Square (LMS) algorithm is the one with low complexity. But it suffers from high Mean Square Error. Normalized LMS algorithm overcomes this disadvantage with low MSE but the complexity is very high. Main design aim of any communication system is to minimize the complexity. In order to further reduce the complexity of LMS algorithm, several simplified algorithms are used. It includes Sign Error LMS (SELMS) algorithm, Sign Data Normalized LMS (SDNLMS) algorithm etc.

[1] Vaishali B. Niranjane, Nivedita A. Pande, And Anjali A. Keluskar, "Adaptive Channel Estimation Technique For MIMO-OFDM," International Journal Of Emerging Technology And Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, Vol 3, Issue 1, January 2013.
[2] S. A. Hosseini, And S. A. Hadei, "Low-Complexity Adaptive Channel Estimation For MIMO-OFDM Systems Over Rayleigh Fadingchannels," National Conference On New Idea On Electrical Engineering, Vol. 12, March 2012.
[3] Pei-Sheng Pan And Bao-Yu Zheng, "An Adaptive Channel Estimation Technique In MIMO -OFDM Systems," Journal Of Electronic Science And Technology Of China, Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2008.
[4] M. M. Rana, And M. K. Hosain, "Adaptive Channel Estimation Techniques For MIMO OFDM Systems," International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications, United States, Vol. 1 No. 6, December 2010.
[5] D. B. Bhoyar, Dr. C. G. Dethe, Dr. M. M. Mushrif, A. P. Narkhede, "Leaky Least Mean Square (LLMS) Algorithm For Channel Estimation In BPSK-QPSK-PSK MIMO-OFDM System," International Conference On Automation, Computing, Communication, Control And Compressed Sensing (Imac4s), Pp.623 – 629, March 2013.

Abstract: This paper presents the FPGA implementation of a Decimal Floating Point (DFP) adder. The design performs addition on 64-bit operands that use the IEEE 754-2008 DPD encoding of DFP numbers. The design uses an equal bypass adder, this adder reduces the power consumption and it also reduces the delay by reducing the gate count. The design also uses barrel shifter instead of sequential shifter. The design has a maximum combinational delay of 45ns on a Virtex-5 with a latency of 1 cycle. The proposed DFP adder supports operations on the decimal64 format and it is easily extendable for the decimal128 format.

Keywords: Floating point adder, FPGA, Delay, Area overhead

[1]. M.F. Cowlishaw, "Decimal Floating-Point: Algorism for Computers," Proc. IEEE 16th Symp. Computer Arithmetic, pp. 104-111, 2003.
[2]. IBM Corporation, The "Telco‟ benchmark, http://speleotrove.com/Decimal/telcoSpec.html, 2005.
[3]. D.-G. for Economic and F. A. C. from the Commission to the European Council, "Review of the Introduction of Euro Notes and Coins," EURO PAPERS, Apr. 2002.
[4]. M.F. Cowlishaw The decNumber library, v3.68. IBM, http://speleotrove.- com/decimal/decnumber.pdf, 2013.
[5]. S. Microsystems BigDecimal Class, Java 2 Platform Standard ed. 5.0, APISpecification,http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/math/BigDecimal.html, 2013.
[6]. M. Cornea, C. Anderson, J. Harrison, P.T.P. Tang, E. Schneider, and C.Tsen, "A Software Implementation of the IEEE 754R Decimal Floating-Point Arithmetic Using the Binary Encoding Format," Proc. IEEE 18th Symp.

Abstract: A method based on clonal selection algorithm (CSA) for computing the radius of circular microstrip antennas (MSAs) is presented. The CSA is a stochastic method which has the capability of optimizing multimodal problems. The method gives the radius as output for given values of resonant frequency (fr), height (h), dielectric constant (εr) of the circular MSAs. Results obtained for the radius of circular MSAs are in good agreement with the experimental results reported by several authors.
Keywords: clonal selection algorithm, circular microstrip antenna, resonant frequency, stochastic methods;

[1]. Girish Kumar and K.P. Ray, Broadband Microstrip Antennas, (Artech House, Dedham, MA, 2003).
[2]. J.R. James, P.S. Hall, and C. Wood, Microstrip antennas-theory and design, (Peter Peregrinus, London, 1981).
[3]. Ramesh Garg, Prakash Bhartia, Inder Bahl, Apisak Ittipiboon, Microstrip Antenna Design Hand Book, Norwood, (MA : House, 2001).
[4]. Kai-Fong Lee and Kin-Fai Tong, Microstrip antennas -Basic characteristics and some recent advances, Proceedings of the IEEE, 100(7), July 2012, 2169-2180.
[5]. Dipak Kr. Neog, Reeta Devi, Determination of Resonant Frequency of Slot Loaded Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 52(2), February 2010, 445-448.
[6]. R. Devi, Dipak Kr. Neog, Wideband dual frequency Antenna for WLAN Applications, IEEE Applied Electromagnetic Conference (AEMC), Kolkata, Dec. 2011,1-4.

Abstract: Radio propagation inside building is governed by mechanisms such as reflection, diffraction, and scattering from different objects. The field distribution inside building is therefore dependent on specific features of its internal structures. This research work investigated GSM signal variation in mud building/rusted corrugated iron sheet roof materials and compared the result obtained with other buildings built with different building materials. Handheld AAronia HF2025E spectrum analyzer was used to carry out the measurements. The frequency bands of five service providers; Airtel, MTN, Globacom, Etisalat, and Starcomm were used as the operating frequencies and handheld portable spectrum analyzer served as receiver which recorded the average signal strength level at each point of the measurement.

[1]. Theodore S. Rappaport "wireless communications principles and practice" second edition, PHI learning private limited New delhi-110001 2009, pp (105-177).
[2]. N. Yarkoni and N. Blumstein "prediction of propagation characteristic in indoor radio communication environment" progress in electromagnetic research, PIER59, 151-174 2006
[3]. J.D Parsons, "The mobile radio propagation channel second edition copyright 2000 John Wiley and son Ltd print ISBN 0-471-98857-x pp190-195.
[4]. A.F de TOLEDO and A.M.D Turkmani "propagation into and within buildings at 900MHz, 1800MHz and 2300MHz" ; IEEE Calgary 21-24 September, 2008 Canada.
[5]. R.Hope, G Wolfle, and F.M Landstorfer "measurement of building loss and propagation models for radio transmission into buildings" IEEE Transaction on communication Vol.67 No 7 February 1996.

Abstract: This paper reviews some of various research carried out over the last decade in the area of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) and discusses the major themes and advance made in the last decade of research, in order to show the outlook of technology and an appreciation of the fundamental progress that has been achieved in this weighty area of speech communication. Over period of research and development, the accuracy of automatic speech recognition remains one of the important research challenges such as variation of the context, environmental condition, speaker's variation and poor-quality audio.

[1] Vrinda and S. Chander, "Speech recognition system for English language," International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 919-922, 2013
[2] L. Rabiner and B. H. Juang, "Fundamental of Speech Recognition," AT & T, 1993.
[3] Burstein, A. Stolzle, and R. W. Broderson, "Using speech recognition in a personal communication system" IEEE in International Conference on Conference on Communication, Vol. 3, pp. 1717-1992.
[4] T. Isobe, M. Morishima, F. Yoshitani, N. Koizumi, and K. Murakani, "Voice-activated home banking system and it field trial," International Conference on Spoken Language, Vol. 3, pp. 1688-1691, 1996.
[5] H. SJayanna and S. R. Mahadeva, "Analysis, Feature Extraction, Modeling and Tech., Rev., 26: 181-190, 2009.

Abstract: A general design of the coaxial excited IIFA is presented. This coaxial excitation permits to resonate at wide band frequencies. It makes further the antenna preferably suitable to wireless area network (WAN) frame of reference by facilitating the integration on Microstrip patch. The antenna principle is analyzed and general study is presented. As solution of a IIFA integrated on FR4_Epoxy substrate is realized. All results are validated at the hand of comparative simulations and measurements.

[1]. R. W. P. King, C. W. Harrison, and D. H. Denton, "Transmission line missile antennas," IRE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 8, no. 1, Jan.1960.
[2]. R. W. P.King, T. T.Wu, and L.C. Shen, "The horizontal wire antenna over a conducting or dielectric half space: Current and admittance," Radio Sci., vol. 9, 1974.
[3]. D. K. Karmokar and K. M. Morshed, "Analysis of inverted-F and loaded inverted-F antennas for 2.4 GHz ISM band applications," J.Elect. Eng., vol. EE 36, no. II, Dec. 2009.
[4]. C. Soras, M. Karaboikis, G. Tsachtsiris, and V. Makios, "Analysis and design of an inverted-F antenna printed on a PCMCIA card for the 2.4 GHz ISM band," IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., vol. 44, no. 1, pp.37–44, 2002.
[5]. H. Kuboyama, Y. Tanaka, K. Sato, K. Fujimoto and K. Kirasawa, "Experimental Results with Mobile Antennas Having Cross-Polarization Components in Urban and Rural Areas," IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. VT-39, May 1990.

Abstract: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a non-invasive tool that monitors the electrical activity of the heart. An ECG signal is highly prone to the disturbances such as noise contamination, artifacts and other signals interference. So, an ECG signal has to be de-noised so that the distortions can be eliminated from the original signal for the perfect diagnosing of the condition and performance of the heart. Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) de-noises an ECG signal to some extent. This project proposes a method called Hybrid Linearization Method which is a combination of Extended Kalman Filter along with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) resulting in an improved de-noised signal.

Keywords : Electrocardiograph, Extended Kalman Filter, Discrete Wavelet Transform.

[1]. Patrick E. McSharry_, Gari D. Clifford, Lionel Tarassenko, and Leonard A. Smith, "A dynamical model for generating synthetic electrocardiogram signals", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 50, NO. 3, MARCH 2003
[2]. J. Pan and W. J. Tompkins," A real-time QRS-detection algorithm", IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., Vol. BME-32, PP.220-236, Mar. 1985
[3]. Channappa Bhyri, Kalpana V, S.T. Hamde and L.M. Waghmare," Estimation of ECG features using LabView", TECHNIA- International Journal of Computing Science and Communication Technologies, VOL. 2, NO. 1, July 2009. (ISSN 0974-3375)
[4]. P. Davey," A new physiological method for heart rate correction of the QT-interval", in Heart, 1999, vol. 82,pp. 183-186

Abstract: Fluorine is a biologically important trace element .In its ionic form fluoride, it is beneficial because the role it plays in bone and teeth mineralization. However this beneficial effect is felt when the fluoride concentration is low. At higher concentration the adverse effects of fluoride far out way its beneficial effects. Millions of people all over the world presently suffer from a debilitating bone disease called skeletal fluorosis and also from dental fluorosis.

[1]. A K DAS, Bioinorganic chemistry.Pub:BOOKS AND ALLIED(P)LTD.

[2]. UNICEF - Water, environment and sanitation - Common water and sanitation-related diseases.

[3]. Mahapatra et al,2005: Fluoride Menace in Orissa, p-8-19.

[4]. Reddy DR (2009). "Neurology of endemic skeletal fluorosis". Neurol India 57 (1): 7–12.

[5]. Alvarez JA, et al (2009). "Dental fluorosis: exposure, prevention and management" (PDF). Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 14 (2): E103–7.

Abstract: Superiority of poly-alphabetic sequences (PAS) for pulse compression radar over the binary and ternary sequences was established earlier. However, the enlarged alphabets in poly–alphabetic sequences deteriorate the noise and Doppler robustness at higher lengths in High Resolution Radar (HRR) systems. In this
paper, poly-semantic sequences (PSS) with restricted alphabets {+1,-1} are considered and their performance is analyzed in order to achieve superior detection performance for high resolution Doppler radar system in presence of high density additive noise and Doppler shift. The poly-semantic sequences are optimized by employing modified Hamming scan algorithm called Hamming Backtrack algorithm (HBT) by taking figure of merit as the measure of goodness. The detection capability of poly-semantic sequences is further improved
through coincidence detection of the return signal. The simulation results show that the proposed sequences give improved robustness of noise and Doppler shift for HRR target detection compared to conventional pulse compression sequences.

[1]. P.Z. Peebles, JR., "Radar Principles," John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,2004.
[2]. Golay M J E, "The merit factor of long low autocorrelation binary sequences", IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory IT-28: 543-549, 1982.
[3]. R. J. Keeler and C. A. Hwang, "Pulse compression for weather radar," in Proc. IEEE Int. Radar Conf., pp. 529–535, 1995.
[4]. I.A. Pasha, N. Sudershan Rao, P. S. Moharir, "Poly-alphabetic Pulse Compression Radar Signal Design," Modeling, Measurement & Control, Journal of AMSE, vol.74, no.4, pp.57-64, 2001.
[5]. Y. Mallikarjuna Reddy , I. A. Pasha, S. Vathsal, "Poly-alphabetic radar signal processor for efficient target detection" International radar Symposium I -2007, Bangalore, pp. 30-34.