iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2015

Abstract: Microstrip patch antennas represent one family of compact antennas that offer a conformal nature and the capability of ready integration with communication system's printed circuitry. In this paper, a 2.4 GHz circular polarization microstrip antenna is designed and simulated. The selected microstrip antenna is a dual–fed circular polarized microstrip antenna. The antenna consists of circular patch and 3 dB hybrid coupler. The dual – fed circular polarized microstrip antenna is etched on a FR4 with dielectric substrate of 4.6 with the height of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is obtained when two orthogonal modes are equally excited with 90° phase difference between them. Circular polarization is important because regardless of the receiver orientation, it will always be receiving a component of the signal. This is due to the resulting wave having an angular variation.

Keywords: Microstrip patch antenna, Hybrid coupler, circular patch, Polarization, WLAN.

[1] Pramendra Tilanthe, P. C. Sharma, and T. K. Bandopadhyay, "Gain Enhancement of Circular Microstrip Antenna for Personal
Communication Systems," IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol.3, No.2, April 2011.
[2] J. -Y. Park, C. Caloz, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, "A compact circularly polarized subdivided microstrip patch antenna," IEEE Microwave
Wireless Component Letters, vol. 12, pp. 18-19, Jan 2002.
[3] S. Zhang, C. Zhu, J. K. O. Sin, and P. K. T. Mok, "A novel ultrathin elevated channel low-temperature poly-Si TFT," IEEE
Electron Device Lett., vol. 20, pp. 569–571, Nov. 1999.
[4] D. A. El Aziz and R. Hamad, " Wideband Circular Microstrip Antenna For Wireless Communication Systems," Radio Science
Conference, pp. 1-8, March 2007.
[5] Constantine. A. Balanis, " Antenna Theory Analysis and Design,"2nd ed., John Wiely and Sons,Inc., 1997.

Abstract: The growth of the Internet has frequently increased the availability of digital data such as text, audio, images and videos to the public. Digital watermarking is one of the important techniques to secure digital data in the field of authentication, copyright protection and security. The non-blind watermarking systems have a main problem that for extracting the watermark image from the watermarked image, the original image is required. Due to this it required more memory in both sender and receiver and double bandwidth in communications channel. In this paper a solution and more effective non-blind video watermarking depends on using image interlacing as a new way in the watermarking systems. In this paper DWT based watermarking technique, the frames selected from a video is get decomposed through the DWT in 3-levels and watermark is embedded into the low frequency sub-band of a original frame by using alpha blending technique and the Arnold transform is one of the popular symmetric key as an encryption and decryption method. The results obtained by these techniques are further compared and analyzed.

[1] Sasmita Mishra, Amitav Mahapatra,Pranati Mishra, "A Survey on Digital Watermarking Techniques," International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol. 4 (3), 451-456, 2013

[2] B. Pushpa Devi and Kh. Manglem Singh, "Dual Image Watermarking Scheme based on Singular Value Decomposition and Visual Cryptography in Discrete Wavelet Transform," International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 50 – No.12, July 2012.

[3] Nirbhay Kashyap, Shailendra Narayan Singh, "Analysis of Multimedia Watermarking Techniques" International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014

[4] S.Elango, Dr.G.Thirugnanam, R.Shankari, "A Survey of Digital Video Watermarking Techniques for Copyright Protection and Authentication," International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 4, Issue 4, April 2015

[5] Rini T Paul, "Review of Robust Video Watermarking Techniques," IJCA Special Issue on "Computational Science - New Dimensions & Perspectives" NCCSE, 2011.

Abstract: Steganography is defined as the process of hiding information in a multimedia carrier. In this paper, video is taken as a carrier to hide information. To achieve Undetectability and robustness of the hidden data, Random Scan approach is used. To make the data more secure encryption is done on the data before hiding. Experimental results show that MSE, PSNR are better forMLSB technique whereas Correlation factor is better for Random scan technique.

Keywords: Modified Least Significant bit (MLSB), Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Correlation..

[1] S.D. Thepade and S.S. Chavan, Cosine, Walsh and Slant Wavelet Transforms for Robust Image Steganography, Tenth International Conference on Wireless and Optical Communications Networks (WOCN), 2013, 1-5.

[2] K.S.Jenifer, G. Yogaraj and K. Rajalakshmi, 2014, approach for Video Steganography to embed Images, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 5(1), 2014, 319-322.

[3] R.G Bal, P.Ezhilarasu,An Efficient Safe and Secured Video Steganography Using Shadow Derivation, International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 2, 2014, 3251-3258. [4] I. Premi and S. Kaur,Random Scan Algorithm for image steganography inScilab for security purposes, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, 3(12), 2014, 8876-8879.

[5] D. Samidha and D. Agrawal, Random Image Steganography in Spatial Domain, International Conference on Emerging Trends in VLSI, Embedded System, Nano Electronics and Telecommunication System, 2013, 1-3.

Abstract: MIMO systems based on the use of multiple antennas for transmission and reception is one of the most promising approaches to increase the rates in communication systems). The implementation of these techniques therefore necessary to develop specific hardware architectures guaranteeing high flows. The work of this paper focuses on finding flexible hardware architecture dedicated to the implementation of the functions used in MIMO decoders, and concludes with the integration of architecture used on a target FPGA. Mots Clés : Systèmes de communication, algorithmes, implémentation, architecture reconfigurable, FPGA, décodeur MIMO, radio-logicielle, débit.

[1]. Z. Guo and P. Nilsson : A VLSI implementation of MIMO detection for future wireless communications , in Proc . PIMRC'03 IEEE , vol. 3 , 2003, p. From 2852 to 2856.

[2]. GJ Foschini , " Layered Space- Time Architecture for Wireless Communication in Fading Environments When using Multiple Antennas , " Bell Labs Technical Journal , Vol. 1. , No. 2, Autumn 1997 , p. 41-59

[3]. Rajn Ratti S / O Satya Nand , "Simulation and Performance of Multiple Input Multiple Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplixing 802.11a Wireless Local Area Network " University Teknologi Malaysia , september 2006.

[4]. V. Tarokh , N. Seshadri and AR Calderbank , " Space- time codes for high data rate wireless communications : Performance Criteria and code construction". IEEE Transactions on Information Theory , vol. 44, pages 744-765 , March 1998 .

[5]. M. Alamouti , "A Simple transmitted technical diversity for wireless communications, " IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications , vol. 16, no. 8 , pp . 1451-1458 , October 1998 .

[6]. B. Hassibi , "An efficient square -root algorithm for BLAST , " Proc. IEEE Int . Conf . Acoustics , Speech , Signal Processing ( ICASSP'00 ), June 2000 , p. 737-740 .

[7]. Ludovic Collin1 , Rostaing2 Philippe Olivier Berder2 and Gilles Burel , "Application of the estimator of Julier and Uhlmann rapid assessment Bit Error Rate in a MIMO transmission system / OFDM " in September 2001 .

Abstract: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is widely used in most of the applications such as Solution structure, Molecular dynamics, Protein folding, Ionization state, Weak intermolecular interactions, Protein hydration, Hydrogen bonding, Drug screening and design, Native membrane protein, Metabolite analysis. ButMagnetic field measurement is essential in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).For every NMR, magnetic field should be uniform to calculate various parameters as structure determination, motional properties, residual structures of unfolded proteins and the structures of folding intermediates, ionization states.In the matter of magnetic field there is an effect occurred which is called Hall Effect.

[1]. PELNAŘ, J.: Measurement of the Distribution of B1 Field in thePresence of Linear Magnetic Field Gradient, Journal of Magnetic Resonance,70, (1986), pp. 456-460
[2]. WEIS, J. ¾ ERICSSON, A. ¾ HEMMINGSON, A.: Chemical ShiftArtifact-Free Microscopy: Spectroscopic Microimaging of the HumanSkin, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 41, (1999), pp. 904-908
[3]. WEIS, J. ¾ FROLLO, I. ¾ BUDINSKY, L.: Magnetic field distributionmeasurement by modified FLASH method, ZeitschriftfürNaturforschung44a, (1989), pp. 1151-54
[4]. Cho Z H, Nalcioglu 0, Park H W, Ra J B and Hilal S K 1985 Magn. Reson. Med. 2 253.
[5]. Cho Z H, Park H W, Ra J B, Lee S W and Hilal S K 1984 3rd Annual Meeting of Soc. Magn. Reson. InDixon W T 1984 Radiology 153 189

Abstract: An in vitro system was used for measurement of frequency and amplitude of ultrasonic signals scattered from a moving column of blood analog under physiologic flow conditions. Flow rate and probe orientations (angle, vertical and lateral displacement) were varied in dependently. With the probe centered above the blood vessel model the frequency shift (F) of the scattered signal were fit to the equation: F=Cx+C𝜽𝜽+Cv+C0 (10°<𝜽<40°), where 𝜽 is the angle (in degrees) to the normal to the flow, V is average velocity of flow (measured indirectly) and Cx, C𝜽, Cv and C0 are constants. Using stepwise regression the constant Cv was found to be insignificant; including the other constants produced a standard error of 31 Hz, about 5-l0% of observed values of F. It was not possible to obtain the diameter of physiologic sized blood vessels using the CW technique because of the low resolution of the system (about 0.5cm).

[1] Baker, D.W., "Pulsed Ultrasonic Doppler Blood Flow Sensing" lEEE Transactions on Sonics and Ultrasonics, SU 17: I70 (July 1970).
[2] Bristman, R., Grossman, B.L., and Correll, J.W., "Accuracy of Transcutaneous Doppler Ultrasonics in Evaluating Extra Cranial Vascular Disease". Journal of Neurosurqery 32: 529 (Hay 1970).
[3] Sigel, B., e t al, "Evaluation of Doppler Ultrasound Examinations", Archives of Surqery 100: 535 (b y 1970).
[4] Kindt, G.W., Youmans, J.R. and Conway, L.W., "The Use of Ultrasound to Determine Cerebral Arterial Reserve", Journal of Neurosurqery.
[5] Schade and Duff, "In Vitro Model for Ultrasonic How Measurement," Proc. 24th ACEMB (1971). p.355.
[6] Edman, P.D... and Rushmer, R.F., "Priorities in Basic Research on Diagnostic and Therapeutic Ultrasonic Radiation," IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Enqineerinq, BME 19: 382 (Sept.1972).

Abstract: Abstract:In this paper, various techniques for removing out of band interference in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems have been compared to produce lower levels of interference. Out of band interference in OFDM is caused due to the sidelobes present in the spectrum of an OFDM symbol, which causes interference in the adjacent sub-carriers. The techniques which have been compared include Carrier Nulling, Windowing & Active Interference Cancellation (AIC). All these techniques are incorporated into a MATLAB code. As an improvisation, the number of AIC tones was varied, thus producing different interference levels in each case. However, as the number of AIC tones was increased, optimisation technique was incorporated to bring the power to a threshold level.

Keywords: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Out of Band (OOB), Active Interference Cancellation (AIC), Raised Cosine (RC), Inter-carrier Interference (ICI).

[1] You Zihao, Fang Juan and Lu I-Tai, Out-of-band emission suppression techniques based on a generalized OFDM framework, EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 2014.

[2] Mahmoodi S, Saeedi H, Omidi M.J., A Method for Sidelobe Suppression in OFDM system.

[3] Gepko Igor, Out of Band Emission reduction techniques for OFDM & MC-CDMA systems, Advances in Signal Processing, 2014.

[4] Cosovic I and Mazzoni T, Suppression of sidelobes in OFDM systems by multiple choice sequences,European Trans. Commun. vol. 1, pp. 623–630, Dec. 2006.

[5] Mahmoud Hisham A. and Arslan Huseyin, Sidelobe suppression in OFDM-based spectrum sharingsystems using adaptive symbol transition,IEEE Commun. Lett, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 133–135, Feb. 2008.

[6] Yamaguchi H, Active interference cancellation technique for MB-OFDM cognitive radio, Microwave Conference, 2004. 34th European, vol. 2, pp. 1105 – 1108, Oct. 2004.

[7] Jayalath, Dhammika and Chintha Tellambura (2001), Reducing the out-of-band radiation of OFDM using an extended guard interval,Proceedings IEEE VTS54th Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001 (VTC 2001 Fall). 2, pages pp. 829-833, Atlantic City, NJ, USA.

Abstract: Communication links to offshore platforms can be implemented in many ways, using microwave, VSAT, or fiber. Each has advantages and disadvantages that depend on the application.this paper shows wich one fiber or vsat link more suitable for offshore platform . keywords: vsat ,fiber,cost,distance and availability.

[1]. http://www.comtechsystems.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Communication-Links-for-Offshore-Platforms-2012.pdf
[2]. http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-74/issue-11/communications-supplement/fiber-optic-networks-offer-new-high-speed-communication-alternative.htm
[3]. http://www.networkinv.com/technology/vsat/
[4]. S E Millar and I P Kaminow, eds, Optical fiber telecommunications - II (Academic, New York, 1988)
[5]. http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-74/issue-11/communications-supplement/fiber-optic-networks-offer-new-high-speed-communication-alternative.html
[6]. G P Agrawal, Fiber optic communication systems (John Wiley, Singapore, 1993) .

Abstract: Tremendous increment in the high speed demands of data rate results in the continuous development in Type II InP/GaAsSb/InP Dual Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Device. Physical based two dimensional device simulators, Atlas tool is used to study the DC operation and performance of InP/GaAsSb Dual Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Device approaching Giga Hertz frequency range. Gallium Arsenide Antimonide lattice matched to Indium Phosphide is the replacement of Indium Gallium Arsenide based DHBTs because of its non collector blocking effect. Simulated device has shown a dc peak current gain of 70-80 dB, turn on voltage of 0.1V for 0.5 x 1 μm2 emitter device having 15nm thick uniform GaAsSb base. Keywords - Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (DHBTs), Indium phosphide (InP),Gallium Arsenide Antimonide (GaAsSb) ,Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs), Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBTs), maximum oscillation frequency (fMAX), cutoff frequency (fT).

[1] H. G. Liu, O. Ostinelli, Y. P. Zeng, and C. R. Bolognesi,"High-Current-Gain InP/GaInP/ GaAsSb/InP DHBTs With fT =436 GHz " IEEE Electron Device Lett ., 2007.
[2] K.Ikossi, "GaAsSb for Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor", IEEE Transactions on Electron Device, 2007.
[3] M.W. Dvorak, C .R. Bolognesi, O.J. Pitts, S.P. Watkins," 300 GHz InP/GaAsSb/InP double HBTs with high current capability and BVCEO≥6V", IEEE Electronics Devices Letter, 2001
[4] P. Siegel, "Terahertz technology, "IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 50, no.3, pp.910-928, Mar.2002.
[5] C.R. Bolognesi , M.W. Dvorak, N. Matine, P. Yeo, X.G. Xu and S.P. Watkins, "InP/GaAsSb/InP Double HBTs : A New Alternative for InP-Based DHBTs", IEEE Trans. on Electron Devices, vol 48, No 11, pp 2631-2639, 2001.

Abstract: There are many problems of congestion due to traditional traffic light system and increasing traffic density in many cities. Because of the increasing traffic density flow in urban areas there is a need for efficient performance of traffic light control system. The primary intention of this paper is to describe an approach of reinforcement learning applied to the optimization of traffic light configurations, and introduce a new approach especially emphasis on ambulance. When there is emergency case at traffic light intersection such as ambulance, police vans, fire brigade adaptive signal system is designed for such situations. The possibilities of traffic jams caused by traffic light can reduce by this method which is represented by software simulation in VHDL using Xilinx software.

[1] N. M. Z. Hashim1, A. S. Jaafar2, N. A. Ali3, L. Salahuddin4, N. R. Mohamad5, M. A. Ibrahim6, "Traffic Light Control System for Emergency Vehicles Using Radio Frequency", IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN), e-ISSN: 2250-3021, p-ISSN: 2278-8719, Vol. 3, Issue 7 (July. 2013), ||V5|| PP 43-52.
[2] First A. Ms Promila Sinhmar, Rawal Institute of Engineering And Technology, "Intelligent Traffic Light and Density Control Using IR Sensors and Microcontroller", International Journal of Advanced Technology & Engineering Research (IJATER).
[3] Karthic Kumar Reddy, G. Jagadeesh, P. and Venkatramana Reddy, S.*, "Traffic Signals Generation With Bicolor LEDs Using PIC 18F Series Microcontroller", International Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications (IJESA) Vol.1, No.2, December. 2011.
[4] Ali M. Abdelrahman, Adil T. Issa, Khalid O.Dafaalla, "Design of and Intelligent Traffic Light Control System", Gezira j. of eng. & applied. Sci. 6 (1): 19-46 (2011).

Abstract: Use of image processing technique is increasing day by day in all fields. In agriculture it is also used to check the quality of vegetables and fruits. Shape, colour and size are the image features which help in quality detection of vegetables. In this paper proposed method is used to increase the accuracy of the vegetable quality detection by using colour, shape, and size based method with combination of artificial neural network (ANN). It grades and classifies vegetable images based on obtained feature values by using cascaded forward network. The proposed system starts the process by capturing the vegetable's image. Then, the image is transmitted to the processing level where the vegetable features like colour, shape and size of vegetable samples are extracted. After that by using artificial neural network vegetable images are going through the training and testing.

[1]. Naganur and Sannakki, "Fruits Sorting and Grading using Fuzzy Logic", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012.
[2]. Sagare, Sunil N. Kore, "Fruits Sorting and Grading Based on Color and Size", International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Computational and Applied Sciences (IJETCAS), IJETCAS 12-333.
[3]. ShahzadPreet Singh, Saurabh Bansal, Mohit Ahuja, Sugam Parnami and Hari Singh, "Classification of Apples using Neural Networks", International Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering Science and Management,Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi ,15 march 2015.
[4]. Mandeep Kaur and Reecha Sharma, "Quality Detection of Fruits by using ANN Technique", IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) Volume 10, Issue 4, Ver. II (Jul - Aug .2015).
[5]. Bhanu Pratap, Navneet Agarwal, Sunil Joshi and Suriti Gupta, "Development of Ann Based Efficient Fruit Recognition Technique", Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology Volume 14, Issue 5, year 2014.
[6]. Effendi,Z ;Ramli,R. ;Ghani,J.A. ;Rahman, "Pattern Recognition System of Jatropha curcas Fruits using Back Propagation", signal and image processing applications (ICSIPA), 2009 IEEE International Conference on Kuala Lumpur.

Abstract: This paper springs far-reaching stratagems for contemporary isometric on computer network's security and privacy. Shielding and fortifying a computer in any network and a network in any Internet is bamboozled and obligatory. Utmost trustworthy and intimate statistics are pulled amid the users through the Internet; guarding this endorsed and subjective gen is imperative. Nonetheless, plentiful exploration has been carried out in computer network security and privacy; the hackers, both morally and deceitfully control the communal and secluded data. Up-to-the-minute network security dogmas and concealment courtesy is fighting fit deliberated in this paper to benefit the network administrator and emissaries in locking stable information.

[1] Mahfuzulhoq Chowdhury, Md Fazlul Kader and Asaduzzaman, "Security Issues in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey", International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol.6, No.5, 2013, pp.97-116. [2] Sattarova Feruza Y and Prof.Tao-hoon Kim, "IT Security Review: Privacy, Protection, Access Control, Assurance and System Security", International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 2, April, 2007, pp.17-32. [3] Robert Koch, Bjorn Stelte, Mario Golling, "Attack Trends in Present Computer Networks", 4th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, C. Czosseck, R. Ottis, K. Ziolkowski (Eds.), NATO CCD COE Publications, Tallinn, 2012, pp.269-280.
[4] Di Ma, Gene Tsudik, "Security and Privacy in Emerging Wireless Networks", IEEE Wireless Communications, October 2010, pp.12-21. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=5601953
[5] Wenye Wang, Zhuo Lu, "Cyber security in the Smart Grid: Survey and challenges", Computer Networks 57, Elsevier, 2013, pp.1344–1371, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2012.12.017

Abstract: Ce travail a été réalisé dans le but de modéliser la performance des réseaux de transport optiques. Ces derniers sont généralement constitués d'un empilement de plusieurs couches. Ceci est le cas du réseau de transport de MTN Cameroon, le modèle du réseau de transport implémenté par cette entreprise est le suivant : IP/SDH/WDM. Les services demandant assez de ressources en bande passante tels que la vidéo à la demande, vidéo sur IP nécessitent de la Qualité de Service. Alors l'objectif visé est de se passer de la couche SDH et de montrer les performances d'un réseau IP/WDM en montrant la performance du routage et l'affectation de longueur d'onde (RWA). Nous utilisons deux méthodes de programmation : méthode de la programmation linéaire en nombre entier et la méthode des algorithmes génétiques.

[1] Nilanjan Banerjee, Vaibhav Mehta, Sugam Pandey, 2000. "A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Solving the Routing and Wavelength Assignment Problem in WDM Networks" Department of Computer Science an Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. [2] Chad Hart, 2013, "Graph Theory Topics in Computer Networking" Department of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, 32 p

[3] Le, V. T., Ngo, S. H., Jiang, X., Horiguchi, S., and Guo, M., 2004. "A Genetic Algorithm for Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment in WDM Networks," in LNCS3358, pp. 893–902.

[4] Ravi Sankar Barpanda, 2011. "‟A Multi-Objective ILP Formulation for RWA Problem in WDM Networks‟‟ Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela Rourkela-769 008, Orissa- India, pp.9-11

[5] Bisbal, D., Miguel, I. D., Gonzalez, F., Blas, J., Aguado, J. C., Fernandez, P., Duran, J., and Lopez, M., "Dynamic Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Networks by Means of Genetics Algorithms," Photonic Networks Communications, vol. 7, no. 1, 43–58, 2004.

[6] Le, V. T., Jiang, X., Ngo, S. H., and Horiguchi, S., 2005. "Dynamic RWA Based on The Combination of Mobile Agents Technique and Genetic Algorithms in WDM Networks with Sparse Wavelength Conversion," IEICE TRANS.INF & SYST., vol. E88-D, no. 9, 2067–2078.

Abstract: Les réseaux optiques sont de nos jours l'élément de base des systèmes de communications modernes vu la quantité importante de données qu'une seule longueur d'onde peut transporter. Les requêtes individuelles quant à elles demandent une bande passante moins importante par rapport à celle que peut offrir une longueur d'onde. Le groupage de trafic associé à la technologie WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) permet d'utiliser de manière efficace la bande passante offerte par une longueur d'onde. Dans cet article, un algorithme génétique appliquant le groupage a été conçu afin de réduire le coût du réseau, évalué comme le nombre de longueurs d'onde et le nombre d'équipements au sein d'un réseau physique. Des résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux établis préalablement à partir d'un algorithme génétique matérialisant seul le routage et l'affectation de longueurs d'onde. On peut conclure que l'algorithme génétique de groupage développé a permis d'optimiser le coût du réseau.

[1] W. Yao, M. Li et B. Ramamurthy. " Performance Analysis of Sparse Traffic Grooming in WDM Mesh Networks". IEEE International Conference on Communications. ICC, 3:1766–1770, 2005.

[2] Yueguang Jiao, Bingkun Zhou, Hanyi Zhang, Yili Guo. "Grooming of Arbitrary Traffic in Optical WDM Mesh Networks Using a Genetic Algorithm". Electronic Engineering Department, 10:2, 193–198, 2005.

[3] M. Sivakumar, K.M. Sivalingam et S. Subramaniam. On Factors Affecting the Performance of Dynamically Groomed Optical WDM Mesh Networks. Workshop on High Performance Switching and Routing HPSR, pages 411– 415, 2005.

[4] P. Paul et al., "Traffic grooming in WDM optical network with grooming resources at Max Connectivity nodes", Opt. Fiber Technol. (2012).

[5] O. Awwad, Ala I. Al-Fuqaha, and M. Guizani, "Genetic Approach for Traffic Grooming, Routing, and Wavelength Assignment in WDM Optical Networks with Sparse Grooming Resources", Computer Science Department, Western Michigan University.

[6] « Analyse et modélisation de la performance des réseaux IP/WDM : Cas de MTN Cameroun ».

Abstract: Ce travail présente une approche par segmentation pour résoudre le problème de groupage, de routage et d'affectation de longueur d'ondes (GRWA) dans les réseau WDM dans le but de réduire la probabilité de blocage. Cette approche s'éloigne de celles qui ont été proposées dans la littérature car notre méthodologie s'inspire de celle de la com- munication dans Internet où nous avons des systèmes autonomes inter-connectés. Les principales phases de cette méthodologie sont les suivantes : (i) la segmentation pour regrouper les noeuds en clusters (équivalent d'un système automne) à l'aide de l'algorithme des k-moyennes ; (ii) la création d'une table de hash, (iii) le routage et l'affectation de lon- gueur d'ondes par un algorithme génétique qui exploite cette table de hash. Les résultats obtenus montrent que notre méthodologie améliore efficacement la probabilité de blocage. Mots clés: Réseau optique WDM, GRWA, RWA, Segmentation, Algorithmes génétiques, Table de hash.

[1]. G.N. Rouskas et R. Dutta B. Chen. A framework for hierarchical traffic grooming in wdm networks of general topology. 2nd International Conference on Broadband Networks, pages 155–164, 2006.
[2]. R. DUTTA B. CHEN, N. ROUSKAS. Clustering methods for hierarchical traffic grooming in large scale mesh wdm networks. Optical Communications and Networking, pages 502–514, 2010.
[3]. A. Houle et Y. Solari B. Jaumard. Dimensioning wdm optical network with minimum mspp configuration. IASTED International Conference OCSN (Optical Communications Systems and Networks), page 826–833, 2004.
[4]. Y. Solari et A. Houle B. Jaumard. Dimensioning wdm optical networks with minimum mspp configuration. Optical Communications Systems and Networks, Juillet 2004.
[5]. M. Laguna et J. A. Moreno-Pérez B. Melián-Batista. Minimizing the cost of placing and sizing wavelength division multiplexing and optical crossconnect equipment in a telecom- munications network. Networks, pages 199–209, 2005.
[6]. C. Meyer B. Thiongane B. Jaumard. On column generation formulations for the rwa problem. Discrete Applied Mathematics, pages 1291–1308, 2009.

Abstract: AC-DC single-stage converters are attractive because of their simplicity. The conventional power electronics converters used for such application have two stages, a diode bridge rectifier at the front end followed by a dc-dc boost converter. However, the extremely low output voltage of electromagnetic micro-generator does not allow diode bridge rectification. Even if possible, the losses in the front and diode bridge make the conventional power electronic interfaces quite inefficient. The proposed single stage converter directly boosts the micro-generator low ac voltage to usable dc voltage level, and hence, achieves higher efficiency. The main objective of this study is to minimize the cost, output ripple and minimize use of the dc power sources which makes converter circuit inefficient in the field of various electronic devices.

[1] R. Dayal, S. Dwari, and L. Parsa, "A New Design for Vibration-Based Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Systems Using Coil inductance of Microgenerator", IEEE Trans. Indus. Vol-47,No 2,pp-820-830, March H/Aprile 2011.
[2] A.D.Nath,K.Radhakrishna and Eldhose, "Low-Voltage Direct AC-DC Boost Converter for Micro generator Based Energy Harvesting", IJAREEIE Vol.2, p.p 2278-8875, March 2013.
[3] V. Vijayan, V.K , "A Review of AC-DC Boost Converters for Low Voltage Energy Harvesting", ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014.

Abstract: In the world, some important species of plants are going extinct day by day. To control the phenomena, steps are identification, restoring and protecting of the plants. Among them, identification of proper medicinal plants is quite challenging. Usually, plants are identified from their leaves. In this paper, a method is proposed for the extraction of shape features from leaf images. A classifier named as an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is trained to identify the exact leaf class. It is done to attain high efficiency with less computational complexity. This work has been tested for the accuracy of network with different combination of image features. The results are tested on 80 leaf images.

[1] Hang Zhang; Shansong Liang, "Plant species classification using leaf shape and texture" Industrial Control and Electronics Engineering, 2012 International conference, Page(s): 2025-2028, Year 2012.

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Abstract: Image processing has been proved to be an effective tool for analysis in various fields and applications in engineering. Among the segmentation methods, image thresholding technique is one of the most well-known methods due to its simplicity, robustness, and high precision. The primary objective of image processing is to optimize visualization of particular thematic data set. The type of image processing method and strategy is broadly influenced by the application and its objectives. Use of satellite imagery has become an integral aspect in planning of multiple domains which include disaster management and analysis of natural calamity images. In this paper an attempt is made to develop an efficient segmentation method for satellite images of natural calamity images for damage assessment using a hybrid algorithm EGA & E-BFOA and proved to be an efficient to evaluate index parameters for damage assessment. Disaster management is one such area where the changes brought in by the disaster has to be assessed for effective rescue and rehabilitation. Keywords: EGA & E-BFOA, Natural Calamity images, Image segmentation

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